OHNS 503 Research Methods Quiz 1
FERPA stands for
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
HIPAA stands for
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
NIH guidelines on the inclusion of women and members of minority groups in human subject research ensures that
valid analyses of differences in intervention effects can be accomplished
What is the name of the foundational document of the current system of U.S. human subjects projection?
Belmont Report
Within the framework of the Belmont Study, defining the risk/benefit addresses the ethical obligatio of:
Beneficience
advantage of longitudinal research
Considered more robust than cross-sectional research
single subject designs
Subject acts as own control: •ABAB design •A = non-treatment phase •B = treatment phase •A = non-treatment phase •B = treatment phase
Quasi - Experiemntal Design
Similar to experimental research.....BUT §NO control group or no randomization §Typically involves an applied setting when control isn't possible
What are the four steps of EBP process?
Step 1: Frame your clinical question Step 2: Gather Evidence Step 3: Assess the Evidence Step 4: Make your clinical decision
The regualtions that grew out of the Belmont Report and were adopted by HHS and 15 other federal agencies are known as the
The Common Rule
Randomized Control Trials (RCTs)
- The experimental group receives the treatment and control group receives none. - Any differences between groups attributable to the independent variable
Methods of Experimental Control
- Control groups with random assignment - Blindness" of investigators/participants - Standardized, reproducible methods
case series
: A description of uncontrolled, non-experimental events and outcomes for a series of similar cases who receive the same intervention or have the same outcome.
What is meant by an "eligible student?"
A student who is 18 years of age or enrolled in a postsecondary insititution
What are examples of "Boolean Operators?"
And, or, not,
disadvantage of longitudinal research
Expensive and time-consuming Subject to attrition of participants
Within the framework of the Belmont Study, impartiality in selection of subjects addresses the ethical obligation of:
Justice
steps involved in meta-analysis
Steps involved: 1. Identification of relevant variables 2. Identification of relevant research to review 3. Comparing or combining results across studies
What are the components of PICO?
Population Intervention Comparison Outcome
correlational research
Predictive research, designed to predict a behavior or response based on the relationship between the behavior and other variables.
A medical record is an example of:
Private information
As part of the consent process, the federal regualtions require researchers to:
Provide subjects with information at appropriate reading level.
Census data available at the United State Census Bureau website are an example of:
Public information
Within the framework of the Belmont Study, informed consent addresses the ethical obligation of:
Respect for persons
What are the three key ethical principles are outlined in the Belmont Report?
Respect for persons, beneficece, and justice
Institutional Review Boards are responsible for making decisions about
Risks to Subjects Scientific merit of a research proposal Study Feasibility
Spider stands for
Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type
Purpose of Experimental Control
To assure to degree possible that any change in your dependent variable can be attributed to changes in the independent variable.
Three unethical studies shared in class
Tuskegee Syphilis Study Tudor "Monster Study" of Stuttering in Children The "Immortal Cells" of Hernrietta Lacks
types of descriptive research
case study, cross-sectional, longitudinal, evaluation, historical, and secondary data analysis
the "Why" of research in CSD
contributes to our professional pool of knowledge maintains quality of clinical services Importance in utilizing evidence based practice ethical responsibility to clients/ patients to do what works
Types of Exploratory Research
correlational research, case-control studies, and cohort studies
semi-longitudinal research
cross between cross-sectional and longitudinal which involves the dividing total age span under study into several overlapping age spans
What are three components of evidence-based practice (EBP)?
external scientific evidence clinical expertise client perspective
Cross-sectional research
observation of differences to make inferences about development. suited for describing variables and their distribution patterns
longitudinal research
one group observed over a long period of time (ie: cohort study, follow-up study, incidence study, and prospective study)
disadvantage of cross- sectional research
possibiility of selection bias
Studies that attempt to answer a research question by using raw data collected by the researcher(s) are known as
primary research
secondary analysis
research that uses previously gathered data (ie: examination fo unanalyzed variable, testing unexplored relationships, focus on specific sub-samples, and using on different units of analysis
A meta-analysis is an example of
secondary research
Studies that synthesize findings from primary research studies and provide conclusions about the evidence are known as
secondary research
Efficiacy
the benefit of an intervention compared to the standard or control
Effectiveness
the benefits and use of the procedure under "real world" conditions
An eligible student's educational record is generally not disclosed in situations where
the student's professor is collecting data for their own research
case study
uncontrolled, observational study of events and outcomes in a single case
Evaluation Research
•Collection and analysis of information related to effects of a program, policy or procedure.
sequential clinical trials
•Does not require a fixed sample size •Allows for analysis of data to occur when the participant has completed the trial. •Similar to quasi-experimental •Allows the addition of "new" treatment methods.
advantages of cross-sectional research
•Less costly and time-consuming compared to longitudinal research •Relatively immune to attrition of subjects
Cohort Studies
•Researchers follow participants who do not yet have the outcome of interest and follow them over time to determine the factors leading to different outcomes.
Case-control study
•Retrospective study identifying an outcome of interest (disease or condition) •Participants are selected for study inclusion and categorized into "cases" and "controls" •Factors contributing to the disease/disorder are analyzed to determine possible differences between cases and controls that could explain outcomes.
meta-analysis
•Similar to secondary analysis, meta-analysis uses previously gathered data. •In contrast, the statistical analysis techniques are applied to compare and synthesize results across previously studies (not a new analysis of a dataset)
Historical Research
•Uses data collected or observed by others to establish facts and relationships about past events
dependent variable
•Variables of interest; result of manipulation of independent variables in the study •Outcome variables •e.g., severity of dysfluency
independent variable
•Variables that are manipulated to cause hypothesized change in outcomes (dependent variable) •Explanatory variables •e.g., type of fluency treatment