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What makes a punishment effective? if the the punisher is contingent, i.e. delivered every time the undesired behavior occurs if the punisher is delivered immediately after the undesired behavior All of the options are correct if the punisher is intense

All of the options are correct

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n) partial reinforcement discriminative stimulus unconditioned stimulus primary reinforcer

discriminative stimulus

In a stimulus discrimination procedure, subjects are exposed to at least two stimuli, only one of which is a cue for the availability of a reinforcer exposed to at least two stimuli, all of which signal the availability of a reinforcer exposed once to a single stimulus as a cue for the availability of a reinforcer repeatedly exposed to a single stimulus as a cue for the availability of a reinforcer

exposed to at least two stimuli, only one of which is a cue for the availability of a reinforcer

Which of the following leaves a subject most susceptible to spontaneous recovery from extinction? extinction trials conducted after a delay all of the answer options help prevent spontaneous recovery massed extinction trials spaced extinction trials

massed extinction trials

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer? money shelter sex food

money

A teacher has children sit in a chair with their backs to the class for five minutes each time they interrupt another child, taking away their social interactions. This method of changing behavior, called time out, is based on the principle of _______________. discrimination extinction negative punishment positive punishment

negative punishment

What would be a practical and appropriate use of punishment in the classroom? Corporeal punishment Loss of privileges for unspecified behaviors Providing a positive reinforcer for stopping unacceptable behavior Loss of privileges contingent upon unacceptable behavior- such as having to stay in during recess for talking out of turn

Loss of privileges contingent upon unacceptable behavior- such as having to stay in during recess for talking out of turn

Which of the following is typical of a discrete trial procedure? A monkey pushes a lever to watch an electric train. A hungry rat makes a choice between plain food and food enhanced with a sweetener in a T-maze A thirsty pigeon pecks a key to gain access to water. A hungry rat moves a rod to earn a food pellet.

A hungry rat makes a choice between plain food and food enhanced with a sweetener in a T-maze

Which of the following is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures? Both the quality and quantity of the reinforcer are important. Neither the quality nor quantity of the reinforcer is important. The quantity of the reinforcer is important, but not the quality The quality of the reinforcer is important, but not the quantity

Both the quality and quantity of the reinforcer are important.

Assume you would like your therapeutic treatments to generalize to outside settings. Which of the following would you NOT do? Make the treatment situation as similar as possible to the natural environment of the client Make the treatment procedure indiscriminable or incidental to other activities Conduct sessions in your office so the client comes to associate the cues of the office with preparing for treatment. Use numerous exemplars during training

Conduct sessions in your office so the client comes to associate the cues of the office with preparing for treatment.

To be an effective punisher, an unpleasant consequence Reduces the behavior at least one time Reduces the behavior but causes other problems Does not reduce the frequency of the behavior Reduces the frequency of the behavior

Reduces the frequency of the behavior

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? Ed gets a gold star because he didn't act out. Mark hits his little brother because the brother broke Mark's bike. Suzie cries after losing the card game. Stella changes the oil in her car to avoid engine seizure.

Stella changes the oil in her car to avoid engine seizure.

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? Dora is sent to her room without dessert because of her poor manners Stella changes the oil in her car to avoid engine seizure. Bobby is not allowed to buy cigarettes because he is too young. Steve has his mouth washed out with soap for swearing

Steve has his mouth washed out with soap for swearing.

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus is called ___________. Stimulus discrimination Stimulus control Stimulus equivalence Stimulus generalization

Stimulus control

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement? a gambler a student waiting for her grades to come in the mail a student in a class with many unexpected quizzes a mail delivery person

a student in a class with many unexpected quizzes

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because animals have poor memories animals have attentional difficulties it won't have any effect on conditioning animals keep responding during the delay so don't learn contingency between their response and reinforcer

animals keep responding during the delay so don't learn contingency between their response and reinforcer

In the ABC observation form used in functional behavior assessment the A stands for after agonist antecedent antagonist

antecedent

Professor Monotone gives very boring lectures and students have difficulty staying awake in his class. As a result, Farhad has learnt to drink an energy drink to ensure he does not fall asleep. This is an example of: positive punishment escape avoidance negative punishment

avoidance

Your friend checks her shoes before riding on the escalator, to make sure they are tied and will not get caught between the moving steps. You recognize her behavior as which of the following? positive reinforcement avoidance escape negative punishment

avoidance

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a real yawn. This is an example of stereotypy. belongingness. retroactive interference proactive interference

belongingness.

The first component of the two-process theory of avoidance is ________ and the second part is ______________. conditioning fear to the US; punishment. punishment of the CS; positive reinforcement punishment of the CR; negative reinforcement conditioning fear to the CS; negative reinforcement

conditioning fear to the CS; negative reinforcement

The fact that you are less likely to cheer in class than at a football game is an indication that contextual cues can be involved in discrimination training the peak-shift phenomenon occurs in humans as well as animals you are stuck with a boring professor blocking effects occur across contexts

contextual cues can be involved in discrimination training

You notice that the pigeon in the laboratory you just entered has a particular way of pecking at the key in its cage. The pigeon seems to increase its rate of pecking towards the end of a two minute period, food is made available, and then pecking slows until the end of the next two minutes. You surmise that the pigeon is on a fixed ratio schedule. variable interval schedule variable ratio schedule fixed interval schedule.

fixed interval schedule.

For 30 ten-minute trials, a rat received a food pellet every other lever press. This rat was on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. fixed interval fixed ratio variable ratio variable interval

fixed ratio

Sally put her money in the soda machine but nothing came out. To her brother's surprise, she gave the machine a powerful kick. You realize she was demonstrating frustrative aggression differential reinforcement of a low rate the partial reinforcement extinction effect an extinction burst.

frustrative aggression

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? turning off the radio when the DJ plays a song you dislike faking illness to avoid school in the morning receiving a time-out instead of a spanking going out to dinner after winning an award

going out to dinner after winning an awar

Suppose Betty wants to extinguish her boyfriend's annoying habit of biting his toenails. She should conduct extinction trials at home at a therapist's office alternating them with conditioning trials that reinforce his biting behavior in as many contexts as possible

in as many contexts as possible

Negative reinforcement (such as escape and avoidance behaviors) result in an _______ of the target response/behavior, and negative punishment results in the __________ of the target response. decrease; decrease increase; increase decrease; increase increase; descrease

increase; descrease

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding. decrease; increase increase; increase have no effect on; decrease increase; decrease

increase; increase

According to the configural-cue approach, a less salient stimulus element can control behavior if the required response is carefully chosen . stimulus elements maintain their individuality in their control of behavior only when in a compound stimulus stimulus elements maintain their individuality in their control of behavior even when in a compound stimulus individuals respond to a compound stimulus in terms of the unique blend of the compound elements

individuals respond to a compound stimulus in terms of the unique blend of the compound elements

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response. The development of these behaviors is called instinctive drift. differential variability stereotypy behavioral systems.

instinctive drift.

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance. Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language. positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment

negative punishment

The evidence suggests that extinction is unlearning of a CS-US relationship the opposite of inhibition unlearning of a conditioned response new learning

new learning

In which form of learning is a voluntary behavior influenced by its consequences? delayed conditioning classical conditioning operant conditioning primary conditioning

operant conditioning

After eating a foot-long spicy chili dog at the homecoming game, your friend becomes violently ill. Now he cannot stand to eat chili, but still loves hot dogs. His ability to eat hot dogs was likely spared because of overshadowing. discrimination training. stimulus generalization. contextual conditioning

overshadowing.

A college student who interrupts an instructor during class stops the behavior after being reprimanded the second time. The instructor has used _______________. negative reinforcement positive reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment

positive punishment

Priming a memory by presenting the CS and then blocking protein synthesis can facilitate extinction because it disrupts _________ reconsolidation acquisition extinction consolidation

reconsolidation

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a ____________ and an event that decreases the behavior it follows is a ___________. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus reinforcement; punishment punishment; reinforcement conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

reinforcement; punishment

A rat had been reinforced for lever press behaviors. After one day of extinction training, the rat was demonstrating very low levels of responding. When the rat was returned to the test cage the next day, there was a small recovery in the rate of responding. This increase is called the extinction burst. spontaneous recovery dishabituation disinhibition

spontaneous recovery

Your roommate gets excited every time he receives mail. Even junk mailings bring him joy. His behavior towards the mail demonstrates stimulus control. stimulus discrimination stimulus learning stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

The overtraining extinction effect states that extinction occurs more rapidly after extensive training. that extensive training does not affect the rate of extinction that extensive training eliminates spontaneous recovery that extensive training provides some protection from extinction

that extinction occurs more rapidly after extensive training.

According to Spence's theory of discrimination learning, discrimination training results in the development of an excitatory generalization gradient around both the S+ and S only the development of an excitatory generalization gradient around the S+. the development of an excitatory generalization gradient around the S+, but an inhibitory generalization gradient around the S-. only the development of an excitatory generalization gradient around the S-.

the development of an excitatory generalization gradient around the S+, but an inhibitory generalization gradient around the S-.

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This principle is called discrimination. spontaneous recovery. the law of effect. intermittent reinforcement

the law of effect.

People stop putting money into soda machines after one or two non-reinforced trials, but will put money into slot machines over and over without any payoff. A likely explanation is the partial reinforcement extinction effect the partial reinforcement burst. the extinction burst frustrative aggression

the partial reinforcement extinction effect

Your roommate is taking a self-paced course that requires three papers over the semester. He expected to finish all three papers in the first two weeks but, after quickly finishing the first paper three weeks ago, he has done nothing. This behavior pattern is due to the post-reinforcement pause. the variable ratio schedule of reinforcement the partial reinforcement extinction effect the variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

the post-reinforcement pause.

A male hostage is being physically tortured by his captors, who are demanding that he identify the organization he is working for. Eventually, he tells them what they want and the captors stop torturing him. From an operant conditioning perspective, what has happened? the torture acted as a positive punisher the torture acted as a negative reinforcer the torture acted as a negative punisher the torture acted as a positive reinforcer

the torture acted as a negative reinforcer

Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are interspersed with punishers to speed the process of learning. given on a variable-ratio schedule. designed to evoke conditioned responses used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior.

used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior

A pigeon in a Skinner box periodically receives access to food after pecking on a key. Sometimes the pigeon has to peck 3 or 4 times, sometimes 5, and sometime more. On average, the bird was reinforced every 5th peck. This pigeon was on a schedule of reinforcement. variable ratio variable interval fixed interval fixed ratio

variable ratio

Extinction of a classically conditioned response occurs when the subject habituates to the UR when the subject becomes sensitized to the CR with the passage of time when the CS is presented without the US.

when the CS is presented without the US.

To counteract spontaneous recovery, you can present cues present during the conditioning phase. you can present cues present during the extinction phase. you can wait approximately a week following the extinction phase before testing. you can do nothing; spontaneous recovery is remarkably robust.

you can present cues present during the extinction phase.