OHNS 503 Research Methods Quiz 1

FERPA stands for

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

HIPAA stands for

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

NIH guidelines on the inclusion of women and members of minority groups in human subject research ensures that

valid analyses of differences in intervention effects can be accomplished

What is the name of the foundational document of the current system of U.S. human subjects projection?

Belmont Report

Within the framework of the Belmont Study, defining the risk/benefit addresses the ethical obligatio of:

Beneficience

advantage of longitudinal research

Considered more robust than cross-sectional research

single subject designs

Subject acts as own control: •ABAB design •A = non-treatment phase •B = treatment phase •A = non-treatment phase •B = treatment phase

Quasi - Experiemntal Design

Similar to experimental research.....BUT §NO control group or no randomization §Typically involves an applied setting when control isn't possible

What are the four steps of EBP process?

Step 1: Frame your clinical question Step 2: Gather Evidence Step 3: Assess the Evidence Step 4: Make your clinical decision

The regualtions that grew out of the Belmont Report and were adopted by HHS and 15 other federal agencies are known as the

The Common Rule

Randomized Control Trials (RCTs)

- The experimental group receives the treatment and control group receives none. - Any differences between groups attributable to the independent variable

Methods of Experimental Control

- Control groups with random assignment - Blindness" of investigators/participants - Standardized, reproducible methods

case series

: A description of uncontrolled, non-experimental events and outcomes for a series of similar cases who receive the same intervention or have the same outcome.

What is meant by an "eligible student?"

A student who is 18 years of age or enrolled in a postsecondary insititution

What are examples of "Boolean Operators?"

And, or, not,

disadvantage of longitudinal research

Expensive and time-consuming Subject to attrition of participants

Within the framework of the Belmont Study, impartiality in selection of subjects addresses the ethical obligation of:

Justice

steps involved in meta-analysis

Steps involved: 1. Identification of relevant variables 2. Identification of relevant research to review 3. Comparing or combining results across studies

What are the components of PICO?

Population Intervention Comparison Outcome

correlational research

Predictive research, designed to predict a behavior or response based on the relationship between the behavior and other variables.

A medical record is an example of:

Private information

As part of the consent process, the federal regualtions require researchers to:

Provide subjects with information at appropriate reading level.

Census data available at the United State Census Bureau website are an example of:

Public information

Within the framework of the Belmont Study, informed consent addresses the ethical obligation of:

Respect for persons

What are the three key ethical principles are outlined in the Belmont Report?

Respect for persons, beneficece, and justice

Institutional Review Boards are responsible for making decisions about

Risks to Subjects Scientific merit of a research proposal Study Feasibility

Spider stands for

Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type

Purpose of Experimental Control

To assure to degree possible that any change in your dependent variable can be attributed to changes in the independent variable.

Three unethical studies shared in class

Tuskegee Syphilis Study Tudor "Monster Study" of Stuttering in Children The "Immortal Cells" of Hernrietta Lacks

types of descriptive research

case study, cross-sectional, longitudinal, evaluation, historical, and secondary data analysis

the "Why" of research in CSD

contributes to our professional pool of knowledge maintains quality of clinical services Importance in utilizing evidence based practice ethical responsibility to clients/ patients to do what works

Types of Exploratory Research

correlational research, case-control studies, and cohort studies

semi-longitudinal research

cross between cross-sectional and longitudinal which involves the dividing total age span under study into several overlapping age spans

What are three components of evidence-based practice (EBP)?

external scientific evidence clinical expertise client perspective

Cross-sectional research

observation of differences to make inferences about development. suited for describing variables and their distribution patterns

longitudinal research

one group observed over a long period of time (ie: cohort study, follow-up study, incidence study, and prospective study)

disadvantage of cross- sectional research

possibiility of selection bias

Studies that attempt to answer a research question by using raw data collected by the researcher(s) are known as

primary research

secondary analysis

research that uses previously gathered data (ie: examination fo unanalyzed variable, testing unexplored relationships, focus on specific sub-samples, and using on different units of analysis

A meta-analysis is an example of

secondary research

Studies that synthesize findings from primary research studies and provide conclusions about the evidence are known as

secondary research

Efficiacy

the benefit of an intervention compared to the standard or control

Effectiveness

the benefits and use of the procedure under "real world" conditions

An eligible student's educational record is generally not disclosed in situations where

the student's professor is collecting data for their own research

case study

uncontrolled, observational study of events and outcomes in a single case

Evaluation Research

•Collection and analysis of information related to effects of a program, policy or procedure.

sequential clinical trials

•Does not require a fixed sample size •Allows for analysis of data to occur when the participant has completed the trial. •Similar to quasi-experimental •Allows the addition of "new" treatment methods.

advantages of cross-sectional research

•Less costly and time-consuming compared to longitudinal research •Relatively immune to attrition of subjects

Cohort Studies

•Researchers follow participants who do not yet have the outcome of interest and follow them over time to determine the factors leading to different outcomes.

Case-control study

•Retrospective study identifying an outcome of interest (disease or condition) •Participants are selected for study inclusion and categorized into "cases" and "controls" •Factors contributing to the disease/disorder are analyzed to determine possible differences between cases and controls that could explain outcomes.

meta-analysis

•Similar to secondary analysis, meta-analysis uses previously gathered data. •In contrast, the statistical analysis techniques are applied to compare and synthesize results across previously studies (not a new analysis of a dataset)

Historical Research

•Uses data collected or observed by others to establish facts and relationships about past events

dependent variable

•Variables of interest; result of manipulation of independent variables in the study •Outcome variables •e.g., severity of dysfluency

independent variable

•Variables that are manipulated to cause hypothesized change in outcomes (dependent variable) •Explanatory variables •e.g., type of fluency treatment