O'Gorman HS Speech Comm. Semester Final

If your specific purpose statement were "To inform my audience about the four major steps in building a loft," you would probably organize your speech in ____________ order.

Chronological

When the main points of a speech are arranged in a time sequence.

Chronological

Strategy least likely to help you deal with nervousness in your speech

Concentrating on your stage fright

____________ is the audience's perception of how qualified a speaker is to speak on a given topic.

Credibility

Connotative meaning gives words their ________________ power.

Emotional

True or False: Ethnocentrism is the same as pride.

False

The flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "Why should the university raise tuition?"

It is expressed as a question

Whatever the speaker communicates to someone else is termed the

Message

____________ is a five-step method of speech organization that follows the process of human thinking and leads the listener step by step to a desired action.

Monroe's motivated sequence

Philosopher who said "in an ideal world all public speakers would be truthful and devoted to the good of society"

Plato

Four things a speaker needs for his/her works cited/bibliography

Title of document, Author/organization, Date last updated, Date speaker accessed article

When the main points of a speech are in categories or subtopics.

Topical

True or False: Paralanguage is a nonverbal.

True

True or false: The connotative meaning of a word is more variable, figurative, and subjective than its denotative meaning.

True

True or false: The use of repetition in a speech usually results in parallelism.

True

When used effectively, repetition in a speech

Unifies a sequence of ideas, helps build a strong cadence, reinforces an idea

Extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

"To inform my audience about three major theories of climate change" is an example of a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about

a concept

An instance of informative speaking

a counselor explaining the stages of grieving to people who have recently lost loved ones

An instance of persuasive speaking

a lawyer arguing for the acquittal of her client

"To persuade my audience that eating yogurt prolongs human life" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ____________.

fact

An error in reasoning

fallacy

True or false: "To persuade my audience to become regular blood donors" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement.

false

Which is a physiological process?

hearing

The lack of air conditioning or a mosquito bite are examples of _______ in the speech communication process.

interference

When two cases are being compared but ARE NOT essentially alike

invalid analogy

In order to avoid plagiarizing, a speaker should focus heavily on

paraphrasing

The ____________ audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

target

Three methods speakers can use to avoid abstractions in informative speeches.

through description, use comparisons, or use contrasts

"To inform my audience about the origins of the Jewish holiday of Purim" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about

an event

The general purpose should always be

an infinitive

A specific purpose should always be

an infinitive phrase

"To inform my audience about the major features of a digital music player" is a specific-purpose statement for an informative speech about

an object

A speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

analogical reasoning

When you compare two similar cases and conclude that if something is true for one, it must also be true for the other, you are using what kind of reasoning?

analogical reasoning

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being is

egocentric

Forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

either-or

Listening to a friend vent about their rough morning.

empathetic

The three suggestions given to help you FOCUS when listening

listen for main points, listen for evidence, listen for technique

When a listener treats every word as equally important, he/she is:

listening too hard

The use of language to degrade an individual or group

name-calling

Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. What are they?

need, plan, practicality

The four causes of poor listening

not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, focusing on delivery and personal appearance

The four types of informative speeches to use.

objects, processes, events, concepts

Conversation and public speaking share at least four similarities, including: (4)

organize thoughts logically, tailor message, tell story for maximum impact, adapt to listener feedback

"Our mission is to right wrong, to do justice, and to serve humanity" is an example of

parallelism

Constructing an entire speech by taking sections from two or more sources is known as

patchwork plagiarism

Identify the flaw in the following central idea for a persuasive speech: "Something should be done about the ozone problem."

too vague

True or false: "To persuade my audience that Congress should revise the laws governing medical malpractice" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

true

True or false: Monroe's motivated sequence is most useful for speeches that seek immediate action.

true

The three guidelines for ethical listening

Be courteous and attentive, Avoid prejudging, Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Ineffective or effective: The blind man did not request assistance with training.

Ineffective

Ineffective or effective: The firemen were able to retrieve our cat from the tree.

Ineffective

The three types of credibility

Initial, Derived, Terminal

Anything that impedes the communication of a message is

Interference

When organizing your introductory speech, you should divide it into what three divisions

Introduction, body, conclusion

True or False: An informative speech about a process explains a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.

True

True or False: An object can be a person or an animal.

True

True or False: Experts believe that being fully prepared for a speech can reduce stage fright by up to 75 percent.

True

True or False: Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message.

True

True or False: It is possible for a person to say 140 words per minute.

True

True or False: Most successful speakers are nervous before taking the floor.

True

True or False: One of the problems of our current society is the encouragement of passive listening.

True

True or False: One way to think of a word's denotative meaning is as its dictionary definition.

True

True or False: Public speaking usually requires more formal language than everyday conversation.

True

True or False: Size and physical setting are both factors dealing with situational audience analysis.

True

True or False: Speech making becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases.

True

True or False: The biggest part of stage fright is fear of the unknown.

True

True or False: The more you assume your listeners know about the topic of your informative speech, the more you run the risk of being misunderstood.

True

True or False: When using situational audience analysis, a speaker should consider the audience's disposition toward the topic, speaker, and occasion.

True

True or False: You should avoid using jargon when informing a general audience.

True

True or false: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" is an example of antithesis.

True

True or false: "History is a drama with many acts" is an example of metaphor.

True

True or false: Language has a rhythm created by the choice and arrangement of words.

True

"To inform my audience about the four major steps in body piercing" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about

a process

Memorized speech

a speech composed word for word and then delivered from memory

Impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

In an informative speech, the speaker acts as

a teacher

To motivate causes someone to

act

Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

ad hominem

When you experience stage fright, your body is producing extra

adrenaline

"Taking the first step toward a healthier lifestyle requires three commitments: discipline, determination, and desire" is an example of

alliteration

"To persuade my audience that discrimination on the basis of marital status is unfair" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ___________.

value

pros and cons of extemporaneous speech

+80% eye contact +conversational -requires prep time -must practice

pros and cons of impromptu speech

+conversational -minimum prep time -high apprehension

pros and cons of memorized speech

+eye contact -prep time -high apprehension

pros and cons of manuscript speech

+low apprehension -minimum eye contact -little change in town and pace

Time the average adult spends in conversation

About 30% of waking hours

A day later, we can remember only ____ percent of the original message.

10

We usually only grasp ____ percent of what we hear

50

Ineffective or effective: Ethics in the workplace should be a priority for every businessperson.

Effective

The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called

Ethnocentrism

True or False: "She darted around the bookstore like a hummingbird in a flower garden" is an example of metaphor.

False

True or False: If the meaning of a word is clear to you, you can assume that it is also clear to your audience.

False

True or False: In some cases the listener's frame of reference is exactly the same as the speaker's frame of reference.

False

True or False: It is possible for some to process 1000 words a minute.

False

True or False: It is usually most effective to keep your ideas impersonal when giving an informative speech.

False

True or False: Public speaking requires the same method of delivery as ordinary conversation.

False

True or False: The central idea of a speech is usually formulated before the specific purpose.

False

True or false: A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech.

False

The 3 basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy

Need, Plan, Practicality

Listening to closing arguments of a court case.

critical

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation is called

Visualization

Listening to your favorite podcast.

appreciative

The audience always come first is the mindset of a speaker being

audience-centered

The 4 major guidelines when writing the central idea

avoid a stating in a question, avoid being too vague, avoid figurative language, limit to one distinct idea

"It's a great diet-everyone should go on it" is a classic example of:

bandwagon

Assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

bandwagon

____________ is a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

brainstorming

The means by which a message is communicated is termed the

channel

Listening to directions.

comprehensive

The primary aim of an informative speech is to

convey knowledge or information.

True or false: Because persuasion aims to change the beliefs and/or actions of listeners, speaking to persuade is one of the few cases in which a speaker does not need to consider her or his ethical obligations.

false

A speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

false cause

As you present your speech, you notice that a girl named Britta has an interested look on her face (not a funny one) and is nodding her head in agreement with your ideas. According your textbook, these reactions by your listeners are called...

feedback

Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener's

frame of reference

Stealing an entire speech is an example of

global plagiarism

A speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

hasty generalization

The three primary differences between public speaking and conversation

highly structured, more formal language, different delivery

To use language vividly your textbook recommends that speakers employ

imagery and rhythm

Failing to give credit for parts of one's speech is

incremental plagiarism

To influence causes someone to

influence

Putting words into someone's mouth:

jumping to conclusions

Whenever you give a persuasive speech on a question of value, you need to

justify your value judgment against a set of standards or criteria

Plagiarism comes from latin word 'plagiarius' which means

kidnapper

When you want to change or structure the attitudes of your audience, your general purpose is to ____________

persuade

A question of ____________ deals with whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

policy

What method of organization is used in a persuasive speech with the following main points? I. The problem of eating disorders affects more than 10 million Americans. II. The causes of eating disorders include peer pressure, fad diets, and the media's glamorization of thinness. III. An effective solution to eating disorders must address all three of these causes.

problem-cause-solution

If you advocate a change in policy, your main points often will fall naturally into this type of order

problem-solution

The three major kinds of persuasive speeches

question of policy, fact, value

Audience Demographics involve looking at

race, religion, age, gender, group affiliation

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence is

reasoning

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

red herring

As your textbook explains, upon reaching the lectern to start a speech, you should

relate the subject directly to your audience, avoid abstractions, personalize your ideas

What an audience remembers long after your speech is the

residual message

Taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

slippery slope

The difference between the rate we talk verses the rate we process language.

spare brain time

If your specific purpose statement were "To inform my audience about the major land regions in Spain," you would probably organize your speech in

spatial order

To persuade my audience that the death penalty does not deter crime is an example of a

specific purpose