OGT 2012 - Social Studies

75. One way the U.S. Constitution evolves is through the amendment process. How were the changes that occurred as a result of the ratification of the 19th and 26th Amendments similar? A. Large groups of people gained the right to vote. B. The right of individuals to bear arms was restricted. C. The powers of the federal government were expanded. D. The separation of church and state was more clearly defined.

A. Large groups of people gained the right to vote.

33. A newspaper prints an article about a bill in the U.S. Senate. What would indicate that the article is biased in favor of the bill? A. The article quotes the entire text of the bill. B. The article is printed before the final vote on the bill. C. The article quotes only senators who support the bill. D. The article indicates that the president will likely veto the bill.

C. The article quotes only senators who support the bill.

21. During the Spanish-American War, the U.S. Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. The U.S. Congress later voted for annexation of the Philippines. What was one reason for this act of U.S. imperialism? A. to provide the U.S. with a valuable naval base in the Pacific B. to provide the U.S. with a place to relocate its immigrant population C. to decrease the U.S. need to export raw materials for industrialization D. to increase the U.S. population by extending citizenship to the Filipinos

A. to provide the U.S. with a valuable naval base in the Pacific

80. Britain and France suffered heavy casualties during World War I. Because of this, when faced with Axis expansion before World War II, these countries were A. unwilling to take actions that might start another war. B. prepared to use military intervention wherever necessary. C. dependent on the United States to intervene in an international crisis. D. reluctant to call upon the League of Nations to settle disputes.

A. unwilling to take actions that might start another war.

87. What problem arising from U.S. industrialization did the progressive reformers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries want the federal government to address? A. use of child labor in the workplace B. unfair taxes on the wealthy C. restrictions on the use of natural resources D. lack of capital for railroad expansion

A. use of child labor in the workplace

46. The appearance in many U.S. cities of department stores, organized sporting events, musical theaters and amusement parks in the last decades of the 19th century was evidence of what effect of industrialization? A. improved living conditions on American farms B. the growing power of unions to negotiate benefits for their members C. government-sponsored programs to improve public health and education D. an increase in the leisure time and disposable income of the urban middle class

D. an increase in the leisure time and disposable income of the urban middle class

69. Which source of information would be the most credible (least biased) in determining the durability of various brands of computers? A. a salesman at a computer products store B. a neighbor who works for a computer manufacturing company C. a television advertisement for the most popular brand of computer D. an independent survey of consumers who have purchased computers

D. an independent survey of consumers who have purchased computers

94. In the early 20th century, many African-Americans moved from the South to cities in the North. This "Great Migration" helped stimulate a flowering of artistic talent by African-Americans in New York known as the Harlem Renaissance. One way in which the Harlem Renaissance was significant was that it A. reduced racial tensions in the northern cities. B. led to a decline in activity by the Ku Klux Klan. C. led to a relaxation of restrictions on African-Americans in the South. D. contributed to the recognition of African-American culture.

D. contributed to the recognition of African-American culture.

63. Which source has the appropriate qualifications to be a credible source of information about the city streets with the most car-pedestrian accidents? A. data collected on a personal blog B. a conversation with a personal injury lawyer C. a letter to the editor by an injured pedestrian D. data collected by the local police department

D. data collected by the local police department

42. Minority students in public schools were given constitutional guarantees to equal educational opportunities as a result of the A. decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. B. ratification of the 19th amendment. C. ratification of the 26th amendment. D. decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

D. decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

39. The majority of people in Spain speak Spanish as their first language, but in the Basque region of Spain many people speak Basque as their first language. This is one reason many people in the Basque region believe they should separate from Spain and become an independent country. Which would be an argument of supporters of this idea? A. Boundaries once settled should remain in place. B. Economic considerations will promote national unity. C. Political boundaries should reflect cultural characteristics. D. Natural boundaries should determine political boundaries.

C. Political boundaries should reflect cultural characteristics.

3. The term "Latin America" is generally used to describe a unique cultural region which includes all of South America, Central America, and Mexico. What characteristic helps define Latin America as a region? A. Islam is the most widely practiced religion. B. Most countries in this region have command economies. C. Spanish and Portuguese are the most widely spoken languages. D. Most countries in this region are former colonies of France or Italy.

C. Spanish and Portuguese are the most widely spoken languages.

54. How did the U.S. government's role in the economy change as a result of the Great Depression? A. The federal government had a reduced role in regulating economic activity. B. The federal government maintained the role it had in economic matters before the Great Depression. C. The federal government expanded its role in regulating economic activity and promoting economic growth. D. The federal government transferred its role in economic affairs over to the state governments.

C. The federal government expanded its role in regulating economic activity and promoting economic growth.

90. How did the political systems in Africa change as a result of European colonialism in the 19th century? A. Opportunities for self-rule increased. B. Administrative units were set up along ethnic lines. C. Traditional forms of tribal authority were weakened. D. Administrative units became smaller for better control.

C. Traditional forms of tribal authority were weakened.

17. A government was chosen by the majority party in the legislature. The people revolted and established a new government in which the ruler was chosen by religious elders and used power to enforce religious law. How did the system of government change? A. from a theocracy to an absolute monarchy B. from a presidential democracy to a dictatorship C. from a dictatorship to a constitutional monarchy D. from a parliamentary democracy to a theocracy

D. from a parliamentary democracy to a theocracy

44. Economic systems answer the question of how goods and services are produced. What is one way a country could change from a command economy to a market economy? A. if the government takes control of family-owned farms B. if privately owned banks become subject to stricter regulation C. if agricultural and factory workers are required to join labor unions D. if industries that had been owned by the government become privately owned

D. if industries that had been owned by the government become privately owned

81. In 1963, Betty Friedan, founder of the National Organization for Women, wrote, We can no longer ignore that voice within women that says: "I want something more than my husband and my children and my home." The excerpt above could be used to support the thesis that A. the U.S. birthrate would increase as more women entered the workforce. B. the 19th Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote should be ratified. C. increased numbers of women in the workforce would result in unemployment for men. D. in the 1950s and 1960s, many American women were redefining their roles in society.

D. in the 1950s and 1960s, many American women were redefining their roles in society.

100. Some Internet search engines offer the ability to automatically translate Web pages that are written in languages other than English. One effect of this feature is to A. reduce the desire for international trade. B. reduce the need for modern computer technology. C. increase the need for instruction in foreign languages. D. increase opportunities for exchanges of cultural practices.

D. increase opportunities for exchanges of cultural practices.

85. The primary feature of a dictatorship is that A. people are permitted to vote for more than one candidate. B. the executive branch has equal power with the legislative branch. C. judicial courts are replaced by military courts. D. leaders make decisions without the consent of the people.

D. leaders make decisions without the consent of the people.

83. In 1943, 15 percent of the shipyard workers in San Francisco were Chinese-Americans. Before this, they had been largely confined to working in restaurants and laundries. The switch in occupations was due, in large part, to the A. shipbuilding skills of Chinese-Americans. B. increased availability of higher education for immigrants. C. increased labor union restrictions against Chinese-American workers. D. massive need for workers to build ships during World War II.

D. massive need for workers to build ships during World War II.

76. One way absolute monarchies are similar to dictatorships is that citizens under both systems of government typically A. can elect new leadership by voting in elections. B. have greater freedoms than citizens in democracies. C. can amend their constitutions by gathering signatures on petitions. D. must engage in revolution in order to achieve governmental change.

D. must engage in revolution in order to achieve governmental change.

79. Which statement correctly describes the role of the government in a country with a mixed economy? A. The government allows economic decisions to be made by the society's traditions and customs. B. The government makes all decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods. C. The government makes some production and distribution decisions, but other economic decisions are made by individuals. D. The government exercises no decision making in economic matters; production and distribution are determined solely by individuals.

C. The government makes some production and distribution decisions, but other economic decisions are made by individuals.

77. In 1960, 8.9 million acres of land in northeast Alaska were designated as the Arctic National Wildlife Range. In 1980, legislation doubled the size of the Range and renamed it the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). In recent years, attempts have been made to open part of the ANWR to oil exploration. The reason for this proposal is that the A. need for oil has decreased. B. population of the region has increased. C. environmental features of the region have changed. D. perceived economic value of the region has changed.

D. perceived economic value of the region has changed.

73. When considering the reliability of a report that promotes hybrid gas-electric cars as environmentally friendly, what should be carefully considered? A. the length of the report B. the cost of producing the report C. the number of claims in the report D. the accurate use of facts in the report

D. the accurate use of facts in the report

93. The growth of suburbs has caused the economic value of land around many U.S. cities to increase. One result of this increase in land value has been a decrease in A. U.S. food production for export. B. the availability of agricultural labor in urban regions. C. the construction of roads, water lines and sewer lines. D. the amount of land available for farming.

D. the amount of land available for farming.

25. Which change in U.S. society in the 20th century was an outgrowth of the success of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s? A. the passage of laws to protect the natural environment B. the increase in funding for elementary and secondary education C. the expansion of the role of state governments in economic affairs D. the creation of new groups to advocate for the rights of other minorities

D. the creation of new groups to advocate for the rights of other minorities

41. The Weimar Republic was established in Germany following World War I. An important factor leading to the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazi dictatorship that took Germany into World War II was A. Germany's resentment of U.S. involvement in European affairs. B. the rise of independence movements in Germany's overseas colonies. C. Germany's failure to rebuild its armed forces following World War I. D. the economic burden of war reparations (payments) to Germany's former enemies.

D. the economic burden of war reparations (payments) to Germany's former enemies.

55. The impact of television as a means of international cultural exchange is demonstrated by A. a decrease in U.S. imports of agricultural products. B. a decline in the number of foreign students studying in U.S. universities. C. the creation of democratic governments in countries that were formerly dictatorships. D. the expansion of overseas markets for U.S. television programming and advertised products.

D. the expansion of overseas markets for U.S. television programming and advertised products.

16. A town decides to build a new park. The mayor appoints a committee to review possible designs. After two months, the committee issues a report with its recommendations. Which factor contributes to the credibility of the report? A. the length of the report B. the cost of the report to the city C. the number of tables and charts included D. the qualifications of the committee members

D. the qualifications of the committee members

28. What was a key reason for the creation of the Federal Reserve System? A. to encourage exports B. to increase tax revenues C. to reduce budget deficits D. to promote economic stability

D. to promote economic stability

88. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty designed to remove tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada, Mexico and the United States. This helped establish an economic region among those nations because A. participants enlarged their dependence on domestic markets. B. participants terminated trade relationships with other regions. C. participants imposed tariffs on goods imported from other countries. D. trade among participants increased, making their economies more interdependent.

D. trade among participants increased, making their economies more interdependent.

14. In the United States, reporters' exercise of freedom of the press may be legally restricted under what circumstances? A. when reporters disagree with official government policies B. when reporters are granted interviews with leaders of other countries C. when reporters discover that elected officials have engaged in illegal activities D. when reporters have information that could threaten national security if published

D. when reporters have information that could threaten national security if published

50. Which source has the appropriate qualifications to be a credible source of information about how a proposed tax cut would affect the U.S. national debt? A. a letter to the editor of the New York Times from an astrophysicist B. a film producer of a documentary about the New Deal era C. a recent report published by the Congressional Budget Office D. a television advertisement sponsored by a veterans' group

C. a recent report published by the Congressional Budget Office

56. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, U.S. foreign policy was closely tied to domestic economic concerns. The annexation of Hawaii, the Open Door Policy with China, and the construction of the Panama Canal in Latin America were all motivated by an interest in A. breaking up monopolies and trusts. B. extending land grants for railroad construction. C. acquiring new markets and sources of raw materials. D. limiting the power of labor unions to strike.

C. acquiring new markets and sources of raw materials.

66. A political action committee produces a television commercial that criticizes past actions of a candidate for president. The advertisement could be a credible source of information if the claims in the advertisement A. rely on the use of stereotypes. B. are based on unstated assumptions. C. are consistent with other credible sources of information. D. are presented in a manner that is clear and easy to understand.

C. are consistent with other credible sources of information.

78. A city council member believes that installing more trash cans along city streets will help reduce the city's litter problem. This thesis could be supported by data showing that A. the city's litter problem has gotten worse in recent years. B. most city residents consider the litter problem to be serious. C. people use trash cans if they are readily available. D. there is enough money in the city budget to pay for the trash cans.

C. people use trash cans if they are readily available.

99. In 1898, U.S. support for Cuban independence led to war with Spain and contributed to the United States becoming an imperial power. What was a decisive factor in the decision to go to war? A. the opportunity to annex Hawaii B. the desire to acquire a naval base C. the protection of U.S. commerce and trade D. the need for a shorter route from the Atlantic to the Pacific

C. the protection of U.S. commerce and trade

59. A mayor believes that an increase in the city bus fee has led to fewer riders. This thesis could be supported or refuted by which type of data? A. data showing the average bus fees in several cities B. data showing that road construction has increased C. data from a survey of bus riders about route popularity D. data comparing the number of riders before and after the increase

D. data comparing the number of riders before and after the increase

71. In the United Nations Charter, member nations pledge to "unite our strength to maintain international peace and security." Since ratification of its charter following World War II, the primary goal of the United Nations has been to A. restore world trade disrupted by World War II. B. encourage industrial growth begun during World War II. C. establish policies to help nations pay World War II debts. D. intervene in world conflicts to prevent another war such as World War II.

D. intervene in world conflicts to prevent another war such as World War II.

24. Which characteristic makes a constitutional monarchy different from an absolute monarchy? A. an official state religion B. the presence of a noble class C. a ruler who inherits power by birth D. laws which limit the power of the ruler

D. laws which limit the power of the ruler

10. What was one perspective of African-Americans that was reflected in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? A. the hope of encouraging widespread emigration to Africa B. the belief that racial segregation was justified in all circumstances C. the goal of forming a new political party to represent African-Americans D. the desire to bring about legal and social equality for African-Americans

D. the desire to bring about legal and social equality for African-Americans

38. Following World War II, France attempted to re-establish control over its colony, Indochina, which included Vietnam. Leaders of the Vietminh, a communist-supported independence movement in Vietnam, fought against France's efforts to retake the colony. The United States viewed this conflict as part of the Cold War and aided France. This U.S. action was based on which policy? A. a policy of opposing colonialism B. a policy of helping Japan rebuild its economy C. a policy of containing the spread of communism D. a policy of participating in United Nations' peacekeeping efforts

C. a policy of containing the spread of communism

37. During World War I, conscientious objectors to military service were often accused of disloyalty, and some conscientious objectors were sentenced to prison. However, other conscientious objectors were willing to accept noncombatant service. The assignment of conscientious objectors to noncombatant service was an attempt by the government to A. promote ethnic diversity within the military. B. educate people about their constitutional rights. C. balance individual rights and the common good. D. encourage people to apply for conscientious objector status.

C. balance individual rights and the common good.

84. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed racial discrimination in public places, such as theaters, cafeterias and hotels. This was an attempt to A. maintain poll taxes for African-Americans. B. stop African-American northward migration. C. end segregation legalized by Jim Crow laws. D. segregate public busing in major cities.

C. end segregation legalized by Jim Crow laws.

30. Which was a common factor in the United States that caused the Red Scare following World War I and McCarthyism following World War II? A. racial tension in major cities B. signs of economic downturn C. fear of communist expansion D. the counterculture movement

C. fear of communist expansion

4. In a certain country, decisions regarding production and consumption of goods are based upon customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits. Over time, the economic system changes to one in which production decisions are based on competition and consumer choice. How has the economic system of this country changed? A. from a mixed economy to a command economy B. from a command economy to a mixed economy C. from a traditional economy to a market economy D. from a market economy to a traditional economy

C. from a traditional economy to a market economy

36. In a command economy, the question of what goods to produce is primarily determined by A. cultural traditions. B. decisions by individuals. C. government plans. D. corporate policies.

C. government plans.

70. Which action could the U.S. government employ to protect U.S. automobile manufacturers from foreign competition? A. increase taxes on the production of U.S. automobiles B. create free trade agreements with automobile-producing countries C. increase tariffs and import restrictions on foreign automobiles D. implement stricter control of competition among U.S. automobile manufacturers

C. increase tariffs and import restrictions on foreign automobiles

53. Some countries that are dictatorships hold elections from time to time. These elections are different from elections in presidential democracies because typically elections in dictatorships A. only allow citizens to vote and to run for elected office. B. are monitored by international observers to ensure fairness. C. only have candidates from one political party on the ballot. D. are held more often than elections in presidential democracies.

C. only have candidates from one political party on the ballot.

32. Identify one action that may be taken by the federal government that could improve the ability of businesses to raise wages, buy new equipment, and conduct product research. A. support monopolies B. reduce government spending C. reduce corporate income taxes D. set price ceilings on goods and services

C. reduce corporate income taxes

92. As a result of industrialization in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, progressive reformers sought government regulation of business in order to A. control economic cycles of inflation and recession. B. provide money for public services such as schools and libraries. C. restore competition by limiting the power of monopolies and trusts. D. prevent companies from moving their factories to other countries.

C. restore competition by limiting the power of monopolies and trusts.

89. On March 12, 1947, President Truman addressed a joint session of Congress to recommend that the United States provide economic assistance to Greece and Turkey. His reasons were as follows: The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife.... The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms. If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world―and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own Nation. This statement would be helpful in supporting the thesis that, in 1947, President Truman believed the United States A. had little to gain from membership in the United Nations. B. was more interested in foreign policy than in domestic issues. C. should help maintain democratic governments in other countries. D. should conserve its resources to maintain its own economic strength.

C. should help maintain democratic governments in other countries.

8. High school principals in a particular city have joined together in a request to local businesses that they voluntarily restrict the number of hours students work during the school year. The principals believe that students' schoolwork will improve if students work fewer hours. What information could help support their claim? A. data showing that students are not productive on the job B. surveys showing that students prefer their jobs to their schoolwork C. studies of student performance where such restrictions have been in place D. data comparing the effects of athletic participation and non-participation on school achievement

C. studies of student performance where such restrictions have been in place

65. The use of atomic weapons at the end of World War II fostered fears about their potential use during the Cold War years. These fears were critical in determining the U.S. response to A. the Marshall Plan. B. the Berlin Blockade. C. the Cuban Missile Crisis. D. the independence movement in India.

C. the Cuban Missile Crisis.

82. Which factor contributed to increased migration of people among regions of the United States in the second half of the 20th century? A. new restrictions on immigration from Asia B. increases in the number of small family farms C. the construction of the Interstate Highway system D. increased immigration from Northern and Western Europe

C. the construction of the Interstate Highway system

67. What perspective of African-Americans was reflected in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909? A. the desire for a return to their cultural heritage B. the need to improve working conditions in factories C. the desire to end legalized discrimination based on race D. the belief in the importance of building a new country in Africa

C. the desire to end legalized discrimination based on race

18. In recent years, information about foods and food preparation around the world has had a wide audience on U.S. television and on internet websites. People who are eager to try new recipes have created a demand for ingredients not usually produced in the United States. To meet this demand, U.S. supermarkets have been stocking goods formerly unknown to U.S. buyers. What has been the cultural effect of the trend described above? A. a decrease in religious restrictions on particular foods B. a reduction in the numbers of people "eating out" in restaurants C. the inclusion of additional international food choices in the U.S. diet D. people in foreign countries eating more foods produced in the United States

C. the inclusion of additional international food choices in the U.S. diet

2. Which advance was largely responsible for the growth of suburbs in the United States in the mid-20th century? A. the development of color televisions B. improvements in passenger airplanes C. widespread availability of automobiles D. the invention of the personal computer

C. widespread availability of automobiles

61. In order to stimulate the economy, the United States government lowers personal income tax rates. Why would this action be expected to promote economic growth? A. Businesses would be required to hire more employees. B. Manufacturers would have to pay more for raw materials. C. The government would be less likely to engage in deficit spending. D. Consumers would have more money available to spend on goods and services.

D. Consumers would have more money available to spend on goods and services.

19. The authors of many history books provide bibliographies that indicate the sources for information provided in the text. Why would providing the reader with this information make a book more credible? A. It allows the reader to check the reputation of the writer. B. It allows the reader to find other books on the same topic. C. It allows the reader to form his or her own opinions on the topic. D. It allows the reader to determine the thoroughness of the author's research.

D. It allows the reader to determine the thoroughness of the author's research.

98. U.S. government enforcement of environmental regulations helps reduce health problems related to environmental pollution. How does this help promote economic growth and stability? A. It decreases the size of the available workforce. B. It creates new productive resources. C. It reduces the cost of raw materials for manufacturers. D. It lowers health care costs for individuals and businesses.

D. It lowers health care costs for individuals and businesses.

48. If you wanted to learn what it was like to live in your town during World War II, why would reading a collection of letters written by townspeople during the war be a more credible source of information than a description in a recent history book? A. The letter writers would be free of bias. B. The letters would be easier to understand. C. The letter writers are more likely to be experts on the history of war. D. The letters contain firsthand knowledge of events when they occurred.

D. The letters contain firsthand knowledge of events when they occurred.

6. The following is from an article in the newspaper. • Funding for state parks has been one of our governor's top priorities over the last four years. When she entered office, state park funding was at $21 million; this year, the parks' budget will be over $40 million. Which method enables a citizen to analyze the reliability of this information? A. Visit some state parks. B. Listen to all of the governor's speeches. C. Read a recent book written by the governor. D. Verify the accuracy of the information presented.

D. Verify the accuracy of the information presented.

86. When the government builds interstate highways, citizens can be forced (under the principle of eminent domain) to sell private land that lies in the path of the highway. The reason for this is that the property rights of individuals are balanced by A. the government's need to raise tax revenues. B. the need to enforce laws against libel and slander. C. the need to guarantee equal opportunities to all citizens. D. a compelling government interest in providing public services.

D. a compelling government interest in providing public services.

26. The United States Constitution is said to be a "living document" in part because court interpretations change over time. What was a key aspect of Plessy v. Ferguson, a Supreme Court decision that was later overturned? A. The "separate but equal" doctrine was applied to the 14th Amendment. B. Poll taxes were outlawed as a prerequisite for voting under the 24th Amendment. C. Non-citizens gained the right to vote in local elections under the 26th Amendment. D. The principle of separation of church and state was applied under the 1st Amendment.

A. The "separate but equal" doctrine was applied to the 14th Amendment.

35. How do absolute monarchs differ from constitutional monarchs in their ability to use power? A. The power of absolute monarchs is unlimited. B. The power of absolute monarchs is maintained through periodic elections. C. The power of absolute monarchs is limited by the fundamental laws of the country. D. The power of absolute monarchs depends on continued support from their political party.

A. The power of absolute monarchs is unlimited.

31. The United States Constitution is a living document that changes over time as a result of amendments and Supreme Court decisions. How did the Constitution change as a result of the 19th Amendment? A. The voting rights of women were expanded. B. The civil rights of Native Americans were restricted. C. The civil rights of African-Americans were protected. D. The voting rights of property owners were expanded.

A. The voting rights of women were expanded.

45. What action by the leaders of the French Revolution demonstrates that they were influenced by Enlightenment ideas? A. They called for the fall of the absolute monarchy. B. They encouraged the conquests of Napoleon. C. They fought to maintain France's colonial empire. D. They supported the combination of church and state.

A. They called for the fall of the absolute monarchy.

57. The famous American writer Mark Twain expressed his opinion about U.S. actions in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War with the following words: "I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate (place under control) the people of the Philippines. We have gone to conquer, not to redeem (save). ... I am opposed to having the [American] eagle put its talons on any other land." This statement would be helpful in supporting the thesis that Mark Twain believed that A. U.S. imperialism was wrong. B. U.S. imperialism would bring stable government to the Philippines. C. U.S. imperialism was necessary for the United States to become a world power. D. U.S. imperialism civilized the people of the Philippines.

A. U.S. imperialism was wrong.

96. What was the perspective of women who founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966? A. Women wanted to receive equal pay and opportunities for advancement in the workplace. B. Women were afraid of being forced to work in physically challenging jobs. C. Women were angry at the prospect of having to serve in the military. D. Women wanted to gain the right to vote and to own property.

A. Women wanted to receive equal pay and opportunities for advancement in the workplace.

15. What method is typically used by citizens in parliamentary and presidential democracies to achieve governmental change? A. elections B. revolution C. civil war D. secession

A. elections

40. What economic factor primarily contributed to the movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? A. greater employment opportunities in urban areas B. increased imports from newly-acquired U.S. territories C. the availability of free land under the Homestead Act D. the need for agricultural workers to feed a growing population

A. greater employment opportunities in urban areas

7. In the late 19th century, industrialization led to harsh working conditions in the United States. Which policies of the U.S. government allowed such conditions to develop and later led to the growth of labor unions to correct abuses of workers? A. laissez-faire policies toward big business B. antitrust policies toward monopolies C. imperialist policies regarding territorial expansion D. isolationist policies regarding international alliances

A. laissez-faire policies toward big business

74. Many Latin American nations gained their independence early in the 19th century. The relationship between the people and their government changed. Slavery existed under colonial governments, but some of the new nations, such as Haiti, did not permit slavery. The abolition of slavery was based on Enlightenment ideas of A. liberty as a natural right of man. B. separation of governmental powers. C. personal rights as less important than civil order. D. the authority of absolute monarchs.

A. liberty as a natural right of man.

29. Consider the following changes that occurred in the United States in the late 19th century: • Increases in immigration • Widespread industrialization • Improvements in agricultural technology What was one result of these developments during this time period? A. the growth of large cities B. the decline of labor unions C. the spread of plantation agriculture D. the construction of interstate highways

A. the growth of large cities

43. Under what system of government are leaders typically chosen by church officials or religious elders? A. theocracy B. dictatorship C. presidential democracy D. constitutional monarchy

A. theocracy

68. Freedom of assembly is guaranteed by the First Amendment, but assemblies may legally be broken up when protesters A. attempt to disrupt public safety. B. publicly oppose U.S. foreign policy. C. express opinions that are controversial. D. are members of a religious organization.

A. attempt to disrupt public safety.

72. Religious diversity in the United States has increased in the last fifty years. One factor that has contributed to this increase has been an increase in A. emigration to Africa. B. immigration from Asia. C. immigration from Australia. D. emigration to South America.

B. immigration from Asia.

1. What was one result of discrimination against American Indians by white settlers in the United States in the late 19th century? A. American Indians were displaced from their homelands. B. American Indians were forced to maintain their cultural heritage. C. American Indians were prevented from trading with European settlers. D. American Indians were persecuted for killing buffalo on the Great Plains.

A. American Indians were displaced from their homelands.

20. Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote that the relationship between citizens and their government was a social contract. Which statement describes the impact of the idea of government as a social contract on the French Revolution in 1789? A. The king granted women the right to vote. B. French citizens claimed their natural rights. C. The king raised taxes to pay off the public debt. D. French citizens supported the king against the nobles.

B. French citizens claimed their natural rights.

23. As a result of the Versailles Treaty, Germany lost its overseas colonies in Africa. How did the loss of these colonies contribute to the outbreak of World War II? A. Without Germany as a competitor for colonies, Britain and France put little effort into rebuilding their navies. B. The Nazis exploited German resentment of their colonial losses by engaging in territorial expansion in Europe. C. Rivalries between Britain and France for territory in Africa prevented these countries from taking action to stop aggression in Europe. D. The United States ignored Germany's military build-up because Germany was not likely to become powerful without raw materials from its former African colonies.

B. The Nazis exploited German resentment of their colonial losses by engaging in territorial expansion in Europe.

27. What was one idea that the leaders of the American Revolution shared with Enlightenment thinkers? A. Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for mother countries. B. The people have the right to overthrow their government if it abuses its powers. C. Governments may restrict freedom of speech and of the press during times of crisis. D. Factories and businesses should be owned by the government rather than by individuals.

B. The people have the right to overthrow their government if it abuses its powers.

58. The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1919, prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages. In terms of the evolution of the Constitution, the ratification of the 18th Amendment represented A. a decrease in the powers of Congress. B. an extension of federal power into activities formerly regulated by states. C. a limitation on the powers of the federal government to regulate interstate trade. D. an increase in the power of the state courts to hear prohibition cases.

B. an extension of federal power into activities formerly regulated by states.

52. In 1977, advocates for people with disabilities staged a series of protest demonstrations across the country. These demonstrations urged enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation. The demonstrations continued a pattern of protests for equal treatment under the law influenced by A. anti-war protests during the Vietnam War. B. civil rights marches of the 1950s and 1960s. C. farm labor strikes of the 1960s. D. Ku Klux Klan rallies of the 1920s.

B. civil rights marches of the 1950s and 1960s.

13. In a certain country, all decisions concerning the production of goods and services are made by the government. However, following a political revolution, a new economic system is set up in which some decisions regarding production of goods and services are made by the government and others are made by individuals and private companies. How has the economy of this country changed? A. from a mixed economy to a market economy B. from a command economy to a mixed economy C. from a market economy to a traditional economy D. from a traditional economy to a command economy

B. from a command economy to a mixed economy

60. In exploring the relationship between governments and people, Thomas Hobbes argued that governments resulted from a social contract to maintain an orderly society. John Locke, another philosopher of the Enlightenment, inspired American revolutionaries by arguing that a new social contract could be instituted under what circumstance? A. if a government failed to compel obedience B. if a government violated people's natural rights C. if a government failed to protect people from economic inequality D. if a government entered into alliances with foreign governments

B. if a government violated people's natural rights

91. In the 1960s and 1970s, Hispanic-American farm workers in the United States believed their employers were failing to provide reasonable wages and working conditions like those received by other American workers. For this reason, Hispanic-American farm workers A. urged the exportation of agricultural produce. B. organized the United Farm Workers Association. C. encouraged farm producers to lower prices. D. opposed passage of anti-discrimination laws.

B. organized the United Farm Workers Association.

64. During World War I, two revolutions took place in Russia while Russia was at war with Germany. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution, said: There can be no doubt that our army is absolutely in no condition ... to beat back a German offensive successfully. ... The excerpt above could be used to support the thesis that A. Lenin had few skills as a military leader. B. Russia shared in the responsibility for World War I. C. Lenin believed that Russia should withdraw from World War I. D. The Bolshevik Revolution had the support of the Russian army.

C. Lenin believed that Russia should withdraw from World War I.

22. In 1942, President Roosevelt issued a series of executive orders that authorized the military to remove persons of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast and relocate them to internment camps. In 1982, a commission established by Congress to review the reasons for the relocation and internment found that the decisions were not justified by military necessity. Instead, the commission found that the decision to relocate and intern Japanese-Americans was the result of "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership." The commission findings reflect a change in views on what subject? A. the balance of power between Congress and the judiciary B. the balance between individual rights and national security C. the balance of power between the states and the federal government D. the balance between freedom of the press and compelling government interest

B. the balance between individual rights and national security

51. What was one perspective of African-Americans that was reflected in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? A. the desire to preserve cultural traditions B. the desire to end racial discrimination C. the belief that segregation was necessary to maintain social order D. the belief that collective bargaining would lead to higher incomes

B. the desire to end racial discrimination

49. What is one direct consequence of the U.S. civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s? A. the right to freedom of religion for all citizens B. the end of legal segregation in public places C. the granting of citizenship to African-Americans D. the passing of legislation to protect the accused

B. the end of legal segregation in public places

34. Although the 14th Amendment to the Constitution extended the rights of citizenship to "all persons" born or naturalized in the United States, discrimination on the basis of gender still existed throughout much of the country during the late 1800s. Which was a consequence of this discrimination? A. the end of the military draft for women B. the growth of the women's suffrage movement C. the beginning of sit-ins to desegregate lunch counters D. the continuation of efforts to end university admissions quotas

B. the growth of the women's suffrage movement

97. In 1950, New York City was the only city in the world with a population of more than ten million people. By 2000, there were nineteen cities with populations of over ten million people. One reason for this increase in urbanization was A. a decrease in birthrates around the world. B. the spread of industrialization around the world. C. an increase in air pollution in industrialized areas. D. the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

B. the spread of industrialization around the world.

62. Citizens in presidential democracies and parliamentary democracies typically achieve governmental change by A. going on strike. B. voting in elections. C. serving in the military. D. engaging in revolution.

B. voting in elections.

47. Which source of information about a candidate for the school board would likely be biased? A. A televised debate of all of the school board candidates. B. A copy of the candidate's voting record from her previous term. C. A letter to the newspaper editor from a supporter of the candidate. D. A copy of the candidate's latest income tax return.

C. A letter to the newspaper editor from a supporter of the candidate.

11. In 1923, Adolf Hitler, the future leader of Nazi Germany, declared: The day must come when a German government shall summon up the courage to declare to the foreign powers: "The Treaty of Versailles is founded on a monstrous lie." We fulfill nothing more. Do what you will! If you want battle, look for it! This excerpt would help support which thesis? A. Hitler believed the League of Nations would help Germany. B. Hitler believed Germany was responsible for starting World War I. C. Hitler used German resentment toward the Treaty of Versailles to gain power. D. Hitler wanted the World War I Allies to live up to what they promised in the Treaty of Versailles.

C. Hitler used German resentment toward the Treaty of Versailles to gain power.

12. During World War II, Japanese troops occupied much of China. This weakened the Chinese government, and in 1949, communist forces overthrew the government and established a communist state. What effect did the Chinese Communist Revolution have on the development of the Cold War? A. It decreased tensions, because it led to the formation of the Warsaw Pact. B. It increased tensions, because it strengthened the independence movement in India. C. It increased tensions, because it increased Western fears of communist expansion. D. It decreased tensions, because it led to the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union.

C. It increased tensions, because it increased Western fears of communist expansion.

95. A town's mayor believes that she can reduce crime by providing some police officers with bicycles. Which statement would help support this thesis? A. Sales tax revenues will be used to pay for the bicycles. B. Bicycle police require several weeks of extra training. C. Other towns with bicycle police have reduced crime rates. D. Bicycle theft is the leading property crime in the town.

C. Other towns with bicycle police have reduced crime rates.

5. What would be the expected effect on consumer spending and on the unemployment rate if the United States government were to increase personal income tax rates?

If the government raises the income tax, then the consumer would have less money to spend, which would cause businesses to shut down or cut workers and unemployment would increase.

9. Identify four factors (social, political, economic and/or environmental) that contributed to the migration of large numbers of people from Europe to the United States in the late 19th century.

People migrated to the US for social reasons so they could make a better life for their families. They moved for political reasons for freedoms such as freedom of speech and right to bear arms. They migrated for economical reasons so they could start private businesses and make a good living. Lastly, people moved to the US because of environmental issues like overcrowding of European cities, and diseases.