Old Exams

Rafael has joined the Spanish Club at his school. According to the social identity theory, what is Rafael likely to do when he meets individuals from the German Club or French Club and defines them as out-group members? Select one: a. Rafael will want to be friends with the outgroup members. b. Rafael will exaggerate the similarities between his ingroup and the outgroups. c. Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members. d. Rafael will see the groups as equal and want to decrease the social distance that exists.

. Rafael will exaggerate the similarities between his ingroup and the outgroups. c. Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members.

What are the two factors that are most important to group teamwork? Select one: a. Shared goals & sense of unity b. Common values & clear social roles c. Diverse membership & relaxed social norms d. Social identity theory & group norming

. Shared goals & sense of unity

Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon's reaction best reflects which of the following? Select one: a. right-wing authoritarianism b. aversive racism c. social dominance orientation d. implicit stereotyping

. aversive racism

Central processing of a persuasive message leads to ________ than peripheral processing. Select one: a. stronger emotions b. more immediate attitude change c. higher likelihood of attitude change d. more enduring attitude change

. more enduring attitude change

Which one of the following statements about the justification of cruelty is TRUE? Select one: a. If we know we have hurt someone, cognitive dissonance will lead cause us to feel guilty and try to protect that person in the future. b. After hurting someone, the perpetrator will likely blame or criticize the victim even when it's clear the target was perfectly innocent. c. People with low self-esteem have a greater need to blame or criticize their victims. d. We feel more need to blame a victim who has some power to retaliate.

After hurting someone, the perpetrator will likely blame or criticize the victim even when it's clear the target was perfectly innocent

While reading a magazine Juan notices an advertisement for tennis shoes. Juan is very interested in reading about the materials the shoes are made out of and logically concludes the tennis shoes would be a good purchase. Juan was likely in which persuasion route? Select one: a. Central b. Peripheral c. Trigger d. Heuristic

Central

Oscar would like to go to a movie without adult supervision. He starts by asking his mom if he can go to Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mom says no, he then asks if he can at least go to the movies by himself. Oscar's strategy is an example of what method? Select one: a. foot in the door b. reactance c. door in the face d. sunk costs

Door in the face

In cognitive psychology, what is priming? Select one: a. A technique used to confuse people by providing distracting information b. Positive attributes associated with the people in our social environment c. Exposing people to an idea or image in order to affect their interpretation of later events d. Presenting many alternatives that are clearly inferior, in order to make one selection look better

Exposing people to an idea or image in order to affect their interpretation of later events

The graduate students in a particular research lab are all concerned about impressing their famous professor. None of them wants to appear difficult to work with or stupid. This group may be especially likely to engage in which of the following? Select one: a. Groupthink. b. Group identity. I c. Group polarization. d. Social loafing

Groupthink

Jody's mom tells him that if he misses curfew he will be grounded for a week. Buffy's mom tells her that if she misses curfew, her parents will be very disappointed in her. According to research you heard about in class about the effects of threats, who is more likely to WANT to stay out late and miss curfew? Select one: a. Buffy b. Jody c. Both equally because of the gender difference

Jody

Mood-congruent memory is occurring in which of the following scenarios? Select one: a. Jasmine is feeling anxious but is having a difficult time recalling how nervous she was to give a public speech. b. John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment. c. The sunny day is making Jaden happy, helping him to recall what he ate for breakfast this morning when he was in a hurry. d. Yesterday Janis was remembering all the hardships she's been through in her life but today she felt happy after getting engaged.

John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment.

In the LaPiere study about traveling with the Chinese couple, what was the main result? Select one: a. People in the 1930s would commonly refuse to serve minorities; today it is different. b. In a survey hotels said they would serve anyone, but many actually refused to help the couple. c. They were refused service in upper class establishments, but not in working-class establishments. d. Most people surveyed said they would refuse to serve them; in reality almost all did serve them

Most people surveyed said they would refuse to serve them; in reality almost all did serve them

Which of the following techniques best employs the inoculation procedure? Select one: a. Present your arguments without mentioning your opponent and protect your audience from hearing any of the opposing arguments. b. Present both your and your opponents strongest arguments, but present yours first. c. Present a few of the arguments that your opponent will use against you and then give counter-arguments. d. Present information that will make your opponent look foolish.

Present a few of the arguments that your opponent will use against you and then give counter-arguments

Mariana has just been accepted to a summer research internship at the Scripps Oceanographic Institute. She immediately orders a t-shirt from Scripps and begins wearing it regularly. She puts a "Save the Oceans" poster up in her room, and bores her friends by interjecting comments about marine biology into every conversation. Psychologists would recognize her behavior as a good illustration of which concept? Select one: a. Descriptive norm theory b. Groupthink c. Social facilitation d. Social identity theory

Social identity theory

Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that we feel _____ when our beliefs and actions are _________. a. tension; inconsistent b. fear; uncertain c. pleasure; inconsistent d. arousal; consistent

Tension; incronsistent

Which comment reflects the outgroup homogeneity effect? Select one: a. Our group is better than their group. b. If you do not stick with the group, you are on your own. c. That other group, they are all alike. d. You have got to go along to get along

That other group, they are all alike

Social loafing is LESS likely to occur when Select one: a. Group members are from an individualistic culture. b. The task is boring and unimportant. c. The contributions from each member are identifiable. d. The people who work together are strangers

The contributions from each member are identifiable.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between attitudes and behaviors? a. Attitudes lead to behavioral intentions which predict behaviors b. Behaviors lead to future intentions which predict attitudes c. Attitudes perfectly predict behaviors d. They are not perfectly related because both are affected by other influences

They are not perfectly related because both are affected by other influences

How is the Fundamental Attribution Error involved in our analysis of phenomena like cults or cluster suicides? Select one: a. We have a tendency to blame the personalities of people involved, rather than understanding and preventing the social factors. b. It is more difficult to help people once they have been contaminated by the forces of social influence. c. We look too hard at the social events and forget about the individual problems of the victims. d. The events are so shocking that we do not want to think about them at all.

We have a tendency to blame the personalities of people involved, rather than understanding and preventing the social factors.

What is meant by the statement: Human cognition is conservative? Select one: a. We tend to think that things were better in the old days. b. We are constantly looking for ways to build and challenge our existing base of knowledge. c. We try to maintain our existing knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes. d. We deliberately attempt to distort information to make ourselves look better.

We try to maintain our existing knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes.

According to research you heard about in class, if someone convinces you that a certain behavior is positive, how will that affect you? Select one: a. You will remember performing that behavior MORE often than you probably actually did. b. You will remember performing the behavior LESS often than you probably did. c. You will be motivated to be more accurate at recalling the behavior. d. You will have trouble remembering anything about the behavior at all.

You will remember performing that behavior MORE often than you probably actually did.

Kerry reads a story in a local newspaper about the increase in the homeless population. Which of Kerry's comments reflects the Just World belief? Select one: a. "People who work hard and make good choices don't end up homeless." b. "Someone should really do more to help people before they end up homeless." c. "This is insane! Why aren't the police getting these people off our streets?" d. "Whatever. What do I care about homelessness?"

a. "People who work hard and make good choices don't end up homeless."

Brenda is angry about a break-up, and vandalizes her ex's car. Brandon sabotages a coworker's project so the boss will promote Brandon instead of the coworker. Brenda is exhibiting ______ aggression; Brandon is exhibiting _______ aggression. Select one: a. Emotional; instrumental b. Indirect; direct c. Instrumental; indirect d. Hostile; emotional

a. Emotional; instrumental

What type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups? Select one: a. Implicit Association Test (IAT) b. Stereotype Content Model c. Evaluative Priming Task d. Fixed Action Patterns (FAPS)

a. Implicit Association Test (IAT)

What is the difference between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism? Select one: a. SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts. b. SDO concentrates on culture conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on work ethic. c. SDO concentrates on values while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on culture conflicts. d. SDO concentrates on value conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on economic conflicts.

a. SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts.

What have brain studies of social rejection found? Select one: a. Social pain following rejection is processed in a similar way to physical pain. b. Rejection causes areas of the brain related to social communication to shut down. c. Anticipating social rejection causes an increase in self-regulation and ability to focus. d. None of these are correct.

a. Social pain following rejection is processed in a similar way to physical pain.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer? (e.g., "Just answer one quick question") Select one: a. They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions. b. They believe that being friendly will influence someone to consider buying their merchandise. c. They are utilizing what is well known in persuasion research as "inoculation." d. They are hoping one person's cooperation will convince others to follow the lead

a. They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions.

You read about a study in which women had to say embarrassing things in order to be a part of a group. According to cognitive dissonance theory, when people agree to painful or embarrassing group initiations, how will they feel about the group after they are members? Select one: a. They will be more loyal and invested because the initiation was so hard. b. They will stay in the group but be more likely to betray other people within the group. c. They will be loyal but angry and likely to try and change the group. d. They will not stay members of the group for long

a. They will be more loyal and invested because the initiation was so hard.

Researchers have tested how well catharsis reduces aggression. Which of the following examples best illustrates what this research has found? Select one: a. When football players were able to express aggression with intense physical activity, this did not reduce their overall aggressive behaviors. b. People who were given the opportunity to retaliate for an insult were less likely to punish the person who insulted them any further. c. Students who were left out of a virtual ball game felt hurt but did not do anything about it. d. If students angered during a debate were allowed to punch pillows, they delivered fewer electric shocks to their debate opponents.

a. When football players were able to express aggression with intense physical activity, this did not reduce their overall aggressive behaviors.

Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963 and 1974) research? Select one: a. With each increase of shock voltage, participants dropped out, but about 65% still administered the highest level of shock. b. Most participants went along with increasing the shocks until the highest level (450 volts), where there was a huge drop to only about 35% complying at that level. c. Virtually all participants continued through the highest level of shock (450 volts). d. Approximately two-thirds of participants refused to continue participation well before the highest level (450 volts).

a. With each increase of shock voltage, participants dropped out, but about 65% still administered the highest level of shock.

What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message? Select one: a. authority, honest, likability b. authority, attractiveness, familiarity c. honesty, similarity, expertise d. likability, expertise, familiarity

authority, honest, likability

Are there more words in the English language that start with the letter "k" or that have "k" as the third letter in the word? What heuristic would you likely use in order to quickly answer that question? Select one: a. systematic heuristic b. availability heuristic c. representativeness heuristic d. fluency heuristic

availability heuristic

Sasha is taking her family to Disney World. She predicts that she will feel immense happiness seeing her young daughter, Emerald, meet all the princesses at the theme park. However, when her daughter Emerald meets the first princess, Sasha does not feel as happy as she thought she would. Sasha's experience is an example of what concept? Select one: a. impact bias b. durability bias c. availability heuristic d. representativeness heuristic

availability heuristic

Deacon was raised in a strong culture of honor. How will he likely react to being insulted by a stranger? Select one: a. He will remain civil and polite, because that is what honorable people do. b. He will retaliate aggressively in order to uphold his honor. c. He will be polite in front of others, but privately seek subtle revenge. d. He will ignore it, because the behavior of strangers is unimportant in strong honor cultures.

b. He will retaliate aggressively in order to uphold his honor.

Which of the following is the best example of task-specific self-efficacy? Select one: a. Mary believes she is a good student. b. Teri believes she is good at working with machinery. c. Larry believes he is very creative. d. Barry believes he is athletic.

b. Teri believes she is good at working with machinery.

Which of the following appears to be TRUE about gender differences in aggression? Select one: a. Men are more aggressive than women in every respect. b. Women and men can show equal aggression, but the context and consequences are often different. c. Women are always more verbally aggressive than men; men are always more physically aggressive than women. d. Young girls & boys are equally aggressive but gender differences appear as they get older.

b. Women and men can show equal aggression, but the context and consequences are often different.

Which one of the following statements captures the meaning of "ambivalent" (sometimes called "benevolent") prejudice? Select one: a. Christians are morally superior to Muslims. b. Women are the weaker sex and therefore need protecting. c. Members of certain races are naturally inferior to other races. d. French people are more artistic than other Europeans.

b. Women are the weaker sex and therefore need protecting.

One Saturday you wake up and go out to breakfast at your favorite coffee place. It is a nice day so you spend most of it outside with your friends, just hanging out. That night you all go out and hear a great band. When you leave to go home you see that someone has hit your parked car. There is a big dent and the side mirror is gone. What are you likely to remember about that day? Select one: a. You will remember all the positive events but tend to forget the last negative event. b. You will remember the negative event at the end more strongly than the positive events. c. You will remember the beginning of the day more than the end, due to the primacy effect.

b. You will remember the negative event at the end more strongly than the positive events.

It is an automatic social process to classify people into groups. What concept explains this tendency to put people, including yourself, into groups? Select one: a. ingroup bias b. social categorization c. spontaneous group development d. stereotype content theory

b. social categorization

Which is the best example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? Select one: a. Steve refuses to give Brenda a job because she is a woman. Brenda files a lawsuit. Steve gets fired. b. Donna likes David and flirts with him. David doesn't like Donna so he starts to avoid her. Donna just tries harder to get his attention. c. Kelly thinks Donna is a stupid blond. She talks down to Donna and discourages her from taking advanced classes. Donna loses confidence in class and falls behind. d. Brenda thinks her co-worker, Kelly, must be smart because of her ethnicity. She tells Kelly this over lunch. Kelly is offended and stops speaking to Brenda.

c. Kelly thinks Donna is a stupid blond. She talks down to Donna and discourages her from taking advanced classes. Donna loses confidence in class and falls behind.

On her first day of graduate study in computer science, Suzanne realizes that she is the only female student in her program. Students are broken up into teams to solve an engineering problem. All the students are aware of stereotypes about women not being as successful in technology careers as men. According to the concept of stereotype threat, which of the following is most likely to happen? Select one: a. The members of Suzanne's work team will do poorly because they will be threatened by having to work with a woman. b. Suzanne will perform better than her classmates in order to prove the stereotype wrong. c. Suzanne will perform worse than her classmates because her anxiety about the stereotype will hurt her performance. d. Suzanne's professors will treat her differently than other students, creating a threatening environment for her.

c. Suzanne will perform worse than her classmates because her anxiety about the stereotype will hurt her performance.

Hot cognition describes what kind of thinking and decision making? Select one: a. Decisions based on what is hot or trendy at the moment. b. Thinking and decisions related to issues that are very important. c. Thinking that is affected by emotions more than reasoning d. Decisions that involve relating to and responding to other people.

c. Thinking that is affected by emotions more than reasoning

At the Iowa caucuses residents get into groups based on the presidential candidate they support. After talking to others in their caucus group, the voters feel even stronger about their candidate. Which of the following best describes this group effect? Select one: a. social facilitation b. social loafing c. group polarization d. group inoculation

c. group polarization

Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker? Select one: a. having the speaker ask for a big request and then ask for the smaller request that was desired all along b. have the speaker give a gift before requesting a favor c. have the speaker present his/her message as educational or objective information d. have the speaker present his/her message to a new audience he/she has not met before

c. have the speaker present his/her message as educational or objective information

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions? Select one: a. normative influence b. obedience c. informational influence d. fixed action patterns

c. informational influence

Jason believes that all Asian people are good at math. What is this belief an example of? Select one: a. prejudice b. discrimination c. stereotype d. aversive racism

c. stereotype

Which of the following is result from a study that demonstrates the "Weapon Effect"? Select one: a. Police officers are more likely to identify objects as weapons if they are held by African-American men than by White men. b. People who own weapons are more likely to watch a lot of TV than people who don't own weapons. c. Just having a toy rifle visible in the room caused people to be more careful about hurting another person. d. A truck with a gun rack and NRA sticker provoked more aggressive responses than a truck without those items.

d. A truck with a gun rack and NRA sticker provoked more aggressive responses than a truck without those items.

Which one of the following is the best definition of "instrumental aggression"? Select one: a. An act of aggression stemming from a feeling of anger b. An act of aggression performed with a weapon or physical object. c. An intention to hurt another person in order to see him/her suffer d. An intention to hurt another person as a means to a goal other than inflicting pain

d. An intention to hurt another person as a means to a goal other than inflicting pain

What are the three types of hostility biases that contribute to aggression? Select one: a. Ambivalent, ambiguous, aversive b. Attitudes, beliefs, behavior c. Weapon effect, in-group bias, just world bias d. Attributions, expectations, perceptions

d. Attributions, expectations, perceptions

Which of the following is an example of the planning fallacy? Select one: a. Corrine finished a group project and during peer evaluations stated that she did most of the work and deserves the highest grade. She is surprised when her group members do not agree b. Herald is graduating next week and believes the happiness he will feel will last for the next year. Herald is surprised when his happiness returns to normal level only a day after graduation. c. Faith is shopping at a hardware store and asks for help. The sales clerk suggests several tools that, if used correctly, will shorten her project time by two hours. d. Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated

d. Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination? Select one: a. Stereotypes are based on emotions, prejudice is based on beliefs, and discrimination is based on behavior. b. Stereotypes are based on behavior, prejudice is based on beliefs, and discrimination is based on emotions. c. Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on behavior, and discrimination is based on emotions. d. Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

d. Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

When being considered for a job opening, people being interviewed often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept? Select one: a. emotional nervousness b. need for closure c. planning fallacy d. chameleon effect

d. chameleon effect

The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage of "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called? Select one: a. fixed action patterns b. inoculation c. social proof d. reciprocity

fixed action patterns

Randy has joined a new social club on campus. According to the principle of thin-slice judgments, it is likely that Randy will: Select one: a. carefully form the impressions he makes of these club members only after repeated meetings b. form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting c. form impressions of these club members based on learning how much he has in common with them d. form the most positive impressions of those with whom he interacted least

form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting

People naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as: Select one: a. impact bias b. heuristics c. attitudes d. priming

heuristics

Karl's doctor recently told him that he needed to start eating better or he would be at risk for a heart attack within the next few years. Karl doesn't like the news the doctor gave him and is highly motivated to distrust the doctor's tests. Karl's uncertainty over the test results from the doctor is an example of what? . planning fallacy b. affective forecasting c. motivated skepticism d. mood-congruent memory

motivated skepticism

Clara is extremely hungry after having a 3 hour meeting. She wants food as quickly as possible, so she makes a quick decision to just eat at the closest coffee shop. Her motivation to make a quick decision is an example of what concept? Select one: a. motivated skepticism b. need for closure c. impact bias d. planning fallacy

need for closure

The results of Asch's research, where participants had to make line-length judgments in front of a group, can be best explained by which of the following concepts? Select one: a. prescriptive norms b. group polarization c. normative influence d. obedience to authority

normative influence

In a study by Milgram, participants delivered a series of painful shocks to another person. Milgram designed the study to examine the effects of which of the following on aggression? Select one: a. hostility toward the victim b. fear of punishment for failing to act aggressively c. liking d. obedience to authority

obedience to authority

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car? Select one: a. social proof b. door in the face c. reactance d. reciprocity

reciprocity

The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features? Select one: a. competence and attractiveness b. attractiveness and values c. warmth and competence d. competence and values

warmth and competence

The theory of social facilitation states that the presence of others improves performance on ________ and hinders performance on ________. Select one: a. well-mastered tasks; poorly learned tasks b. creative tasks; logical tasks c. achievement based tasks; display based tasks d. complex tasks; simple tasks

well-mastered tasks; poorly learned tasks