omg all the apush vocabs

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

( passed over AJs veto) Act that divided old confederacy into five military districts. Each rebel state would have military governor until state ratified the constitution that gave black men right to vote. First instance of federal government being intervened at the individual level, martial law in peacetime, and introduced black suffrage as an issue

Henry Clay

(1777-1852) A Kentucky lawyer who became a full time politician. Clay represented against charges preceding Aaron Burr's trial for treason and also had Andrew Jackson as a client, who he served as an agent for in Kentucky trading ventures. Later had bad relations with Jackson because Jackson got relative fame for winning the Battle of New Orleans after signing the Treaty of the Ghent, which Clay, as a peace commissioner, helped negotiate. He would then be quick to condemns Jackson's later actions. He promoted an "American System" aimed towards national self-sufficiency through domestic manufacturing and expanding the home market. -Pro-war Republican/speaker of the house-

Oregon Treaty

(1846) Aka the Oregon settlement, extended Oregon boundary along the 49th parallel (that straight line that's the northern border of the US) and gave Vancouver Island to the British and both powers rights to Juan de Fuca Strait (around puget sound) Gave US the territory south of the 49th parallel, aka where Oregon is present-day

Mexican-American War

(1846-1847) A result of the 1846 annexation of texas, which Mexico still considered theirs and the US desire for northern Mexican lands. Was controversial, but happened anyways. Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The US were given lands that would become much of present-day southwest US Also, Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as a national border.

Wilderness Campaign

(1864-65) A series of clashes between Grant (Union) and Lee (Conf.) and their forces in Virginia where both sides worried of lacking manpower (Grant had 115,000 and Lee 64,000 men) This led up to Grant's capture of Richmond, which would greatly weaken Confederate forces.

Ex parte Milligan (1866)

(1866) Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available Republicans feared the decision due to its impact in their plans to militarily rule the South through reconstruction

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

(1905) Best-selling book depicting filthy Chicago stockyard conditions. It intended to show the harsh conditions immigrants had to face as they tried to survive in Chicago's meatpacking district. After the conditions were confirmed, muckraking magazines, namely The World's Work, exposed the conditions to the public Soon after The Meat Inspection Act and The Pure Food and Drug Act were created.

19th Amendment

(1920) This prohibits the federal government from denying a citizen the right to vote on the basis of their sex. This allowed women to be able to vote, which was not only a win for the feminist movement, but also allowed the input of what would be 50% of the population to actually be utilized.

Arsenal of Democracy Speech

(1940) The Nazis, FDR said, were determined to enslave the world. Thus, he felt as thought the US was under grave danger, and wanted an all-out production of war materials to supply those under Nazi attack. Inevitably, this prompted a large increase in the manufacturing of wartime supplies and placed the US under a somewhat unsaid alliance with Britain, as they essentially vowed to continuously supply them. Furthermore, this allowed the US to somewhat fight Nazi Germany without ACTUALLY being there and fighting.

Dixiecrats

(1948) Southern democrats who seceded in 1948. These people opposed extending civil rights and were determined to protect states' rights in order to legislate racial segregation. By leaving the democratic party, they helped propel it as a more liberal and progressive party. Furthermore, they aimed to take electoral votes from Truman's re-election.

The Feminine Mystique

(1963) Written by Betty Friedan, this book describes the dissatisfaction of suburban housewives. This book is often credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States.

Japanese-American Redress Act

(1988) Also called the Civil Liberties act, the measure offered an admission of wrongdoing to Japanese Americans for relocation and incarceration that 120,000 of them had suffered during World War II. It also provided reparations of $20,000 to each of the 60,000 still-living Japanese-Americans who had been interned, as well as to heirs of some others. Reagan's attempts at deregulation encouraged advocated then and in the future.

Great Recession

(December 2007 - June 2009) Rising in housing prices created a housing bubble that would pop and subsequently resulted in a drop of the stock market. A global recession has resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices.

Transportation Act of 1920

(Esch-Cummins Act) law that returned railroads to private operation after World War I, with much regulation and a pledge of government help to make them profitable Return of control of the rail system to private hands and would receive much backlash

13th Amendment

(Jan 1. 1865) Abolishment of slavery 13th Amendment denied slavery in ALL states, thus denied slavery in the South and inevitably people were a little rattled.

16th Amendment

(Ratified 1913) This amendment allowed for the federal government to collect income tax and not have to portion out tax revenue based states and their populations. This is also associated with greater government tax spending (due to increased revenue,) but also a shift of power going towards the government.

National Industrial Recovery Act & National Recovery Administration

(Since there's 2 I'll just use acronyms) The NIRA was the New Deal's first attempt at industrial recovery and set up the NRA imposed responsibilities upon the business community; it recognized business management as a legitimate and responsible sector of the American political economy and extended substantial benefits to it. These regulations, purposely mislabeled "codes of fair competition," actually stifled competition and in many instances sanctioned such cartel practices as production quotas, allocation of marketing territories, and price-fixing. This was soon deemed unconstitutional in the spring of 1935 by the Supreme Court.

The Burr Conspiracy

(according to conspiracy) Burr wanted to create an independent nation in the center of North America. Although it was not supported by much evidence, Burr would be tried and acquitted for Treason. Trashed his already failing career.

Greenbacks

(lincoln ) The first national currency created by congress; was accepted in all public and private transactions and could not be redeemed in cold. Used to counteract the finical problems created by the post civil war economy and banknotes- often plagued with counterfeits.

17th Amendment

(ratified 1913) This amendment allowed for the election of senators directly by the population, as opposed to by state legislatures. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution. This removed the possibility of gerrymandering in senator elections due to them being of popular vote, and allowed equal power between all voters.

Spanish Influenza

+ The 1918 influenza pandemic (January 1918 - December 1920; colloquially known as Spanish flu) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. In the fall of 1918 the Great War in Europe was winding down and peace was on the horizon.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

. It was an eight-nation alliance committed to defending the region from Communism. The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO); originally known as the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom through the Baghdad Pact. It was dissolved in 1979. Collective defense in south east asia, created by the Manilla Pact in 1954.

Conquistadores: importance

15-16 century, brought disease, inslaved natives, waged war with natives, and set the standard for how the natives should be treated

French Indian War: Treaty of Paris

1763 ended the french and indian war. France ceded all of it's American continental holding to the British. Britain got better reputation. And humiliated the spanish and french, want revenge.

John Quincy Adams (Accomplishments as Secretary of State)

1817-1825 Monroe's Sec of State. Created a filing system for the State department. Did most of the foreign policy

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 John Quincy Adams recognized spain's sovereignty over texas. This sovereignty would be transfer to Mexico during its revolution.

Transcendentalism

1830/1840s Philosophy that each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 a series of debates over the expansion of slavery into the new territories. X's success and charisma during the debates made the republican party consider him for president despite being a relatively new political figure.

Battle of Chancellorsville ^

1863 Lee turned the union offense against the confederate capital ( Richmond) through good tactics and courage. This win would led to an overinflated ego during the battle of gettysburg, in which the confederate army got whipped.

Medicine Creek Lodge

1867 conference with Native Americans that ended up sending many tribes to lands in Western Oklahoma.

14th Amendment

1868 gave citizenship to all born in the US "equal protection under the laws" selective incorporation doctrine.

15th Amendment

1870 protecting right to vote- cannot be denied because of race or color. This spurs womens rights (black men can vote but white women cant???).

Ku Klux Klan Act

1872. Act that made hate crimes a federal offense against white paramilitary groups. Sturdy law that still have influence today.

Good Neighbor Policy

1933; Foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt towards Latin America. Such reciprocal trade agreements were aimed at bolstering the sagging U.S. economy. Under this economic element of the Good Neighbor Policy, U.S. exports to Latin America doubled by 1940

March on Washington

1963: A staged event ( they worked with the gov ) with six official goals: meaningful civil rights laws, a massive federal works program, full and fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote, and Adequate integrated education; MLK delivered the I Have a Dream speech; Asides from inspiring americans it didn't do much.

Battle of Little Bighorn

200 calrymen annihilated by Lakota and Northern Cheyenne warriors during this conflict in 1876. This showed the Native's resistances to moving to reservations and was one of the most successful acts against the gov't.

Francis Scott Key

35-year-old man who wrote the Star Spangled Banner-- aka the National Anthem-- in 1814.

Treaty of Greensville

A 1795 treaty imposed on the despirted tribes of the North West that confined them to a narrow strip of land along Lake Erie. Lessened the hold of Indians/British on the Ohio country.

Sussex

A British boat, torpedoed by a German submarine. This killed eighty passengers and wounded others, including four Americans. The U.S. used this issue to force Germany to agree to no more surprise attacks on passenger lines.

Reagan Doctrine #1

A POLICY OF USING COVERT ARMS SHIPMENTS TO CHANGE THE STATUS QUO IN FAVOR OF DEMOCRACY, TO COMBAT COMMUNISM- It was a departure from the policies of predecessors. It was rooted in long-standing right-wing disdain for containment. It was pushed by conservative members of Congress and administration hardliners, especially CIA director Casey, as a way to exploit Soviet overextension, roll back recent gains, counter the noxious Brezhnev Doctrine - by which the Kremlin had claimed the duty to intervene anywhere socialism was threatened - and even undermine the USSR itself.

Moral Majority

A Religious Right organization, founded by Reverend Jerry Falwell. This organization was political, not religious. Therefore, it united multiple denominations under a political cause, not isolating any of them.

Contract with America

A Republican document, established party platform, stated what the Republicans were going to do if/when they won the 1994 Congressional election. This potentially secured the victory for the Republicans. Regardless of what it did, it clarified what exactly the Republicans were gonna do, something that was new and refreshing.

Chief Sitting Bull

A Sioux leader, he escaped to Canada after the Sioux War, only to later return and be placed on a reservation.

Marbury v Madison

A Supreme Court case that established the power of judicial review in 1803. This case gave the Supreme Court the power to examine laws passed by Congress and legislatures and determine if they were Constitutional. If they were not Constitutional, then the Court held the power to strike them down.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A Supreme Court decision allowing for abortion in the first trimester based on the woman's right to privacy, found in the Bill of Rights and in Griswold v Connecticut. This allowed women more sexual freedom and helped unite the Religious Right against what they perceived as social sins.

The Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake

A battle between the Sioux and General Sibley (U.S.) in 1863. The Sioux tried to rob Sibley's caravans and stop his progress (Sibley was leading a campaign against Indians). They failed.

The Battle of Stony Lake

A battle between the Sioux and General Sibley (U.S.) in 1863. The Sioux were trying to escape Sibley's campaign. The men fought Sibley to stall while their women and children crossed the Missouri River, at which point they left. Sibley stopped his campaign here.

Battle of Tippecanoe

A battle on November 7, 1811 between Governor William Harrison and the Prophetstown indians ( who wanted to unite against Americans and return to their old ways ) each side suffered heavy losses. The Americans claimed victory, and indeed, Harrison did destroy Prophetstown and discredit Tenskwatawa as a leader. Further cemented the hopelessness of the native that they could not win against the US.

H Ross Perot

A billionaire businessman from Texas, ran against Daddy Bush and Clinton. He took many votes that would have otherwise gone to Bush, bettered Clinton's chances at winning.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1924, during the Harding administration.Albert B. Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at in Wyoming and California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. The leases would became the subject of a sensational investigation. First cabinet officer to go to jail. ( pre watergate ) was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics". The scandal damaged the public reputation of the Harding administration( which was already severely diminished by its poor handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and the President's veto of the Bonus Bill in 1922)

"Bloody" Bill Anderson

A brutal bushwacker terrorist who torchered and murdered many of his enemies before dying at the hands of the Union. Example of the truly devastating effects the bushwackers had on the union.

Vertical Integration

A business model in which a corporation controls all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U.S. steel industry. This is where, essentially, a corporation controls the entire production line for what THEY are selling.

General Term: Gridlock

A characteristic of divided government, where the division in parties between Congress and the executive branch prevents the passing of legislation (including budgets). This has characterized a lot of government in recent years. This is responsible for the government shutdowns.

Deganawida and Hiawatha

A chief ( Hiawatha ) and prophet ( Deganawida ) that preached the message of peace. They persuaded to form a league of peace and power, leading them to be a harder enemy to subdue for the Europeans.

Committee on Public Information

A committee, founded by President Wilson, that actively promoted the war effort. This used propaganda to villainize the Germans and all things German. The committee was responsible for a lot of war sentiment and patriotism. For example, foods such as sauerkraut and hamburgers were renamed, and music by German composers, such as Beethoven, was no longer played.

Hudson's Bay Company

A company organized by london merchants in 1670 to trade with Indians dwelling along its waterways. Establish trading posts such as albany and york factory. Traded guns and missionaries . The areas they controlled would be important for the colonist politics and economies

Mercantilism

A concept created by the naviations passed in 1651. Said only the English could import things into the colonies, certain colonial products (tobacco/sugar) could be only exported to england, and all european good to america had to go through english ports. Angered the dutch and the colonies, lead to the seizure of New Amsterdam ( New York) and contributed to the revolution.

Alabama ^

A confederate warship that captured sixty union ships. Showed how the confederacy had to catch up to the union.

Potsdam Conference & Potsdam Declaration

A conference and declaration,which determined that Japanese would not be mistreated or enslaved. This set the U.S. up to be responsible for the Japanese reconstruction after the A-bomb dropped. It also meant that we were/are responsible for their national security-they were forced to demilitarize.

Yalta Conference & Yalta Agreement

A conference in February of 1945. The Soviets would be allowed to establish governments in areas they invaded and liberated. This was made so that victory against the Japanese was more certain, in case the A-bomb didn't work. This conference and agreement led to the Cold War. The U.S. allowed Russia to set up puppet governments in most of Eastern Europe- wherever Russia pushed the Axis away.

Marcus and Narcissa Whitman

A couple who crossed the rockies then made a mission in washington across. Provided a safe haven for oregon bound travelers.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

A court case, establishing the right of counsel to all, regardless of ability to pay. This court case made it mandatory for the government to provide a lawyer if the defendant could not afford one, extending due process.

Alvin York

A deeply religious Tennessee mountaineer. He was an objector to military service and was instead drafted into a non-combat role.

John Brown

A famous free-state man that helped assemble bands of antislavery men. He seized a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, where he was caught and then (by hanging relatively slowly and painfully) died. This man became a martyr for people in the abolitionist movement. He died towards his cause, sparking more intense feelings of anti-slavery and being viewed as an icon amongst those against slavery.

Pony Express

A fast mail delivery service traveling from east to west and back again. This delivery service was in use as the main method of linking California to the union until the implementation of the telegraph.

Environmental Protection Agency

A federal agency created to set federal limits and regulations on the environment, to protect it. Created by Nixon, this agency was one of his more liberal acts. It also began an era of environmental awareness and action.

Tripoli War

A foreign war waged against Tripoli from 1801-1805 over piracy and shipping. The United States won, although it took another decade to free US shipping in the Mediterranean. This war was good practice for the war of 1812 and established the US as a force to be reckoned with. We overthrew the nation of Tripoli and won battles on land and on the sea.

Mayflower Compact

A form of government founded by the puritans. A republic where Puritan men elected their governor, deputy governor, and legislature. Was the first example of constitutional government in the new world.

Tiananmen Square

A formal general secretary, Yaobang, who had been disposed of for advocating openness in China, suddenly died in mid-April. Student demonstrators began a series of demonstrations in the Square in hopes for democratic reforms.

Eddie Rickenbacker

A former automobile racer who went to France as General Pershing's chauffeur and learned to fly there, downed twenty-six German aircraft and later became a pioneer in civilian aviation. He was part of the newly founded Army Air Corps.

James G Birney

A former slave-owner from Kentucky who ran under the Liberty Party in the 1844 elections. He had assumed editorship of the Philanthropist (an antislavery newspaper) after moving north from Kentucky. Had he have not been in the election, Clay might have won over polk. He took 2.3% of the national vote, enough to skew the electoral votes for whigs in certain states.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

A group of Christian women who were in favor of temperance (not consuming alcohol.) These women supported the 18th amendment, and were formed to combat the negative effects of alcohol on the home and family. These women were able to help push prohibition and eventually the 18th amendment. Their use of lobbyists and thousands of supporters put them as a significant influence in the reform movement.

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)

A group of Sunni extremist based in Iraq and Syria who wanted, through acts of violence, to create an islamic state. The prospect of an X takeover, no matter how unlikely, as well as their brutal actions heavily publicized (like the reporter getting their head chopped off and putting it on facebook) terrified Americans

Pentagon Papers

A group of papers that detailed the actual state of the Vietnamese war effort. Nixon tried to conceal these from the public eye, as he had been lying to the public about the state of the war. These papers would disabuse the people of the propaganda he had been feeding them. His refusal to release them led to the court case U.S. vs Richard Nixon.

War Hawks

A group of pro-war Republicans, led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay. They called for war against England to get long-desired pieces of land: Florida and Canada.

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9-0) that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits the states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person within their jurisdictions.

Portuguese: Plantation Mode of Production: definition

A large tract of privately owned land worked by many slaves to produce high-value commodity for export to an external market. Created by Portugal in 1500 to produce sugar more efficiently.

John Locke & Constitutions of Carolina ( Fundamental Constitutions)

A legal document that granted that" every Freeman in Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves." First legal document that tied slavery with blackness.

George Whitefield

A man in 1739 who preached conversion to thousands of poor working English and Welsh men becoming a celebrity when he came to the colonies. First celebrity in the colonies and influenced many common men into becoming angelicans.

Jonathan Edwards & sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

A man in who brutally describe hell and beautifully describe heaven in the 1740s to get more christians. Example of the extremism of the great awakening.

Big Five meeting: Teheran

A meeting in 1943 between Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt. They shared war plans, including the readiness of a cross-channel invasion. In this meeting, FDR effectively told Stalin that he would not challenge Russian claims to the Baltic states and Poland. FDR helped set up the Cold War by conceding these territories to Russia-covertly, of course.

The Declaration of Cairo

A meeting of the Big Three and the Chinese General Chaing Kai-Shek. It declared that war with Japan would continue until an unconditional surrender. This meeting furthers solidified the Allies. It also ensured that the war would continue, and would turn into a total war, to mandate an unconditional surrender. This agreement also led to Eisenhower's leadership in the Normandy invasion.

Kit Carson

A mountain man who helped J C Fremont with his maps and exploration. Helped Capture the imagination of the country and stirred the wanderlust to fever pitch, made many people want to move to oregon.

Hohokam: definition

A native tribe before the thirteenth century known for their irrigation systems. Their "capital city" was Snaketown.

Patricia Hearst

A newspaper heiress kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, an idealistic antiwar group turned California gang. Eventually joined the group and was jailed for committing crimes with them. Made people fear the counterculture movement

Know-Nothing Party

A party that was devoted to national unity and hated foreigners. This party was formed from the ashes of the Whig party, and was responsible for the nativist movement.

Abolitionist

A person who supported the abolition of slavery. These people attacked slavery and the South, and they were often in the North.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, the use of military force, or other means Influence america's relations with the world continuing through present day.

General Term: Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations americans believed the US had this policy when we had the exact opposite.

Emma Goldman

A political activist, writer, and radicalist that was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, and labor agitator Played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the 20th century; organized the No-Conscription League to provide aid and comfort for men who were drafted.

Granger Movement

A political movement that started forming in 1874 as the result of railroad corruption and limited greenbacks. One of the parties centered around money; wanted to preserve paper money, disliked structure of national bank system.

General Term: Sequestration

A process by which US laws limits the federal budget. If congress enacts a budget that is larger than the limit, spending is cut everywhere proportionally until the limit is met. As of 2019 we are currently in X, not ending until 2020.

New Federalism

A program, created by Ronald Reagan, aimed at reducing the size and scope of government, specifically the federal executive bureaucracy. It also endeavoured to return regulatory authority to the states. This program influenced Reagan's attitude towards the environment and governmental environmental regulation, for example. Other sectors of government were also affected. This had the support of many of the common people, who disliked the size and perceived uselessness of the bureaucracy.

The Whiskey Rebellion

A rebellion opposing the tax levied by Congress on whiskey in 1794. This rebellion forced Washington to send troops to put it down, and was a manifestation of the people's deep seated dislike of taxation. The small-business whiskey makers had to pay what to them was an outrageous and unfair amount, and they revolted, tarring and feathering excise collectors. Washington sent the troops to prevent further violence, and the Whiskey Acts were repealed.

First Great Awakening: Individualism

A religious concept brought in the Great Awakening that stated everyone should choose how to find and worship Christ. Introduced the option of free choice that threatened the society based around class hierarchy.

Puritan ( general)

A religious group that wanted to remain with the Anglican Church but reform it.Wanted to strip church away from ceremony, and reduce authority of the bishops. Came to America for religious freedom. Wanted a separation from church and state.

The Second Great Awakening (in terms of slavery)

A religious movement that established slaves as spiritually equal to white people. This created a split in many churches, between the anti-slavery and pro-slavery denominations. This movement also gave ammunition to the anti-slavery camp, ie, "God wants the slaves to be equal."

Atlantic Charter

A secret meeting between Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in 1941 to agree on a joint declaration of war aims. It stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. Later, in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, the Allies pledged adherence to this charter's principles. This increasingly committed us to the war. Already, Roosevelt and Churchill were meeting in secret. They declared what they wanted out of the war, implying that Roosevelt was with Churchill in the war-that the U.S. was part of the Allies. One more step towards war.

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (in terms of Treaty of Versailles debate)

A senator. He didn't support treaties, in fact, he was of the original "U.S. does not get involved" mindset. He was responsible for blocking the Treaty of Versailles going through Congress. As a result, America never ratified the treaty and never joined the League of Nations.

The Stono Rebellion

A slave rebellion in 1739 in Charles Town, lasted one day before 100 militiamen came in and stopped it. Confirmed the settlers greatest fear and made them strengthen their grasp.

Nat Turner Rebellion

A slave rebellion lead by a slave preacher that resulted in 60 southern deaths before being stopped by militia men. This instigated further violence by angry white farmers. The fear created by these riots inspired much stricter slave codes ( no reading/writing, meeting without whites, preaching )

Free-Soil Party

A small political party that was against the expansion of slavery westward. This party supported parts of the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In addition, James G. Birney's (the Free Soil candidate) many votes in 1824 showed that the people didn't really want slavery expanding west

American Colonization Society

A society thinking that slavery was bad, but that they did not want the African Americans in their country. The people would buy land in Africa and support the migration of the free African Americans into their colonies. Liberia is one of the colonies seen today.

First Great Awakening: New Birth

A sort of baptation into a new religion, used to include everyone from every gender, status, and race Increased the amount of followers in the religions that offered it, a new system introduced because of the Great Awakening.

Christopher Columbus: definition

A spanish hired explorer credited with discovering the Americas who later had three more expeditions.

Battle of Gettysburg

A stretch of confidence for the Confederacy, Lee attempted and failed to win this battle (Little Round Top, Culp's Hill, Cemetery Hill, and Cemetery Ridge.) Every battle lost weakened the Confederacy. His forces got smashed during this battle.

John Winthrop Massachusetts Bay Company

A syndicate of wealthy puritans who obtained a royal charter. Supported and funded the Great Migration of 1630, and created the Mayflower compact

Headright System

A system established in 1705 to give servants hope. Promised every freeman 50 acres of land. Encouraged more settlement in the new world and pissed of the Indians.

Sharecropping

A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land. This system dominated the South well into the 20th Century. Kept many minority groups poor.

Jim Crow

A system of racial segregation in the South lasting from the end of reconstruction to 1960s. The Republican Reconstruction fought against these, but when the Democrats took Congress, these flourished.

Cab Calloway

A talented drummer, saxophonist, and singer, formed another important jazz orchestra, which played at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom and the Cotton Club, alternating with Duke Ellington. Importance to the jazz age and by extension the harlem renaissance; also founded a school of the arts.

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram from the Germans to the Mexicans offering major amounts of U.S. land if Mexico declared war on the U.S., supporting the German offensive. This telegram scared the U.S. population, it made the people realize how close the war could get to home.

Domestic Terrorism: Oklahoma City Bombing

A terrorist bomb attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown ___ on April 19, 1995. It would remain the most destructive act of terrorism on American soil until 9/11. As a result of this and the World Trade Center bombings, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 was passed.

The Liberty Party

A third political party that entered the election of 1844 under the banner of the abolition of slavery. This party directly attacked slavery and the large parties that sustained it.

Henry David Thoreau and the Mexican-American War

A transcendentalist thinker, Thoreau was put in jail for a night for refusing to pay states taxes in protest of war. He was a prime example of the Americans who did not support the war. Furthermore, he went to write the essay Civil Disobedience, which would be a standard to future activists.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

A treaty negotiated in 1850 that promoted US-British cooperation on the Nicaragua canal. This treaty also clarified British-American relations to Central and South American countries, stating that we would not occupy, colonize, or govern these countries.

Kyoto Protocol

A treaty signed in Japan by industrialized nations, excluding China, vowing to reduce greenhouse emissions and other polluting agents. Rice had weakened the agreement after informing European ambassadors that this treaty was dead (without prior consultation) and thus weakened and already not-so-strong agreement. Also, those was a step forward towards preventing climate change, and

Treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Iran nuclear deal)

A treaty to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons/technology and nuclear disarmament while promoting the use of nuclear power. Iran did not follow this, so, during Obama's presidency, the US reached a new deal with ziran to only enrich enough uranium to use for power. Illustrates the modern day fear of nuclear annihilation.

1871 Treaty of Washington

A treaty, in 1871, that restored peace between Britain and the U.S. Britain apologized for Confederate attacks through Canada, and the U.S. dropped its charges against Canada. This allowed the U.S. to be friends with Britain, whom the U.S. used to get out of debt.

Mayans: definition

A tribe, active through 300-900 A.D. in Central America, known for their progressive intellect. Specifically recognized for their pyramid building, mathematics systems, and calendar.

Super Pacs (influence upon elections)

A type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates. These may donate an unlimited amount of money indirectly to political candidates and help them get elected.

General Term: Political Action Committee (Pacs)

A type of organization that campaigns for or against candidates, ballot initiatives or legislation. A ____ provides an organized way for an association to support political candidates, legislation, regulations or initiatives that promote a particular profession.

War of 1812

A war between Britain and the US based on British offenses in trade. The US did pretty well. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. This war destroyed Native American populations and pretty much obliterated any chance that Native Americans had at gaining foreign aid from European countries. This war also fixed the border of the US from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains.

War of the Spanish Succession

A war in 1702-1713 caused by the union of France and Spain. Won more naval battles. Colonies built strong trade ties with many countries as the navigation acts weren't strict. Built better reputation for british navy. Created anger when Navigation Acts became strict

Seminole War

A war, begun by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, that tried to suppress a Seminole uprising. This war cost a lot, both in lives and in money. It showed how weak the U.S. military was at this point. We were pipsqueaks compared to Europe.

The Second Great Awakening

A wave of religious fever in the 1830s and 1840s that saw a regional separation between the religions. It showed how the culture in america, in every single aspect ( including religion ) was getting separated by slavery.

Bakke V Regents of the University of California (1978)

A white applied to a university but was rejected by it while a black male with lower grades got in. He sued and brought the case to the supreme court. That court case allowed colleges to consider race in college admission.

The Paris Agreement

A world wide agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that American did not sign. We will be one of the few developed countries who did not pledge to help make our use of the environment more sustainable.

Kenneth Starr

A zealously partisan investigative prosecutor. Given wide authority over time by the Republican-controlled Congress, his investigations into Clinton's involvement in the complicated Whitewater matter, which dated to the 1970s, soon broadened to include the president's handling of "Travelgate" and "Filegate." Headed the investigation that led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

The Easton Affair (Petticoat Affair)

AJ 30-31. When secretary of war (John Eaton) married Peggy O'Neil. The other cabinet members' wives shunned her. Jackson strongly defended her, making relations with others ( such as his secretary of state JC Calhoun) rockier. The president getting so enraged and engaged in social drama was strange and a subject for much criticism about his character. This also made majority of his cabinet resign.

Force Bill

AJ. 1833. Gave the president the to use military forces against South Carolina. This paired with a new tariff passed by congress stopped South Carolina from declaring the tariffs null.

Distribution Act

AJ. 1836. Required that the government pay the surplus back to the state banks (quarterly), as a loan, which none could pay back. States recalled loans from state banks, State banks recalled loans from the people, People couldn't pay back This act would help create the panic of 1837.

Theory of State Nullification

AJ. A legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. (It has never been legally upheld by the Supreme Court

Plantation Act

Act passed in 1740 that allowed foreign born colonist to win british citizenship, needed to own lands and by extension have rights. Especially scottish and german immigrants came. Increased immigration rapidly and diversity in the colonies, building the ideology of the colonists.

Non-Intercourse Act -

Act passed in 1809 that resumed trade with all nations but Britain and France and offered to restore it with either of the belligerents who lifted its obnoxious decrees. This paired with the Macon's Bill no. 2 made Napoleon agree to stop harassing American ships,which he would go back on.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Act that chartered government for the Northwest territory (ohio~minnesota area) that also provided a way for admitting the new states to the union. Slavery was forbidden in the Northwest territory and the Ohio river became a natural boundary between the free and slave states. The Oregon country's government had an amendment that declared slavery and involuntary servitude to be against state law, this amendment copied the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Navigation Acts

Acts put into place in the 1660s that required the colonies to ship exclusively to England. Attempted to drive the Dutch out of tobacco trade. Pissed the colonist off and a big contribution to the American Revolution.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Acts that were a response to French hostility. The Alien Acts restricted immigration and made immigrant voting more difficult, and the Sedition Acts (a violation of First Amendment Rights) made it illegal to publish anything false, scandalous, or malicious against/about the government. These Acts were draconic in measure, and the states did not support them. Judicial review was not yet established, and so the states took it upon themselves to do something about these acts. They made it illegal to enforce these laws, and eventually won. The Alien and Sedition Acts were repealed. Specifically, Kentucky was the state that protested and rejected federal law.

14th Amendment

Adopted on July 9, 1868, this basically provided civil rights to all men born or naturalized in the US. (Johnson) This had established civil rights to be present by law. (Section 1) "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

15th Amendment

Adopted on March 30, 1870, this gave African-American men the right to vote. (Grant) This was from the series of reconstruction acts following the civil war.

Keynesian Economics

Advocates of Keynesian economics argue that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes which require active policy responses by the public sector, particularly monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle. One of the progressive ideas FDR was able to bring to life

Clarence Thomas

African American conservative who was to become a Justice in October 1991. He was the second black Justice. In opposition to his appointment to the Court, Anita Hill came forward stating that he had sexually harassed her. This sounds an AWFUL lot like Kavanaugh, doesn't it?

Rodney King

African American speedster, chased by police for 7.8 miles on the Foothill Freedway, March 1991. Resisted arrest after stopping. Because he resisted arrest, four policemen (all white) beat him with truncheons, even after he was on the ground. This incident was filmed. The trials of these policemen found them innocent. This touched off riots in LA that killed 53, injured 2,300, and caused about 1 billion in damages. Basically, racial tensions were still high.

War of Austrian Succession

After a smuggler, Robert Jenkins, had his ear cut off by spanish justice, war in 1739. The British trying to end the conflict tried to use the captured For Louisbourg as a bargaining chip, which caused lots of complaints. The complaints embarrassed the British and made them vow to have the happy with the next scrapple. This lead to major british meddling.

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680: definition

After being exploited for over 80 years, 17,000 natives organized a rebellion in the August of 1680 against their Spanish conquerors, making special efforts to destroy property and people of the Christian church.

SALT II

Agreement dealing with limitations and guidelines for nuclear weapons between the JImmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev The treaty, which never formally went into effect, proved to be one of the most controversial U.S.-Soviet agreements of the Cold War.

International Terrorism: USS Cole

Al Qaeda attack on a US military ship stopped in Yemen for refueling, using suicide bombers. Foreshadowed 9/11 attack, which would happen about a year later. Contributed to American response to terrorism (Department of Homeland Security, Patriot Act, Middle East airstrikes, etc.)

First National Bank

Alexander Hamilton promoted a bank supported by the federal government, a bank that dealt with other countries and with the states and with individual citizens. This would centralize power in the federal government. It also created a stable, strong bank that could deal with everyone equally, which the new country's economy greatly needed. The stability and utility provided by the First National Bank was crucial to the formation of the US economy.

Trade: Spanish v. French v. English

All competing with each other for the natives favor through who could supply the cheapest but best european goods. Gave natives dangerous native good such as guns, which helped when natives rebelled against the colonists. Created alliances that would last through colonial battles.

Panic of 1907

Also known as the 1907 Bankers' Panic or Knickerbocker Crisis; a United States financial crisis when the New York Stock Exchange fell almost 50% from its peak from the previous year; saved by J.P. Morgan and other Wall Street bankers by them lending their own funds to save the country from a severe financial crisis. Outside of the U.S. Panic of 1907, smaller runs on banks had occurred in Japan and Europe earlier in 1907. This made investors and customers hesitant to move as quickly as they had in the years prior to 1907. The Panic of 1907 triggered a recession that lasted more than a year.

Eight-Hour Work Day Movement

Also known as the 40 hour week movement or short-time movement; social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses Movement led to the Adamson Act, which in 1916, established an eight-hour day, with additional pay for overtime, for railroad workers; first federal law that regulated the hours of workers in private companies.

The Know-Nothing Party

Also known as the American Party, this was prominent during the late 1840s and early 1850s and its members opposed immigrants and Catholics. Eventually split over disputes about slavery. This party was the first nativist political party, shows a growth of American nativism.

Tripartite Pact (1940)

Also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on September 27, 1940 The Axis powers are formed as Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies with the signing of the this in Berlin. The Pact provided for mutual assistance should any of the signatories suffer attack by any nation not already involved in the war.

Greenback Party

Also known as the Independent Party, the National Independent Party, and the Greenback Labor Party. People involved in the Granger Movement often voted for this party during the mid-to-late 1870s. Their popularity showed the want for change amongst those who did not benefit from the ruleless government system.

Roosevelt's Court Packing

Also known as the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937. This bill intended add more Justices to the Supreme Court, which of course Roosevelt would appoint. He tried to use this to garner increased support from the Supreme Court on New Deal matters. The Supreme Court did become more lenient on New Deal legislation. However, this didn't work as intended. Roosevelt lost a lot of political clout because of this, as it was a dishonest and clumsily handled move. Failed Court packing also portrayed him as a political target: if he failed there, he could fail elsewhere.

Compromise of 1820

Also known as the Missouri Compromise, this compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also established which territories would become free and which would become slave states. This compromise dictated the course of territorial statehood and the balance of power in the House and the Senate until slavery was abolished.

Glorious Revolution

Also known as the Revolution of 1688, occured when William of Orange from Netherlands overthrew James II. Plunged England into an expensive war with France. Brought Bill of Rights and forced England to create a powerful army/navy

Bloody Sunday (March 7, 1965)

Also known as the Selma to Montgomery marches, these were protest marches held in 1965 along the 54-mile highway from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery. Forces such as tear gas, clubs, and cattle prods threatened the demonstrators before the eyes of millions on television. The result was swarms of White liberals to Selma and an unstoppable push for a new civil rights bill with near ironclad procedures to ensure the African American vote.

PD-59

Also known as the United States Nuclear Weapon Targeting Policy; the policy states that the United States should adopt a "sole use" nuclear weapons policy, meaning the sole purpose of US nuclear weapons is to deter, and if necessary respond to, a nuclear attack on the United States or its allies. The purpose of this directive is to outline policies and actions in the nuclear force employment field

Route 66

Also known as the Will Rogers Highway, the Main Street of America or the Mother Road; one of the original highways in the U.S. Highway System. US 66 was established on November 11, 1926, with road signs erected the following year Connected the two U.S. cities Chicago and Los Angeles; crossed much of the American Midwest, Great Plains, and Southwest; made travel for U.S. citizens much more smoother and easier.

David Crockett

Although fighting against natives under Jackson, once a congressman, he disagreed with Jackson's indian removal policy. He believed it was wrong and thought the Five Civilized Tribes deserved to keep their land. Example of one of the politicians who rode to office through the Native American Controversy.

Margaret Sanger

American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse; popularized the term "birth control." Opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

Timothy McVeigh

American domestic terrorist who perpetrated the Oklahoma City Bombing. This man and his accomplices planned a terrorist attack that killed and injured hundreds; the said attack helped shape modern-day criminal justice.

Henry Kissinger

American elder statesman, political scientist, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Achieved more popularity than any modern American diplomat. The Gallup poll listed him as the most admired man in America in 1972 and 1973. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for his negotiations leading to the Paris peace accords that ended U.S. military action in Vietnam

Thurgood Marshall

American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Earned an important place in American history on the basis of two accomplishments. First, as legal counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), he guided the litigation that destroyed the legal underpinnings of Jim Crow segregation

Koreagate

American political scandal in 1976 involving South Korean political figures seeking influence from 10 Democratic members of Congress. An immediate goal of the scandal seems to have been reversing President Richard Nixon's decision to withdraw troops from South Korea. It involved the Korea Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) allegedly funneling bribes and favors through Korean businessman Tongsun Park in an attempt to gain favor and influence for South Korean objectives

Richard "Dick" Cheney

American politician and businessman who served as the 46th vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. Played a key role in the War on Terror, and response to 9/11 attacks. He was a early proponent of the Iraq war. He was criticized for NSA wiretapping, enhanced interrogation techniques and the Bush administration's policies.

W.E.B. DuBois

American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community

The Fugitive Slave Act

An Act that guaranteed cooperation of US marshals and citizens in the capture of runaway slaves, and also denied fugitive slaves the ability to testify in court. Lead to anti slave fury in the north, as they felt as their personal rights had been slighted. Also contributed to the creation of the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Booker T Washington

An American author who concluded that the Church was not only a part of African American life, but it actually represented it and was the first and strongest institution to develop from the black community.

Edward R Murrow

An American broadcast journalist and war correspondent; first gained prominence during World War II with a series of live radio broadcasts from Europe for the news division of CBS. Criticized McCarthyism and helped bring about the eventual censure of Joseph McCarthy by the U.S. gov. Korean War.

Frederick Jackson Turner

An American historian, best known for his work The Significance of the Frontier in American History. His work glorified western migration. His work helped influence people to make the move west.

Cochise

An Apache chief after the death of Mangas Colorados. X was especially savage/tortured prisoners. He led the Apache counterattacks against the U.S. and was merciless.

The New Ulm Massacre - The Dakota War of 1862 - 1862 Minnesota Indian War

An Indian attack in August of 1862. They massacred everyone they could find on their way to attack Fort Ridgely, near New Ulm, Minnesota. The fort was besieged for nine days, and then was relieved by reinforcements. This assault terrified people, caused mass hysteria about "the Indians killing everyone."

A Judiciary Act (Washington Administration)

An act that established a six-member Supreme Court and created the position of Attorney-General. This act created the Supreme Court and enumerated its powers. Later, in Marbury v Madison, the Supreme Court would gain the power of judicial review. Because of this case and the Judiciary Act, the judicial branch was established as another check and balance.

Espionage Act

An act that prohibited spying, sabotage, public criticism that might be detrimental to the military, and punished these crimes with stiff fines and long prison sentences. This was an example of an act during the war that restricted and violated civil liberties.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

An act that repealed the Missouri Compromise and left the issue of free/slave up to public opinion, the opinion of the people in the territory. This caused an uproar in the South they were afraid of a huge wave of Northern colonists moving into Kansas and Nebraska to make them free. This happened.

John Wilkes Booth

An actor and Confederate sympathizer that shot and killed Abraham Lincoln in Ford's Theater and then ran away until he was found and possibly killed himself. Killed the 16th President of the US.

The Compromise of 1850

An agreement that allowed California to enter the union as a free state in exchange for The Fugitive Slave Act. Show how truly fragile the peace was, that a free state could not be admitted without equal compensation for the south.

North American Free Trade Agreement

An agreement that removed tariffs on trade between Mexico, America, and Canada. Created a free trade environment among the three. May have increased American competitiveness, may have made outsourcing a major problem, especially with Mexico. Nobody really knows.

Wilmot Proviso

An amendment that prohibited slavery in land acquired in the mexican war. It passed in House but was blocked in the senate. Terrified and enraged Southerners who believed-wrongly-that there were many northern fanatics who wanted to end slavery. This rage building up would contribute to the war.

The Age of Aquarius

An astrological term denoting either the current or forthcoming astrological age, depending on the method of calculation. Term became a dawning of an era celebrating love, peace, and sharing

Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin)

An author that wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. This book brought the injustices of slavery to the public. This novel incensed the pro-slavery Southern faction and gave the North political ammunition.

France: Quebec Founding

An ideal harbor and fort on the St. Lawrence River, Quebec was one of the first French Settlements in the early seventeenth century. It was far away from the Spanish colonies to avoid confrontation, yet close to the valuable thick furs. Quebec would continue on to be a leader in North American trade.

The Pathfinder, John Charles Fremont

An idol who stimulated much Oregon Fever in the 1840s. Captured the imagination of the country and stirred the wanderlust to fever pitch, made many people want to move to oregon.

Aztecs: definition

An influential imperial native power that controlled almost all of central Mexico in its prime.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

An instrumental person in the building of the Nicaragua Canal. He helped construct land and water routes across the isthmus, to include a 48 mile railroad.

The First Great Awakening

An intense evangelical movement in the colonies. Believed that public morality, harmony, and social order required religious uniformity. Resulted in laws requiring church. Would inspire the later Enlightenment.

General Term: Globalization

An intermingling of cultures, ideas, people, economies, etc. A global relationship that involves every nation, making them interdependent. This is the reason Korea has so much American stuff (McDonalds, signs in English as well as Korean, etc.), the reason there are {fill in the blank}-towns in every major American city, the reason a depression would affect the entire world, so on and so forth.

Specie Circular

An order issued by the Treasury Department in July 1836 designed to ease land speculation where federal land offices would refuse to take paper money to purchase public lands, they would only accept gold and silver coin. Created a demand for gold and silver coins in the South and West.

Salvation Army

An organization still alive today that is similar to the Social Gospel Movement, without the social reforms and liberal theology. Known for their public performances such as parades and open-air meetings, as well as their service projects that supported the homeless, working children, and prostitutes.

"Trickle-down" economics

Another name for supply-side economics. It includes tax breaks for the wealthy and high interest rates, which would spur the rich into investing into the economy more, which would ______ to the lower classes. This philosophy made the rich richer, but did nothing to help the middle or lower classes.

Liberty Party

Antislavery party with candidates such as J Birney G Smith. South viewed as a direct affront to their way of life, which would they attempt to defend with the civil war.

Copperheads ^

Antiwar democrats in the north. The antiwar sentiments wounded the morale of the country.

General McClellan (as general and Democrat nominee)

Appointed by Lincoln to head the Union army of the East Was the democratic nominee for the 1864 election (lincoln's reelection) Lincoln was frustrated when he failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and took forever to do things, so he basically fired him.

Fort Sumter

April 12, 1861. The first battle of the civil war. South Carolinian soldiers opened fire on the area. This act of aggression gave reason to call troops and support war. As you need aggression.

Frontier Thesis

Argument by historian Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic. Turner especially emphasized the importance of cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy. Here is an illustrative quote. A thesis behind American society and its unique political and social identity. This thesis essentially praised expansion on an unknown frontier as part of America's national identity.

General Norman Schwarzkopf

Army general who led the US on February 24 when U.S. Marines from bases in Saudi Arabia attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait. This man led all coalition forces in the Gulf War.

Warsaw Pact

As a Soviet response to NATO: The Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (1955-1991), or more commonly called the Warsaw Pact. It was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist countries (Soviet Satellites) in Eastern Europe.

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680: importance

As soon as the Pueblos became independent from the Spaniards, they experienced civil war due to preexisting conflicts, allowing the Spanish to once again take control of the Pueblo territory in Santa Fe, New Mexico. They held a revolt in order to intimidate the Pueblos into never rebelling again. The Spanish built many cities that are still in existence today, along with their cultures, which includes architecture, the arts, and food.

The Election of 1824

As there were many candidates it was left to the electoral college. Jackson had the lead ( JQ Adams for 2nd) when JQ Adams made a deal with Henry Clay. He would make H C the Sec. of State if Clay turned all his votes to Adams. This lost Andrew Jackson the election. Pissed off Andrew Jackson, enough to build a new political organization (democratic party ) and ruin basically all of JQ Adams' presidency.

Mestizos: definition

At the start of the 18th century there was a boom of people with European fathers and Native mothers, which lead to the term Mestizos ( the kids of these parents)

Male suffrage

At this time, African Americans and Native American men could not vote. It took till the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 for voting to be allowed. At this time, only landed white males could vote.

Model T

Automobile made by Henry Ford between 1908-1928 with the assembly line One of the first cars to be sold for very little money, making it available to the average person and easy for people to travel from place to place

Jayhawkers

Bands of antislavery men in Kansas during the bleeding Kansas era The militant bands of men were freedom-fighters. They were against slavery and often clashed with the Border Ruffians, who were pro-slavery.

The Sedition Act

Banned "uttering, printing, writing, or publishing any disloyal, profane, or abusive language" directed against the government or military. This was an example of an act during the war that restricted and violated civil liberties.

Bartolomeu Dias: defintion

Bartolomeu Dias: Portuguese explorer known for being the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope.

Wampum

Beads that acted as money for the natives of the North East. Used to pay native tribes to fight European enemies, and began using for trade.

Hubert Humphrey

Became LBJ vice president in 1965-1969. one of the most active liberal senators in the US's history.

Religious Right (the beginning of)

Beginning in the 1980s, this movement united religiously motivated people from poor and middle class Americans to fight politically for Christian values. It was non-demoninational. This group united behind the conservative GOP and brought a lot of political clout to the party. They united because of rulings like Roe v Wade, Engel v Vitale, etc.

King Philip's War/Metacom

Bloodiest war against Indians in 1675. Against the wampanoag indians and their chief Metacom ( who was known as Phillip) Killed countless indians and made many more enemies for the colonies. Left survivors extremely bitter with the colonists.

International Terrorism: New York World Trade Center (1993)

Bombing on the _____ by Ramzi Ahmed Youzef and friends. 1,200 ton bomb in a van exploded in the basement, killed 6 people, injured 1,000 more, damaged but not destroyed building, but took a month to reopen. Increased American fear of terrorism, helped lead up to Patriot Act and aftermath of 9/11.

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz. Importance to the jazz age and by extension the harlem renaissance;

William Lloyd Garrison

Boston editor of The Liberator. His radical views- the abolitionment of slavery, extension of full equal rights to slaves, and that slavery is a sin- terrified the South and managed to convince some northerners against slavery.

Alabama Claims

Britain assisted confederates during the Civil war via ship building/sanctuary in Canada. Us complained and demanded restitution. Britain settled by paying $15.5 million. Shows how much the US's clout was boosted by the civil war.

Christopher Columbus: importance

Brought European influence onto the area. Without his contributions the new world as we know it might have never happened.

Aaron Burr v Alexander Hamilton

Burr fatally shot Hamilton in 1804 due to a long-standing political/personal bitterness. Tensions reached a bursting point with Hamilton's attacked Burr's character in the press during the 1804 New York gubernatorial race in which Burr was a candidate Ruined Burr's political career.

Horizontal Integration

Business model in which one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product. For example, John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration to gain control over the U.S. oil industry. This form of business has a single person/corporation monopolize the market in their field.

Cuban Missile Crisis or Missiles of October

By placing medium and intermediate-range missiles in Cuba, the Soviet Union could strike targets across the eastern and southern United States. The United States came within hours of an invasion that could have had horrific consequences. The number of Soviet troops in Cuba far exceeded U.S. estimates, and they were armed with tactical nuclear weapons. An invasion could have triggered nuclear war. John F. Kennedy pledged publically: In return for Khrushchev's agreement to remove his weapons from Cuba, he would make no further attempts to invade the island. Kennedy also promised, secretly, to dismantle the American intermediate-range missiles in Turkey that Khrushchev had hoped to make a visible part of the deal.

Fence-Cutter's War of 1883-1884

By the fall of 1883, more than 20 million dollars in damage had been caused by the fence cutters across the state. In January 1884, Governor John Ireland called for a special assembly of the state legislature, which passed a bill mandating prison sentences for those caught fence cutting.

Philadelphia: City of Brotherly Love

Capital of Pennsylvania. An experiment in terms of whether true religious freedom could work. Had much material success, and gained numbers quickly. Showed that radical equality by the 1700s view points could work and thrive.

The Trent Affair

Charles Wilkes captured two Southern diplomats while they were en route to Britain in November 1861. This was illegal, and it pissed off Britain and made Britain and France almost join the Civil War.

Transcontinental Railroad

Chartered in 1862. The building of this allows the US to become an economic superpower. Finished in 1869 in promontory utah. Allowed for easier expansion west, as supplies could easily be shipped.

Jamestown

Chesapeake Bay, Settlement in the Gulf of Virginia on April 26, 1607. First settlers were expendable and white trash. First successful colony, without its success not many more would have come.

Ferdinand Magellan: importance

Circumnavigation through the Strait of Magellan led to new resources, spices, and sea routes, the spices now at extremely cheap cost were available to many people which lead to inflation.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights leader who refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in 1955 and was arrested for it. She became a figurehead for the Montgomery Boycott.

Mayaguez Incident

Claiming that a US ship had ventured into its territorial waters, the a Communist Cambodia seized the vessel and its crew. The Ford administration denounced Cambodia's "piracy," demanded return of the vessel and crew, mobilized military forces in the area, and heated debated whether or not to start bombing Cambodia itself. The Ford administration was able to pull a needed victory. A needed victory in the gloomy post watergate days.

Anasazi: definition

Cliff dwelling Native Americans before the 12th century located in the "four corners" area. This people was not warlike, but did defend themselves on high plateaus when threatened.

"Don't Ask Don't Tell"

Clinton policy on LGBT service members. As long as they don't bring it up, he and those in the services won't do anything about the LGBT service members. This was a major step forward in gay rights and incorporation into general society. However, this is being reversed RIGHT NOW under Trump.

Iron Curtain

Coined by Winston Churchill; name for the physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and its allied states.

Manifest Destiny

Coined in 1845 by a democrat, _____ meant God wanted the expansion of the United States to the Pacific Ocean ( or beyond.) Used to justify the annexation of texas, california, and oregon. And later used as an excuse to rudely expand into other countries (Key Terms Definition:) The term refers to the nineteenth-century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean.

College of WIlliam and Mary

College founded in 1693 in Virginia to train Anglican ministers. Lack of opportunity for Anglican ministers would result in less education and religious opportunities in the south.

Oberlin College

College in Ohio that accepted blacks and women. Made the South feel isolated in their beliefs of inequality.

Harvard College

College opened in 1636 to train an orthodox ministry for many churches. First college institution in english america.

Sand Creek Massacre

Colonel Chivington attacked a peaceful group of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, (largely comprised of women and children. ) He slaughtered them & took body parts as trophies. attack was investigated but no charges were brought to court. caused the survivors to move further west, to another reservation.

Nathaniel Bacon Bacon's Rebellion

Colonist angered by the monopolization of indian trade, led a rebellion in 1676. Bacon promised immediate freedom for indentured servants, lower taxes, and better land for the freedmen. The government became frightened by the idea of a civil war and became more proactive in the politics of the colonies.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Combining flood control, conservation, and public ownership of electrical power, it functioned in the short run as another work relief project, but in the long run, it was an ambitious effort at regional economic planning most unique and in many ways the most radical of the New Deal innovations, was an expression of Roosevelt's fullest progressive aspirations.

John Jacob Astor

Competitor to the Hudson Bay Company's trade of furs in 1800s. Created a family fortune that was an icon for american culture.

HalfWay Covenant

Compromise during the 17th century for the people who were baptized as childrens but not as adults, so their kids can be baptized too. Compromise that annoyed purists and pragmatists which would cause problems in the great awakening.

Treaty of Tordesillas: definition

Compromised agreement from Portugal and Spain that split the western European kingdoms into their own respective territories( portugal gets india and spain gets everything in the west) in 1494

General Lee^

Confederate general. His military expertise allowed the confederate to have some success despite the odds. However, his shortcomings would eventually contribute to the loss of the confederacy.

Alexander Hamilton v Thomas Jefferson

Conflict in ideals throughout Washington's presidency. Hamilton's wanted to centralize federal power and create a moneyed interest by funding the national debt and assuming state debts. They conflicts brought the first political parties Jeffersonians became republicans and Hamiltonians became Federalists.

Oklahoma Land Runs

Congress decided to allow white settlement of the former Indian Territory (1889-93); this was the last land rush in the United States. One of the most famous land rushes.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Congress first tried to pass this in 1879; however, it was vetoed by President Hayes. However, by 1904, Congress gave into pressure and passed it, thereby racially restricting immigration. First significant law restricting immigration had ripple effects on the american legal system.

Stephen A Douglas

Congressman from Illinois who was a "54, 40, or fight!" supporter that urged Polk that "The northern provinces of Mexico including California ought to belong to this Republic, and the day is not far distant when such a result will be accomplished." "He destroyed the Compromise of 1850 and The Missouri Compromise of 1820, indirectly created the Republican Party, with his Nebraska-Kansas act, which further sectionalized the north and south territories." - kmyros on quizlet

Francisco Pizarro: importance

Conquering led to the expansion of Spanish control in South America

Captain John Smith

Controlled Jamestown from 1608 to 1609, and forced the colonist to work 6 hour days, which they were ungrateful for. After they forced him to leave they had a "starving winter". Showed the colonist couldn't just rely on the indians if they were to survive, which was different that what people were expecting.

Affordable Health Care Act

Covered 32 million uninsured Americans beginning in 2014 and mandates a suite of experimental measures to cut health care cost growth, the number one cause of America's long-term fiscal problems. Expanded health coverage to low-income families through the Medicaid program.

Crazy Horse

Crazy Horse was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century. He took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by white American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people.

Fidel Castro

Cuban Dictator in 1959, denounced American Imperialism made a visit to D.C and we hoped to steer him in the right the direction. Brought the Cold war to the backyard of the US; Cuban Missile Crisis.

Hernando De Soto: definition

Cuban leader of the first conquistador expedition starting in 1539 to explore lands that are known today as Florida through the American southeast, bringing violence and disease with them until his death by sickness on the Mississippi River in 1542.

Nancy Pelosi

Current Speaker of the House, California Congresswoman since 1987. Major check on Trump currently, sponsored a bill exempting 43,000 Chinese students from being forcibly returned to China after one year in America.

Don't Ask Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010

December 22, 2010, Obama signed this to repeal the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces. This allowed gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.

Sir Francis Drake: importance

Defeat of Spanish Armada led to England's colonization of America; also led to their reputation of being a naval superpower.

George Wallace

Democratic liberal from the South, VERY racist, supported segregation like crazy

Tammany Hall

Democratic political machine that dominated NY politics from 1854 to 1934. Though it became popular due to its willingness to help the poor and immigrants of NY, it became infamous due to so many corruption charges against its leaders such as William M. Tweed. Polk's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine ^ He pretty much said that whatever Europe has to say about "a balance of power" isn't allowed to be applied on the NA continent, particularly the US, and that the people maintain their rights to decide their own destiny. Therefore he said that european action is inconsistent with the monroe doctrine and the US will do what it takes to occupy the territory to prevent the european system from coming into North America.

Samuel J Tilden

Democrats had high hopes for his win as he gained his fame by exposing tammany hall. Was the first nominee selected with hope (obviously he didn't win though, rip) since before the Civil War

Vicious Cycle ( great plains )

Diminished herds caused by over hunting because of french guns and horses intensified the violent competition between native peoples, causing warfare, which required French guns. Natives were destroying each other with little effort from the Europeans.

Iran-hostage Crisis

Diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States of America. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981, after a group of Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran The hostage crisis had far-reaching effects. It stirred patriotic sentiment in Iran that allowed the Islamic government to consolidate its power, and drove the United States into the arms of Saddam Hussein, who we supported in the Iran-Iraq war because we were so angry at Iran.

Bartolomeu Dias: importance

Direct route led from Portugal to India, which allowed Portugal to benefit from Asia's resources. This, in turn, led to Spain having more exposure and control in the Western hemisphere.

Vasco da Gama: importance

Direct route led from Portugal to India, which allowed Portugal to benefit from Asia's resources. This, in turn, led to Spain having more exposure and control in the Western hemisphere.

The Ku Klux Klan

Domestic terrorist group in tennessee.Broke up union meetings and terrorized teachers Responsible for thousands of African-American murders, disenfranchisement, and general illegal behavior towards African-Americans.

"Make America Great Again"

Donald Trump's presidential slogan, advertises a return to the absolute superpower status that had previously characterized America. Plays on American nationalism. Reflects the conservative rise and beliefs after the liberal 2000s.

Cabeza De Vaca: importance

Due to his many encounters with varying Native tribes, Cabeza De Vaca was enlightened with the culture of these intelligent bands, inspiring him to contribute to the advocation for less violent ways of conquering land, sparing the lives of many Natives.

French Indian War: reliance on indians

During 1754-1763 Heavy reliance on indians to pin down colonial troops. Took the indians that hated the opposing side. Illustrated how many indians were upset with their treatment by the europeans.

Homestead Massacre

During a strike at a Carnegie steel plant in 1892, Pinkerton Agents classed with Strikers. Nine strikers and seven Pinkerton Agents died, and many more were injured. Because of this event, Carnegie's reputation suffered. Keep Carnegie from organized unions and allowed them to pay poor wages without uprising.

Depression of 1873

Economic downturn that made republican get voted out of office caused by horses, stock market, and a depression in Europe. This would contribute to the end of the reconstruction.

Laissez-faire

Economic system that dominated the Gilded Age-era economy This was largely based on social darwinism and the changing age, where the government had no idea as to how to regulate commerce. Dominated by, at least by today's standards, unethical practice (anything goes!)

Edith Wilson (in terms of Wilson's incapacitation)

Edith Wilson, second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was the First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She married the widower Wilson in December 1915, during his first term as President. President Wilson suffered a severe stroke in October 1919. Protective of both her husband's reputation and power, Edith shielded Woodrow from interlopers and embarked on a bedside government that essentially excluded Wilson's staff, the Cabinet and the Congress.

Al Gore vs George Bush (Election of 2000)

Election between republican governor of Texas/son of former president George H. W. Bush and a democratic dude. The former won the election. The election was noteworthy for a controversy over the awarding of Florida's 25 electoral votes, the subsequent recount process in that state, and the unusual event of the winning candidate having received fewer popular votes than the runner-up.

Homestead Act of 1862

Encouraged Western migration by providing settlers with 160 acres of land in exchange for a small fee and five years of living there. More people moved west because of this act.

Sir Francis Drake: definition

English mariner who ransacked and pirated New Spain's coasts and ships; second person to circumnavigate the world the late 16th century.

Naval Expansion Act

Established a three-year construction program, including four dreadnought battleships and eight cruisers the first year. This carved out a new plan towards foreign policy for the democrats to be more assertive and dominant.

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Established nationwide wage and hour standards, prohibited child labor, and provided strict rules for employment of teenagers. This act prevented certain unfair practices of employers such as undercompensation and excessive work hours.

Wagner Act of 1935

Established procedures by which unions could win recognition from management, prohibited certain anti-union practices by employers, and set up a strong, permanent bureaucracy (the National Labor Relations Board) to provide continuing enforcement. This act protected workers and prevented employers from interfering with workers' unions.

1949 Geneva Convention

Established standards of international law for humanitarian treatment in war for POWs and soldiers who otherwise rendered hors de combat. This convention produced a treaty designed to protect wounded and sick soldiers during wartime

Hohokam: importance

Example of highly developed early Native American culture.

Mayans: importace

Example of strong intellectual progression in Native Americans. Developed mathematics, astronomy, and an extremely accurate calendar.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (Iraqi Invasion)

Examples would be nuclear weapons. Fought against in the Bush doctrine saying that countries such as some middle east countries and north korea should not have nuclear weapons because terrorist organizations could grab hold of them.

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

Extended the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act and the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to set railroad rates and regulate the telecommunications industry This was a large step forward in railroad regulation and was the first form of federal regulation of telephones and telegraphs.

Newt Gingrich

Extremely conservative, very idealistic, Republican whip, led the attack against Clinton, also Speaker of the House at one point. Conflicted with Clinton over....and over....and over again. Used Contract with America to gain Speaker, influenced NAFTA.

"Stonewall" Jackson^

Famous Confederate general whose real name is Thomas Held his ground in the Battle of Bull Run that allowed the Confederacy to win over the union. He stood like a "stone wall" in the face of Union troops.

Cesar Chavez

Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Waco Siege or Waco Massacre

Feb 28-April 19, 1993. US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms attempted to search (with a warrant) a ranch owned by an intensely religious group, the Branch Davidians. This prompted a gunfight, siege of the ranch by the FBI, and ended by a fire that burned the compound and killed 76 Branch Davidians (men, women, and children) This 'mishandling' of the event influenced the Oklahoma City Bombings and McVeigh/Nichols.

The Birth of a Nation

February 8, 1915; controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith; about the South during and after the Civil War The first 12-reel film in the United States; film demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Ferdinand and Isabella: importance

Financed voyages led to Columbus's discovery of the West Indies.

AIDS and Rock Hudson

First noticed in 1981, THIS was transmitted sexually and via contaminated needles, many of them shared by IV drug abusers. In 1984, by which time THIS had begun to spread around the world, researchers managed to identify the infectious agents - human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) - but had no way to alleviate the syndrome, let alone to cure it: A diagnosis of THIS was a virtual death sentence. Reagan was slow to confront this new issue up until his friend and movie actor, _____ _______, died of this on October 1985. He was then educated on the subject, however did not speak about it until Feb 1986, which by then his budget was calling for a reduction in research and thus he did nothing to tackle this problem.

Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species

First published in 1859, it theorized that plant and animal life had evolved through an ongoing competition in which only the "fittest" flourished; the weak fell by the wayside. Influenced Social Darwinism majority of the political, economic, and social interactions of the gilded age.

Pilgrims

First puritan emigrants which consisted of 102 puritan separatists. That in 1620 crossed the with the Mayflower to get to Plymouth Rock. First example of people coming to the colonies for religious freedom, set chain reaction of Protestants coming to america for religious freedom.

Jeannette Rankin

First woman in either house of Congress: Republican Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin. Her election showed the modernization of the legal system, the modernization of the women's rights campaign.

General Term: Beats

Followers of a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-war era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s. Because of these people, people began to question the society they lived in and stepped out of it. The this generation also set precedent for many important things such as the hippies and anti-war movement.

First Great Awakening: Rationalist

Followers of the enlightenment, 18th century t advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge. Provided frame work for r both Americans and French Revolution and rise of capitalism.

First Great Awakening: Traditionalist

Followers of the great awakening respected religion and god's will above the rational of the enlightenment. Was a catalyst for the creation of the enlightenment.

Détente

Following the missile crisis, the Soviet Union and the United States took the first steps toward what would be called detente under Richard Nixon. Détente is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation, through verbal communication.

The "Vicious Cycle"

For guns and other European-made metal tools etc., the natives captured other natives for slave trade. As protection from becoming a slave, natives had to procure weapons, European weapons, and they did that by capturing natives for the slave trade. The vicious cycle assured a dependency on the europeans. Making natives weary to rebel.

Treaty of Tordesillas: importance

Forced Spain to search for new innovative ways to get to the spices leading to the voyages west and eventually contact with the Americas.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in July 1925. Was a new crusade on the evolution in which a high school teacher, Scopes, tried to forbid the teaching of evolution in schools.

Bull Moose Party

Formally the progressive party, this party was formed in 1912 after many republicans were dissatisfied by the reelection of President Taft. This party ended up splitting the republican vote in the 1912 election, resulting in Woodrow Wilson winning.

Republican Party

Formed in 1854 when a coalition of Independent Democrats, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. They stressed free labor and opposed the extension of slavery in the territories "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men!". Moderates, like Abraham Lincoln, could, therefore, oppose slavery on "moral" grounds as wrong, while admitting that slavery had a "right" to exist where the Constitution originally allowed it to exist.

Whigs

Formed in the 1830s when Henry Clay ran for president (again lol) for the National Republican party and as the leader of the anti-Jackson/Democrats. They were mostly small businessmen, professionals, manufacturers, and some Southern planters. This political party remained relevant until the 1850s, when they would help form the Republican party. Whigs stood for a strong federal government, loose construction of the Constitution, the Second National Bank, and opposed Indian removal and western expansion.

Boris Yeltsin

Former soviet party boss. His plan was to abolish the Communist party, dismantle the Soviet Union, and make Russia an independent democratic capitalistic state. FIRST ELECTED RUSSIAN PRESIDENT. Recognized independent baltic states.

The Dutch: New York

Fortified trading post on the upper hudson and originally called Fort Nassau and Fort Orange, New York was established by the Dutch in 1614. An important trading post in the time and when annexed would become a monumental American City. Also readily traded guns with the indian, arming some of the French's Enemies.

Alamo

Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence. Mexican forces destroyed the American troops at Alamo in San Antonio, the Texas "patriots" tried to fight back but many died.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Founded by Eisenhower to explore space travel in 1958. Only took off when kennedy gets into office hence the Space Race between Russia and the US.

Louisiana Founding

Founded by Sieur de La Salle at the mouth of the mississippi river. Had a priority of trade. When annexed by America would become an important trading post due to its strategic location.

Yale University

Founded in 1701 in New England for ministers. Slowly dropping religiousness in favor for academics. Leading university in the states.

American Red Cross (in terms of World War One)

Founded in 1881 by Clara Barton, the American Red Cross (ARC) is a nonprofit organization with goals aiming towards aiding the military and civilians to alleviate human suffering, especially in times of crises. During WWI the ARC shipped supplies worth $1.5 million to needy civilians while its hospital units cared for the wounded.

Eugene V Debs

Founder of the Socialist Party in the United States; he wanted to overthrow the existing laissez-faire and capitalist American ideology; he believed in government ownership of businesses; he wanted the government to control production, set wages, prices, and distribute goods. He ran for presidential office during the Progressive Era through World War One.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: importance

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led an army of conquistadores and conscripted Native American militia in a conquest against the Pueblo and Zuni peoples. He killed many of them, and instituted reigns of terror.

Fletcher v Peck

From the "Supreme Court Cases" pdf: (1819, Marshall) The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts. This is the first supreme court case where a state law was ruled unconstitutional. The case also helped to establish the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that the natives did not hold complete title to their own lands.

Hernando Cortes: importance

Gave Spain a major colony with many resources (gold); which began the chain reaction of many conquistadors invading Mesoamerica in hope for gold.

Battle of Vicksburg

General Grant trapped a rebel army of thirty thousand men in Mississippi. Besieging the fort, he cut one of two remaining links between the Confederacy's eastern and western states, inevitably weakening the Confederacy.

Battle of Antietam

General Lee pushed north. General McClellan( the North) moved to stop him. The x followed & the North won. Union victory in 1863 stopped the Southern invasion and allowed the Union to regroup and go offensive. It destroyed the Southern army and gained political support for Lincoln + the Republican party.

Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831)

Georgia stripped the Cherokee Nation of some lands. The Nation sued, on the basis that they were a foreign nation and had sovereignty over their lands. This case established that the Cherokee Nation was not a foreign nation and the federal government could not hear the case against Georgia.

Martin Luther

German Monk who in 1517 protested the abuse of the Catholic church. Founded Lutheranism. The first protestant sect, and started the chain reactions of others.

Statue of Liberty

Given to the United States by France in 1886 as a peace offering. It sits in New York harbor. A symbol of immigrant hope.

Klondike Gold Run (Rush)

Gold was discovered in August, 1896. When news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of would-be prospectors. It ended in 1899 after gold was discovered in Nome, prompting an exodus Example of america on the move

Glasnost & Perestroika

Gorbachev's effort to revive the failing Soviet economy. Means openness and restructuring, allowed modern world into Russia

Erie Canal

Governor DeWitt Clinton was the driving force behind building the Erie Canal, which connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean using the Hudson River. The canal massively cut transportation costs, resulted in a population surge in western New York, and opened the west to increased settlement.

J Strom Thurmond

Governor South Carolina, speaking for a committee of southern governors, pledged to defend white supremacy and warned the leadership of the Democratic Party that the South was no longer "in the bag." "Dixiecrats" waved their Confederate flags, chose this man for presidential nomination, and denounced the civil rights platform.

Company of Royal Adventurers in 1663

Granted the African monopoly, and controlled much of slave trade. Resulted in African slaves being found in every colony.

Little Rock Nine

Group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. In 1954,the United States Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were illegal after the Little Rock Crisis (i.e. Brown vs, the Board of Education.)

"Bushwackers"

Guerrilla rebels who, without direction from the Confederacy, inflicted pain, punished, and tried to destroy without any real structure. Their lack of structure and savage ways made it hard to combat. The technique of warfare they created would continue to be used throughout the rest of america's war history.

Powell Doctrine

Guided the Gulf War, doctrine that was used to be if we were going to use military force we have to have overwhelming military force to get our stuff done. If we used this for the Iraq war then we would not be in the crap we are in today.

Gulf of Tonkin & Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Gulf of Tonkin: body of water located off the coast of northern Vietnam and southern China. It is a northern arm of the South China Sea. Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War; August 7, 1964 Authorized President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia.

Gilbert Tennent

Had the controversial opinion that evangelical experience was a component into getting into heaven. Illustrates the radical attitude of the Great Awakening

Fall of Berlin Wall (Importance of)

Happened in 1989 citizens just started to tear down the wall with chisels and such. signified the gradual end of communism.

Silent Majority

Hard working-middle class Americans, whom Nixon thought he represented.

Rhode Island & Roger Williams

He annoyed the massachusetts authorities by insisting that they had not gone far enough in separating themselves from the Church of England, when everyone got pissed at him he ran down south and founded the state of rhode island. Rhode Island became the home of all the weird puritans that nowhere else would tolerate.

Bush Doctrine

He connected the global war on terrorism with the dangers of nuclear proliferation. Basically said the US will do anything in its power to protect themselves from anyone trying to cause us harm. Pledged the United States would defend freedom anywhere and they weren't afraid to act alone.

Oliver North

He was convicted in the Iran-Contra affair of the late 1980s, but his convictions were vacated and reversed, and all charges against him dismissed in 1991. _____ and his glamorous, equally zealous secretary, Fawn Hall, shredded thousands of "problem memos." Helped run the Iran-Contra scandal.

William Penn & Quakers

He was gifted the colony/land of Pennsylvania to repay a debt in 1680. Became a self haven for his peace loving, equality encouraging, and inner peace searching He created liberal forerunner in the colonies.

McNamara's War

Head of Defense Department for Kennedy, part of "the best and brightest" around Kennedy. When Laos was dangerously heading towards becoming a major communistic area, Kennedy realized he needed a middle between humiliation and nuclear incineration in dealing with threats from other countries; McNamara and Kennedy pushed the policy of "flexible response" - this gave military options that varied with the gravity of the threat/situation. When Vietnam was quietly growing to be more and more of a problem, due to the war, McNamara expressed his concerns and was pushed out of the cabinet. He later wrote about this, saying we were terribly wrong about Vietnam, if we would have listened to him, we could have prevented the war.

Alan Greenspan

Head of the Federal Reserve during the stock market drop on Black Monday. (He was head from 1987-2006) Because of his quick actions, he pleased corporate leaders, many of whom lionized him thereafter.

Munich Conference

Held in Munich on September 28--29, 1938, during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. Hitler had threatened to unleash a European war unless the Sudetenland, a border area of Czechoslovakia containing an ethnic German majority, was surrendered to Germany. The leaders of Britain, France, and Italy agreed to the German annexation of the Sudetenland in exchange for a pledge of peace from Hitler.

Helen Hunt Jackson's Century of Dishonor

Helen Hunt Jackson chronicles the treatment of American Indians by the United States beginning in colonial times through to her present.

Henry Clay's American System

Henry Clay thought that the government should be controlled by the educated, cultured elite, and rule by the common man would lead to chaos. Henry Clay took this view into his job in the Cabinet, which affected his policy making decisions. He tried to keep power in the hands of the federal government, or the elite. Henry Clay was a Federalist, or a Whig (the anti-Jeffersonian party after the Federalists croaked)

The Lost Cause

Immortalization of confederate soldiers after the civil war ended. Continues to be a staple of southern culture up to modern day.

New Jersey Founding

In 1664 the Duke of York granted the lands between the Hudson and the Delaware rivers as a distinct colony. Originally split into two with the scots=east, quakers=west. Colonies would be united in 1702.

Edmund Charles Genet (Genet Affair)

In 1793 a minister of France, he came to obtain money from America, to liberate other colonies of North America ( Canada, Florida Louisiana) and to make the US a defacto ally against England. US rejected it, so he ignored them and began making plans to attack Louisiana. This plan was stopped by George Rogers Clark. Seperated the country into France supporters and Britain supporters, and contributed to the outline of political parties to take form.

XYZ Affair

In 1797 when US delegation arrived in France to stop the plunder of American ships, and to get France to recognize Jay's treaty, three mysterious agents known as X, Y, and Z said negotiations would proceed more smoothly if US paid $250,000 bribe and $12 million loan to France. Enraged the country and lawmakers, resulting embargo with France and the creation of the Navy.

Trail of Tears

In 1838 nd 1839 the trail of tears (under the Indian Removal Act of 1830) forced the Cherokees to give up their land east of the Mississippi and move to present-day Oklahoma. The journey resulted in thousands of deaths among the Cherokee and the erasure of their cultural ties to the land. Oh, also it was pretty bad.

George F Kennan & Long Telegram & Kennan Report

In 1946, eight-thousand-word missive that assessed Soviet policies in the most gloomy and ominous fashion. By demonizing the Kremlin, he confirmed the futility and even danger of further negotiations and prepared the way for a policy he labeled as "containment." Basically huge propaganda against the Kremlin, although it was true.

Eisenhower Doctrine

In 1957 The United States would work with the Middle Eastern nations to keep it free from Communism. Eisenhower insisted that Soviet domination of the Middle East would "gravely endanger all the free world." Said a country could ask for economic assistance from the US if needed or dire. Had to do mostly for the Middle East.

Schenck v U.S. (1919)

In March 1919, Supreme Court Justice Holmes made one of his more famous and controversial contributions to the jurisprudence of free speech through this case involving the Sedition Act,. He wrote a broad majority opinion that laid down the test of freedom of expression. True to his long-held relativism, Holmes found that the scope of freedom of speech depended upon circumstances. To illustrate its contingency, he used the analogy of shouting "fire" in a crowded theater. Authorities could and must restrict speech under such conditions of "clear and present danger." seriously lessened the strength of the First Amendment during times of war by removing its protections of the freedom of speech when that speech could incite a criminal action (like dodging the draft).

Apollo Program

In May 1961, John F. Kennedy announced his backing of the so-called Apollo program, to make the United States the first to place a man on the moon. This major effort cost some $25 to $35 billion before Neil Armstrong and two others reached the moon in 1969, and it produced relatively little scientific knowledge. But, as JFK anticipated, it enjoyed considerable support from proud and patriotic American people.

Salem Witch Trials

In Salem Massachusetts in 1692 serval young girls were hung for accounts of witchcraft. Killed off many female vulnerable members of society.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In response to Rosa Park's arrest a year long protest against the public transportation system took place for a year lead by Martin Luther King Junior. Brought MLK to media attention. Lead to the Browder vs. Gale case which was against the segregation of buses. Illustrated how white people were also willing to advocate for black equality.

Berlin Airlift

In response to the Soviet blockade of land routes into West Berlin, the United States begins a massive airlift of food, water, and medicine to the citizens of the besieged city. The Soviet action was in response to the refusal of American and British officials to allow Russia more say in the economic future of Germany.

Oregon Trail

In the mid 1800s a rugged/costly/hazardous two-thousand mile, six-month trek from St. Louis to Oregon The major route people took when migrating to the west.

Mound Builders: importance

In the time, most densely populated region above Mexico. Another example of Native American culture that contradicts the European's belief that Native Americans were a lesser people.

Bessemer Process

Increased the speed of steel production. The ease of production fueled the gilded age as there were more supplies for innovation.

Stimson Doctrine

Informed japan and china ( who were in conflict) that the united states would not recognize territorial changes brought about by force and in violation of the Open Door Policy and the Kellogg Briand Pact had no impact on Japan. However, it did have a lasting impression on U.S. policy in the future (dealing with Cold War U.S.S.R, for example).

Harlem Renaissance

Intellectual, social, and (particularly) artistic boom in Harlem, New York, that took place over the 1920's. This had begun to change the way America viewed African Americans, beginning a time where African American intellectual and artistic contributions were finally recognized. This had paved the way to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s.

Columbian Exchange: importance

Introduced the revolutionary potato to Europe ( which would later become a staple for some countries such as Ireland). The introduction of European diseases, such as smallpox, killed large populations of Native Americans.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution who saw the overthrow of the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, he became the country's Supreme Leader — a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation — until his death Known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis and has been criticized violations of human rights of Iranians.

Macon's Bill no. 2

It was an act passed in 1810 to stop the seizing of American Vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This paired with the Non-Intercourse Act made Napoleon agree to stop harassing American ships,which he would go back on.

New Frontier (President Kennedy)

JFK committed himself to an extension of FDR's New Deal, the New Frontier, he called it. Unemployment benefits were expanded; aid was provided to cities to improve housing and transportation; funds were allocated to continue the construction of a national highway system started under Eisenhower; a water pollution control act was passed to protect the country's rivers and streams, and an agricultural act to raise farmers' incomes was made law. A significant amount of anti-poverty legislation was passed by Congress, including increases in social security benefits and in the minimum wage, several housing bills, and aid to economically distressed areas. Major expansions and improvements were made in Social Security (including retirement at 62 for men), hospital construction, library services, family farm assistance, and reclamation. Food stamps for low-income Americans were reintroduced, food distribution to the poor was increased, and there was an expansion in school milk and school lunch distribution. The most comprehensive farm legislation since 1938 was carried out, with expansions in rural electrification, soil conservation, crop insurance, farm credit, and marketing orders.

Monroe Doctrine

JM 1823 because the US was concerned over the possibility of European colonial expansion in the Americas it passed, stating that the U.S. opposed further European colonization of and interference with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere. had strong support in the US because it has promoted U.S. interests and created sphere of europeans and american influences.

Transcontinental Treaty

JM. A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819. Left texas with spain but allowed US control of spanish florida and pacific northwest for 5 million dollars. Caused because of Andrew Jackson's raids on spanish florida and US defense of his actions. Helped american expansion.

Anglo-American Convention of 1818

JM. Agreed to have Oregon region open to both US and Britain. Before this Britain had just ignored the US' claims to the area, this was good for american expansion..

Rush-Bagot Agreement/Treaty of 1817

JM. Reduced the military and number of weapons on the great lakes. Between US and Britain Avoided a potentially dangerous naval arms race with Great Britain

Jacksonian democracy

Jackson believed in the common man and grassroots movements. As president, Jackson attacked the national Bank of the United States, created tariffs on exports. However, he also used military force against South Carolina when that state tried to repeal the Tariff Act of 1832.

Tariff of 1928 and Tariff of 1832

Jackson did not address the high tariff created by JQ Adams (1828) which provoked talk of State Nullification. Jackson passed another tariff (1832) that satisfied more people. 1832, a SOuth Carolina state convention declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable.

The Emancipation Proclamation

January 1 1863. Stated that the slaves in the rebelling states were free. Boosted enlistment in the army, weakened the south, gained support from Europeans.

John Jay (Role in Washington Administration)

Jay was the Chief Justice and was a diplomat to Britain. Jay negotiated Jay's Treaty and allowed the US access to West Indian trade.

Thomas Jefferson (Role in Washington Administration)

Jefferson was the Secretary of State. From Virginia. Supported farmers. Loved France. Jefferson handled domestic matters and reported to Washington.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson, believing that Europe need America's goods and America could survive without Europe's goods, passed an act prohibiting American ships from trading in all foreign ports. This was to protect the ships, as both French and British navies were ransacking american ships. Played into Napoleon's hands, causing higher prices and some unemployment. Was an obvious failure.

J Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover was an American law enforcement administrator and the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States. Showed great efficiency as head of the Bureau during the Palmer Raids.

Flexible Response (President Kennedy)

John F. Kennedy's defense policy came to be called "flexible response": The United States must build up more conventional forces so that it could respond flexibly to circumstances. In an attempt to repair the world U.S. image after Eisenhower's covert operations and an attempt to keep countries from falling into Communist hands, Kennedy instituted peace-making organizations.

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

Johnson bought land from a Native American tribe and left it to his heirs. McIntosh bought the same land from Congress later. Johnson's heirs sued and lost.

Affirmative Action

Johnson signed an executive order in 1965 requiring employers on federal contracts to take "_____" to ensure underprivileged minorities and women were hired. President Nixon later furthered this. This can be seen today in places such as colleges workplaces, where they use these policies to provide an equal opportunity to an education (or whatever it is being applied to) to historically discriminated groups of people. It was a step forward for the civil rights movement.

Joseph G McCoy

Joseph "Cowboy" McCoy was a 19th-century entrepreneur known for promoting the transport of Longhorn cattle from Texas to the eastern United States

Bay of Pigs

Kennedy sent in a Unit or Cia officials to overthrow Castro, this goes horribly wrong and everyone gets either killed or captured. Castro recieved intel on where the assault would happen and countered the US offense.

Sharecropping

Labor system in the south post Civil War in which the tenant worked the land in return for some share of crops produced instead of paying cash rent, formed a endless cycle of debt and poverty.

Crop Specialization

Large commercial farms developed during the Gilded Age as canned food and refrigeration became more prevalent and possible. This large commercial farms practiced _________________, or focusing on producing large amounts of limited type. Excess food ( from crop specialization) meant that less people had to work on the farms, and could, by extension, work as laborers.

The Seven Years War/French and Indian War

Lasting from 1754-1763, the war was fought between the French and Indian allies against the British and their Indian allies. France ceded all of it's American continental holding to the British. Britain got better reputation. Ended the benign neglect, introduced permanent british troops in the colonies, and reinstagated harsher navigation acts

Social Gospel Movement

Late nineteenth century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty. Led by Christian ministers, advocates of the Social Gospel argued that real social change would result from dedication to both religious practice and social reform.

Magna Carta Rights

Law that supported no taxation without representation. This violating of these rights lead to bitterness and pushed the war.

Black Codes

Laws passed by southern states directly after the civil war denying ex-slaves rights by white and punishing crimes such as failing to have a labor contract/travelling outside the plantation. virtually re-enslaved African Americans. Had these been not allowed, the african americans wouldn't have had to work as hard to become equal later on ( civil rights movement)

Martin Luther King

Leader of the SCLC and organizer of countless peaceful protests. He was the youngest man to receive the Nobel Peace prize and was assassinated in 1968

Nicholas Biddle

Leader of the Second Bank of the United States during the Jackson Administration (first bank was created/chartered by Hamilton and was from 1791 to 1811, second bank by Madison from 1816-1841 I think) The Second Bank of US was prosperous under Biddle, however Jackson was against it and denied Biddle's attempt to get the bank reinstated with a new charter. Jackson removed the US Gov't capital from the Bank and causes the Panic of 1837, which people blamed on Van Buren sometimes but was really Jackson.

Reverend Jerry Farwell & Reverend Marion "Pat" Robertson

Leaders of the Religious Right. _____ helped grow the Religious Right immensely by proclaiming it a political movement, and not a religious one. This allowed the group to incorporate multiple different denominations behind the same slogan of Christian-based politics. ____ also founded the Christian Broadcast Network.

James Oglethorpe

Led the colonization of Georgia in 1732, populated by a mixture of merchants, ministers, and wealthy men. They hoped to eliminate the white trash, by shipping them to georgia and forcing them by strict laws to act morally good. Example of how many saw the Americas, and the Georgains protests of not being allowed to own slaves reflects the thoughts of the period.

Occupy Wall Street Movement

Left-wing (liberal) protest movement, began September 17, 2011, Zucotti Park, protesting economic inequality (wage and wealth gap). Brought awareness to the wealth gap; unfortunately, it did not inspire any reforming legislation, etc.

English Bill of Rights

Legal document that outlined the rights of landholding Englishmen. Model for later American Bill of Rights

Powhatan

Local Indian Chief of Jamestown (1607), who was very powerful and hoped to have the settlers as subjects/allies. His dignified demeanor made the settlers not want to exterminate the natives, but use them as workers.

Appomattox Court House

Located in Virginia, this is where the Confederate commander General Lee was forced to surrender his Army of Northern Virginia. This, coupled with the fall of Richmond left the Confederacy little to no chance of winning the war.

Great Society

Lyndon Johnson's social reform program in 1965, gave people equal opportunity. Made healthcare and social welfare a top priority. Was a bunch of programs that looked out for the minorities in communities. Signified the change in civil rights and the changes in societies.

Aroostook War

MVB During Canada's rebellion period ( 1837-1838) canadian lumberjacks when very far into american territory, sparking outrage, and creating a small brawl known as _____

Panic of 1837

MVB/AJ A financial crisis caused by britain stopping their flow of money/credit to america. It created a depression, many americans blamed Martin Van Buren for this and this cost him his second presidency.

North American Horticulture: definition

Maize, beans, and squash, the staples of North American Horticulture, were domesticated in 1500 B.C.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Manual Accounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause; Bush wins the election Resulted in the election of George "baby" Bush.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

March 25, 1911; fire in Manhattan, New York that killed 146 people, mostly women; died due to the doors being locked and the windows being too high for them to get to the ground. Tragedy opened the nation's eyes to poor working conditions in garment factories and other workplaces, and set in motion a historic era of labor reforms..

John Rolfe

Married Pocahontas in 1614 and lead the revolution of the cash crop Tobacco. The cash crop Tobacco saved the colonies and their supporters from going bankrupt.

The Great Migration of 1843

Mass migration to oregon, using the oregon trail. One of the first examples of such mass migration in America.

Charles Sumner

Massachusetts senator was an abolitionist who authored the nation's first civil rights legislation. He was beat down by Brooks in May 1856 after his diatribe about slavery Sumner was able to give the anti-slavery forces in Massachusetts a voice and was a leader during the Civil War of the Radical Republicans in the Senate. This man did NOT like the confederacy.

Kent State Massacre

May 4, 1970; unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, during a mass protest against the bombing of Cambodia by United States military forces. When the Guardsmen shot and killed four students, the Kent State Shootings became the focal point of a nation deeply divided by the Vietnam War.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

McCulloch refused to pay Maryland's tax on the Federal Bank. McCulloch won. This case established the supremacy of the federal level over the state level.

Preston Brooks

Member of the house from South Carolina he was a strong advocate of slavery and state's rights, and beat Charles Sumner with a cane. He went to become a southern celebrity for having "lashed into submission" one of the Senate's most vocal abolitionists. The south were increasingly demanding of what they wanted and Brooks was the embodiment of their views.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: definition

Mexican leader of the second conquistador expedition through the American Southeast and the Great Plains beginning in 1539. He was ordered to practice restraint in his conquering, but disobeyed.

Indentured Servants

Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years and received 50 acres of land. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement. Their treatment fed into the idea of servants being property rather than people.

Guantanamo Bay Prison

Military base granted to the US in Cuba which is now used as a prison After 9/11, Afghani war criminals suspected terrorists were detained in the prison where they could be "held indefinitely with no charge" (highly criticized)

Bushwackers

Missouri guerrilla fighters who fought after the war ended that targeted radical republicans. They succeeded in scaring many radicals away from the South.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Missouri sought statehood, however, it's entrance would upset the slave-free state balance. Congress decided to admit Missouri as slave and maine as free, and to avoid future problem forade slavery above the 36 30 parallel. Basis for the turbulent spread of slavery which would contribute to the divide between the north and south ( civil war lmao)

Metis

Mixed race children of Natives and New French Colonist in the 17th century. Eventually created this entire own race division, and often created little metis only towns. Served as the intermediaries between the french and natives.

Disease (Smallpox, Typhus): importance

More Native Americans died by the European diseases than by any other European cause. Disease also sapped the morale of the Native Americans, who believed it was a sign from nature that they were destined to die as a people. The rampant death felt to be ( to the christians ) a punishment from god, and motivated many Native Americans to convert to the religion.

Malcolm X

Most vocal and brilliant orator of Nation of Islam; Preached religious justification for black separatism and furthering of African American rights through "any means necessary."Advocated use of weapons for self-defense believing nonviolence encouraged white violence. He was a semi antithesis of Martin Luther King Jr; although they wanted the same thing ( black equality) that had exact opposites ways of achieving it

Tea Party Movement

Movement within the Republican party. Members of the movement have called for lower taxes, and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending. The movement supports small-government principles and opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare. Retaliation from the Obama administration, who was not convinced because of the general and unspecific "cut taxes and spending." As of now, this movement has not really inspired major reforming legislation.

International Terrorism: 9/11

Multiple terrorist attacks by al qaeda. Three planes, World trade center, pentagon and one downed in somerset county. Affected US foreign affairs the most since Truman doctrine.

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon's sale of Louisiana, which really consisted of the Great Lakes, along the Mississippi River, down to the Gulf of Mexico, to the United States. This prevented a French return to power in the New World. France was now completely out for good. This vast tract of land also increased US power and allowed the US to threaten Spanish Florida and Texas. This purchase fostered the idea of manifest destiny, or that we were going to own all the land between the two oceans.

Condoleezza Rice

National Security Adviser under baby Bush's First term. The first woman and the first African-American to hold the post.

Nativism

Nativists favored the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants. The Know-Nothings were the first nativist political party. Nativists directed their hostility against Irish and German Catholic immigrants.

Carpetbaggers

Negative name given by ex confederates to northerners who moved to the south after reconstruction. Spurred by the lost cause.

Scalawag

Negative name given to white reconstruction supporters.. This groups was the object of lots of ridicule, anger, and hate after the Civil War and during Reconstruction.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

Negotiated by Daniel Webster, the treaty established the Maine-New Brunswick boundary.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Negotiated in 1854, it opened two ports to American trade and secured Japanese help for any estranged US ships or sailors. This treaty let us get a foot in the door, so to speak. It gave us a ledge to deal with the Japanese later.

Neil Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor.

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects such as building bridges and replanting forests offered government jobs to the jobless

Modern Republicanism or New Republicanism

New Republicanism preserved individual freedom and the market economy yet insured that government would provide necessary assistance to workers who had lost their jobs or to the ill or aged, who through no fault of their own, could not provide for themselves. Republicanism may also refer to the non-ideological scientific approach to politics and governance.

"Old Rough and Ready"

Nickname for Zachary Taylor for his willingness to share the hardships of his troops It's just his nickname.. what would I say is so significant about it....

Winfield Scott

Nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers," he was able to become an "American Hero" due to his successful attacks on Vera Cruz, etc. that would help the US win the Mexican American War. He was the US's longest serving general and the Whig candidate for the 1852 presidential election.

Watergate

Nixon ordered five men to steal tapes and documents he could use against his political enemies in an upcoming election. This was a major abuse of executive power. The investigation that went into this scandal revealed even more abuses of presidential power.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

North Atlantic Treaty (April, 1949) The United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries joined in a defense pact whereby an attack on any one would be taken as an attack on all. For the United States it marked a radical departure with tradition - the first peacetime alliance since the signing of the Constitution. NATO, in the words of the first secretary general, Lord Ismay, to "keep the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down."

North Carolina Founding

North Carolina was like South Carolina except poorer and more like "white trash" One of the first colonies that had slavery written so heavily into the legal documents.

Lord Baltimore & Maryland

North of Chesapeake Bay, and the second colony. It was given as a political gift to lord Baltimore in the early 17th century. Provided wealth and refuge to Catholics. Started the idea of religious tolerance in the colonies.

Chernobyl

Nuclear power plant melt down. (The recent Japanese nuclear power plant disaster was in no way as bad as _____) The disaster changed its leader and the Soviet leadership in general. It revealed, according to Gorbachev, "the sicknesses of our system...the concealing or hushing up of accidents and other bad news, irresponsibility and carelessness, slipshod work, wholesale drunkenness."

Great Migration

Occured in 1630, a great puritan migration of 14,000 people. Affected the entire population of new england.

Nine Years War

Occurred from 1689 to 1697, an extremely unpopular and expensive war. Fought between the english colonist and the french colonist. More taxes that made Colonist angry

President James Buchanan

One of the most corrupt and ineffective presidents. When the south succeeded he did nothing, allowing for the war to generate more damage. Had he passed a Force Bill ( such as jackson when south carolina first threatened to succeed) and took immediate action, the civil war most likely would have never happened.

The Albany Movement

One of the most frustrating civil right movements. local authorities, led by police chief Laurie Pritchett, shrewdly curbed white extremists and avoided excess. Dr. King was twice jailed but each time released on bail without securing anything of significance. Arrested and jailed a third time, he came before a judge who gave him a suspended sentence. Dr. King then left town, having failed to overturn segregation in the city. Angered the local african americans, it felt like MLK was someone who stirred the pot without achieving anything and then left, leaving the regular people as a scapegoat for the white's anger.

Abu Ghraib Prison

Opened in the 1950s and served as a maximum-security prison with torture, weekly executions, and vile living conditions. Revelations of abuse perpetrated by American soldiers against Iraqi prisoners in this Baghdad prison inflamed anti-American sentiment in the Middle East and beyond, calling into question America's democratic ideals.

24th Amendment

Outlawed the poll tax, which had been used in the South to prevent blacks from voting A major victory for the civil rights movement

Three Mile Island

Partial meltdown of nuclear reactor in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg and subsequent radiation leak that occurred on March 28, 1979. This was the most serious accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant operating history, although its small radioactive releases had no detectable health effects on plant workers or the public.

U.S. Patriot Act

Passed by Congress as a response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The Act allows federal officials greater authority in tracking and intercepting communications, both for purposes of law enforcement and foreign intelligence gathering. Gave law enforcement agencies broad powers to investigate, indict and bring terrorists to justice. It also led to increased penalties for committing and supporting terrorist crimes.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Passed in 1854, it opened the new territories to slavery. This caused a division among the parties: those who supported this and supported slavery and those who did not.

Mound Builders: definition

Peaking in the 14th and 15th century and found in the Mississippi region, the Moundbuilders were deeply religious, often practicing human sacrifices.

Pedro Menendez de Aviles & St. Augustine: importance

Pedro Menendez continued the war between the French and the Spanish by attacking Fort Caroline and killing all the French Protestants that he found there. He then burned the fort, and made a Spanish town, the first European town in America, forty miles south of the location. His actions continued the feud between France and Spain. He also established other colonies in Florida and waged war against Native Americans who attacked his colonies.

Pedro Menendez de Aviles & St. Augustine: definition

Pedro Menendez de Aviles was the leader of a Spanish fort and colony along the Atlantic coast of Florida in the 1560's. St. Augustine was a town that he built after a successful attack against a French fort and town, Fort Caroline. St. Augustine was 40 miles south of the former spot of Fort Caroline.

Baby Boomers

People born worldwide between 1946 and 1964, the time frame most commonly used to define them. Labeled as 'baby boomers' because during this period of time, there was a statistically significant increase in the number of births that occurred; after WWII

Missouri Border Ruffians

People who moved in and out of Kansas, harassing those who showed free-soil learnings They often intimidated others and (had?) vote fraud he was a strong advocate of slavery and state's rights, and beat Charles Sumner with a cane. He went to become a southern celebrity for having "lashed into submission" one of the Senate's most vocal abolitionists. The south were increasingly demanding of what they wanted and Brooks was the embodiment of their views.

"Dollar-a-year man"

People who worked for the government at a cost of one dollar per year. They also worked for their own, normal work. These businessmen and experts were enlisted into civilian service to work on the domestic side of the war. They were part of the government and helped your firm get government contracts.

Portuguese: Plantation Mode of Production: importance

Plantation farming became a staple of the Southern Americans economy and life. It also changed the African Slave Trade from being a minor-scale industry to being much, much larger. ( 1,000 per year to 15,000 per year )

Carter Doctrine

Policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23, 1980, which stated that the United States would use military force, if necessary, to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf Foreign policy initiative of the United States, introduced by U.S. President Jimmy Carter in his 1980 State of the Union address, that returned the country to its traditional strategy of containment of the Soviet Union

Black Power

Political and social movement that called for the separation of the races in America by returning to Africa or occupying an exclusive area of land in the U.S. supplied by the federal government. After the Civil rights acts of 1964 and 1965, many young African Americans wondered in integration was really worth it/possible, and advocated self-defense as they believed nonviolence promoted white-against-black violence. The views this movement held, however, were often considered violent as opposed to the nonviolence in the civil rights movement.

William "Boss" Tweed

Political boss of republican tammany hall in New York

Donald Rumsfeld

Political figure known for being the secretary of defense under both President Gerald Ford and President George W. Bush. Wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction", resigned on own power in 2006 after being displeased with US strategy in Iraq.

Nativism

Political ideology that the interests of native-born citizens should be valued over that of immigrants. Essentially this political ideology was anti-immigrant (hence the name,) rooted in xenophobia. This party would support anti-immigrant policies.

"Madman Theory"

Political theory commonly associated with U.S. President Richard Nixon's foreign policy He and his administration tried to make the leaders of hostile Communist Bloc nations think Nixon was irrational and volatile.

Vasco da Gama: definition

Portuguese explorer who utilized Dias's discovery; he was the first European to reach India.

Hernando De Soto: importance

Practiced extreme violence towards the Natives he encountered, slaughtering and enslaving without mercy. Not only were the Natives murdered with weapons, but they also were introduced to diseases, leading to the deaths of many others.

James Blaine

President Harrison's Secretary of State Did not give in to italy's demands for protection of Italians in the states and resulted in war talks.

Robert Kennedy

President Kennedy's attorney general. Robert was actually much more than that. He was his brother's confidential advisor on every policy issue of consequence from civil rights to foreign affairs. The murder of the president also was a liberating experience for Robert Kennedy. It put the younger man on his own, compelling him to establish an independent political identity. He cared deeply about the problems of the poor and racial minorities and always had believed that American foreign policy should have a moral mission.

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. Rose through the Baath political party to assume a dictatorial presidency. Under his rule, segments of the populace enjoyed the benefits of oil wealth, while those in opposition faced torture and execution. His invasion of Kuwait resulted in the Persian Gulf War. He was later tried and hanged in 2006 for his crimes against his own as well as other people. Responsible for many torturings, killings and of ordering the 1988 cleansing of Kurds in Northern Iraq. He was a bad man, and wanted to take control of the Persian Gulf :(

Santa Anna

President of Mexico during the Texan revolution. His decision, poor and good, truly dictated the fate of texas.

George Custer

Pretty boy cavalry general ( loved by the press) and fought for the union during the civil war and gained fame as an indian fighter in Dakota. He led his 200+ men in the battle of little bighorn, where everyone including himself died.

Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold Act)

Prohibited corporate and union political expenditures in political campaigns. The primary purpose of _______ was to eliminate the increased use of so-called soft money to fund advertising by political parties on behalf of their candidates.

Tyler Doctrine

Published in 1842, it stated U.S. interest in Hawaii. This lasted until Hawaii's annexation, and claimed Hawaii as under the U.S. sphere of influence.

General John J Pershing

Pursued Poncho Villa in mexican civil war, also appointed Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Was an intense group of troops. Was a short but intense combat role, only being on the front lines the last 8 months of war.

Puritan ( separatists)

Radicals who wanted to withdraw from the Anglican Church into their own independent congregation. Wanted to strip church away from ceremony, and reduce authority of the bishops. Came to America for religious freedom.Wanted a separation from church and state.

11th Amendment

Ratified 1795, this amendment blocks the federal courts from interfering or playing a role in cases between citizens, or people in general, against states. This also extended to foreigners trying to sue states, and therefore this amendment prevented the federal government from taking action when British citizens lost money in American investments when the Panic of 1837 hit.

Reagan: War on Drugs & "Just say No"

Reagan declared more militant policies in the War on Drugs. He said that "drugs were menacing our society" and promised to fight for drug-free schools and workplaces, expanded drug treatment, stronger law enforcement and drug interdiction efforts, and greater public awareness. Put 1.7 billion into a bill for his war on drugs.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) & Star Wars

Reagan offered ______ to Americans as a "vision of the future," a way to render nuclear weapons "impotent and obsolete" and "offer hope for our children in the 21st century." The Soviet Union did not have the funds to research such a program. Yet, it had to keep up with the United States. Through _____ therefore, the United States could potentially bankrupt the Soviet Union. Though the spending strategy did have some effect, other factors were more damaging, such as Gorbachev's policies and Reagan's nationalistic rhetoric.

START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks)

Reagan proposed to the Soviet Union a dramatic reduction in strategic forces in two phases, which he referred to as SALT III at the time. The first phase would reduce overall warhead counts on any missile type to 5,000, with an additional limit of 2,500 on ICBMs. Additionally, a total of 850 ICBMs would be allowed, with a limit of 110 "heavy throw" missiles like the SS-18, with additional limits on the total "throw weight" of the missiles as well. The second phase introduced similar limits on heavy bombers and their warheads, and other strategic systems as well.

The Souls of Black Folk

Reasoned that nearly all blacks in the South were members of the Church, and that the Church was the center of all African-American life during the Gilded Age.

The Marshall Plan

Rebuilding efforts in Europe to indirectly fight communism

Mississippi Plan ^

Reconstruction weaking; reorganized their country chapters into paramilitary. Set standard across the southern states. This was created in order to violently overthrow the republican party and try to stop black political participation to "redeem" the state

Reaganomics & Supply-side economics

Refers to the economic policies promoted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. These policies are commonly associated with supply-side economics. The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and control the money supply in order to reduce inflation This policy increased the national debt, as Reagan cut taxes and increased military spending. As Reagan was elected, people supported him because he had an economic theory that many thought would work better than Keynesian economics, which had failed.

"New Immigrants"

Refers to the massive wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who came to America between 1890 and 1924. Frightened Americans because of the immigrant's customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty. This resulted in an increase in anti-immigrant campaigns and an increase in nativism.

Muckraker

Reporters that exposed corrupt government officials and businesses and reviewed the hot new topics. These guys hyped up the public-a lot. They were largely responsible for the instigation of the Spanish-American war.

Barry Goldwater

Represented the hard core 1960s conservative. Ran against LBJ but was thoroughly beaten out of the peoples distates for him. Was voted into the race but was too conservatist and opposed all interaction of government with the public.

Joseph R. McCarthy & McCarthyism

Republican Joseph McCarthy was elected to the Senate in 1946. By February 1950, he was pounding the Communist subversion theme. In Wheeling, West Virginia, for example, he told a Republican Women's Club that he possessed a list of 205 Communist employed by the Department of State; two days later in Reno, Nevada, he made the same speech, but the number had fallen to 57. He never produced his list, never uncovered a single Communist, and made charges so ludicrous that they defy belief. Joseph McCarthy and his supporters were successful for a time because of support from the Republican establishment. His charges hurt a vulnerable administration (the Truman administration) and appealed to a substantial following.

National Defense Education Act

Republicanism may also refer to the non-ideological scientific approach to politics and governance. The law provided federal funding to "insure trained manpower of sufficient quality and quantity to meet the national defense needs of the United States."

The Compromise of 1877

Republicans selling out african americans. In order to get hayes as president they agreed to texas railroad, democratic postmaster general, and end of federal oversight of southern elections. Ended reconstruction and paved the way for segregation

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Required Miranda rights to be read to each prisoner at the time of arrest. Ruled that Miranda was innocent, as he was not informed of his rights. This case extended due process and made it mandatory for Miranda rights to be read at the time of arrest.

Osama bin Laden & al Qaeda

Responsible for 9/11, huge terrorist organization. Military was a huge part in taking him down in the War on terror. Bush looked for military leaders to take care of this in Afghanistan.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Responsible for both tragic colonies of Roanoke in the 1580s, the first getting overrun by angry natives, the other mysteriously disappearing. Lead by example of what not to do.

Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton created the steamship, the steam-powered warship, and the submarine. These inventions allowed for the development of the US as a major naval force, for both trade and for militaristic matters. Steamships went up and down the Mississippi, greatly boosting trade, and ironclads secured our trade and naval power.

James Brady

Ronald Reagan's press secretary. On March 30, 1981, ______ was shot in the head during an assassination attempt on Reagan. He was permanently disabled because of this.

Bombshell Message

Roosevelt's insistence, at the World Economic Conference in 1933, that the United States would handle their economic problems alone. His message ended the conference, without international agreement or direction. In addition, it reinforced the United States-first mentality. We were going to heal ourselves before healing the world. This message destroyed any hope at international cooperation during the Depression.

Colonial Government: royal & Proprietary

Royal Colonies belonged to the crown, while proprietary belonged to private interests. Although all eventually become royal properties in 1660s, the proprietary interests introduced the prevalent self governing.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Russian and formerly Soviet politician. The eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, he was General Secretary of the governing Communist Party from 1985 until 1991.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Sam Worcester lived in the Cherokee Nation, but Georgia arrested him for not being a Georgia citizen and dealing with the Cherokee Nation. Worcester won on the basis that the Cherokee Nation was separate from the states. This case established that the Cherokee Nation was separate from the states, and the states could not govern intercourse between their citizens and Native American tribes.

Haymarket Riot (Haymarket Affair)

Samuel Gompers was its leader in the late 1800s. Thus Union tended to work within the political system for change. Did not crush the labor movement, but gave it a negative connotation for some time; weakened organizations such as the Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Scandal in 1872, a dummy construction company had vastly overcharged federally subsidized transcontinental railroad as it was built west. shares were given to congressmen to cover the schemes. The corruption problem gave republicans a worse rep which would change how people voted

Daniel Webster

Secretary of State from 1841-1843 and again from 1850-1852, therefore under William H. Harrison, John Tyler, and Millard Fillmore, respectively. Remained loyal to Tyler despite his entire cabinet resigning in protest to his veto of the Clay-sponsored bills for a national bank

Henry Knox (Role in Washington Administration)

Secretary of War He was responsible for the conflicts that led up to the Treaty of Greensville, and commanded the troops in general

Alexander Hamilton (Role in Washington Administration)

Secretary of the Treasury. Wanted strong government/stable economy that would promote wealth. Economic program hinged on trade with England. Hamilton created a strong economy that promoted manufacturing and attracted foreign investment.

Eugenics

Selective breeding - During the Gilded Age (and even today) some people apply it to human beings as well as animals. Goes hand-in-hand with social darwinism in that the idea that those born to superior families are considered genetically superior due to the parent's "genetic superiority" (which was often determined by wealth and social status.)

Camp David Accords

September 17,1978; peace treaty concerning Israel and Egypt; led by President Carter Signed by President Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in September 1978, established a framework for a historic peace treaty concluded between Israel and Egypt in March 1979.

Tet Offensive

Series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong (rebel forces sponsored by North Vietnam) and North Vietnamese forces, on scores of cities, towns, and hamlets throughout South Vietnam North Vietnamese and communist Viet Cong forces launched a coordinated attack against a number of targets in South Vietnam; considered to be a turning point in the Vietnam War.

Dean Rusk

Served under John F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnson, from 1961-1969. Served as Secretary of State. Faced crisis in Cuba and Russia did a lot of stuff for Kennedy.

Newlands Reclamation Act

Set up the Bureau of Reclamation, which funded and directed the building of irrigation works and Dams. This was the first attempt by the U.S. federal government to conserve and improve upon natural resources. The work of this act left imprint forever on the southwest.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Sherman Antitrust Act: Passed by Congress in 1890, it prohibits certain business activities that the federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts. It has since, more broadly, been used to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels. Used as a tool by the progressives to fight monopolies in court ( standard oil, us steel, at&t, etc )

The Treaty of Ghent

Signed 24 December 1814, the treaty was signed in Ghent (hence the name what would now be Belgium) and end the war of 1812. The result was restored relations between the two nations (US and UK) with no loss of territory. After it was signed, the Battle of New Orleans took place

The Helsinki Accords

Signed by 32 countries, These called on signatories to seek peaceful solutions to disputes, to cooperate on scientific and economic matters, and to promote the free movement of people and ideas.Also confirmed the existing boundaries of Europe, thereby recognizing the Iron Curtain countries Although it would eventually play a crucial role in ending the Cold War, its immediate effects were to further weaken Detente and damage Ford at home

Pinckney's Treaty

Signed in 1795, Spain recognized land claimed by United States, Spain granted access to the Mississippi river for three years without duties. Resolved a big problem in Spanish-American relations, pacified the westerners, and made the Jay Treaty more palatable.

American Federation of Labor

Skilled workers in separate unions; Work within political system for change; Closed shop and collective bargaining; Over 1 million workers joined and won several strikes; Small part of workforce eligible to join Pushed for 8 hour work week; helped contribute to haymarket riot

"LBJ how many kids you kill today?"

Slogan in the 1960s that targeted President Lyndon B. Johnson in response to the Vietnam War and the growing number of casualties in the conflict (mostly young men) Resulted from the fact that thousands and thousands of soldiers were either dying or being severely wounded in a country, that many Americans would have difficulty locating on a map, for what appeared to be nebulous and inchoate reasons, and the sheer length of the war, which seemed each year to be escalating to involving more men, more personnel, and more war material, began to grate on the nerves of many Americans.

The Communications Revolution

Sometimes called the third Industrial Revolution - shattered old ways of thinking and doing things, challenging geopolitics itself. Development of high-speed Internet, computers, cable TV, satellite tech, etc. This really, really boosted globalization- the mix of cultures. Also, contributed to the feeling that the world is a small place. Led to the demise of Russian Communism (harder to censor info).

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Sometimes referred to as the "Great Upheaval." Workers were on strike for forty-five days until local and federal forces intervened. Resulted in the creations of new armories, standing national guard, and additonal public and private police forces.

Ferdinand and Isabella: definition

Spanish Monarchs who sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyages to the West

Hernando Cortes: definition

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec Empire in 1521; led the first conquest on Mesoamerica.

Francisco Pizarro: definition

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Inca Empire in 1532.

Conquistadores: definition

Spanish contracted conquerors/ soldiers. Came to get rich but said they were conquering for God and the crown.

Ferdinand Magellan: definition

Spanish explorer who is known (w/ his crew) for completing the first circumnavigation of the world in the early 16th century.

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Started the Klu Klux Klan and was found guilty for a massacre of black troops. Example of hurt pride amongst southerners.

Pocahontas

Stop the mock execution of Captain John Smith ( after he was caught dumbly stumbling around Powhatan's territory) that would have made Smith tributary. Was later kidnapped and assimilated marrying englishman John Smith in 1614. Lead Powhatan to making peace with the settlers.

American Legion

The American Legion is a U.S. war veterans organization headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. The legion lobbied for economic benefits and health care, and it kept up wartime patriotic rhetoric that was marked by the strong bias against pacifists and leftists.

Aztecs: definition

The Aztec empire was the only surviving native empire, with an estimated 5 million citizens, by the time the Europeans made contact in 1492.

King Cotton

The Cotton boom in the South/ rise of an important plantation cash crop Cotton and money soon became the driving factor for everything: politically, socially, and especially economically.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

The Court held that the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and the analysis applies to same-sex couples in the same manner as it does to opposite-sex couples. Illustrates a more liberal America.

18th Amendment

The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of "intoxicating liquors" in the United States. The 18th amendment is the only amendment to be repealed from the constitution. This unpopular amendment banned the sale and drinking of alcohol in the United States. This amendment took effect in 1919 and was a huge failure.

First Red Scare

The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism. This was due to real and imagined events; real events included the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings, such as the Haymarket riots.

Wilson's 14 Points

The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.

American Exceptionalism

The Idea that the United States had a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization. Motivated the colonist to pursue their " destiny"

Immigration Act of 1924

The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, and Asian Exclusion Act, was a United States federal law that set quotas on the number of immigrants from certain states. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.

Ottoman Turks & Constantinople: definition

The Ottoman Turks invaded and conquered the Greek city of Constantinople in 1453.

The Palmer Raids

The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted in November 1919 and January 1920 during the First Red Scare by the United States Department of Justice under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson to capture and arrest suspected radical leftists, mostly Italian and Eastern European immigrants and especially anarchists and communists, and deport them from the United States. Though more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of prominent leftist leaders, Palmer's efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the U.S. Department of Labor, which had authority for deportations and objected to Palmer's methods.

Warren Commission

The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson through Executive Order 11130 on November

Iran-Contra Scandal

The Reagan administration was selling arms to Iran in exchange for hostages, and then used the profits to illegally fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. In effect, the Reagan Administration privatized U.S. foreign policy. With Reagan's knowledge, NSC staffers solicited a total of $50 million from friendly governments, such as Taiwan, Brunei, and Saudi Arabia, which alone contributed $32 million, and from right-wing U.S. citizens, such as beer magnate, Joseph Coors. The Reagan administration diverted to the contras funds from arms sold to Iran.

John C Calhoun

The Secretary of War under Monroe. Calhoun was a Southern candidate for the election of 1824, but he lost to the Northern John Quincy Adams.

The Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (2014)

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in this case allowed the owners of a for-profit corporation to exclude certain types of health-care and products - in this case, contraceptive counseling and methods (Example: female birth control)- from their employees' health insurance plans. This was the first major case against the Affordable Health Care Act

Battle of Little Bighorn

The U.S. military suffered a defeat and the loss of one of its famous generals in 1876, South Dakota. Two hundred and ten military personnel lost their lives.

War in Afghanistan

The US-led war in Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001, as Operation Enduring Freedom. It was designed to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants, as well as replace the Taliban with a US-friendly government. The war's public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power.

Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission (2010)

The United States Supreme Court overturned sections of the Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act) that had prohibited corporate and union political expenditures in political campaigns. _____ made it legal for corporations and unions to spend from their general treasuries to finance independent expenditures related to campaigns, but did not alter the prohibition on direct corporate or union contributions to federal campaigns.

Battle of Wounded Knee

The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

Neoconservatives

The ____ began to emerge in the late 1960s. For the most part, they were one-time liberals who had occupied a position well left in American politics - many had been supporters of the Great Society. But the time Nixon was elected president, however they had come to question both the assumptions and the techniques of liberalism as it had developed under Lyndon Johnson in the sixties. The Great Society, they believed, had become too ambitious, too wasteful, and too redistributionist. Skeptical about extensive government intervention in the economy, they accepted the ethic of classical individualistic capitalism and argued in favor of greater leeway for free-market decision-making. Still, they fell well short of embracing laissez-faire or Social Darwinist structures set during the Gilded Age and the 1920s. ____ believed that power was the most important aspect of international diplomacy. They were hostile toward the "New Class" of liberal and radical intellectuals who, it seemed, had come to dominate American culture in the sixties and whose beliefs clashed with theirs at every point.

Anarchism

The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means; society should be organized solely on the basis of free cooperation. Seen in the revolts for labor such as the haymarket riot.

Middle Passage

The area across the atlantic from Africa to America used by slave traders in the 1600s. Dangerous path that lead many slaves to death. Helped the social norm of slavery occur in the states.

"No Man's Land"

The area of ground between the trench lines of the opposing armies. This was an area of land where snipers, machine gunners, etc. would kill anyone who ventured there. It was an example of the effect of new weaponry on warfare.

Sutter's Mill

The area where gold was first discovered in 1848 (CA) Marked the beginning of the gold rush

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that as the fairer sex, women occupied a unique and specific position and that they were to provide religious and moral instruction in the homes but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society.] caused women's rights movements.

Feminism

The belief that men and women are equal and should be given equal opportunities. Gaining popularity among women and men due to their role in WW2.

New Orleans

The biggest city of new orleans. Allowed for prisoner forced migration which would have a lasting effect on its reputation. Used to keep the british confined to the east coast.

Panic of 1893

The biggest economic downturn in U.S. history to date. 642 banks failed and 16,000 businesses closed down.

Mormonism

The colloquial name for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, founded on April 6, 1830. This church believes in Jesus Christ, the Book of Mormon as another testament of Jesus Christ, and in the importance of the restored church established by Jesus Christ.

Stagflation

The combination of inflation, unemployment, and the lack of wage increase. This caused Nixon to use Keynesian economics in order to preserve the national economy. Nixon instituted a program of wage and price controls in order to combat this.

Dutch West India Company

The company that the fur traders and merchants that occupied the new dutch land of the Hudson, worked for in the 1620s. Illustrated the good trading potential of the region.

Politics of Fear

The concept that people may incite fear in the general public to achieve political or workplace goals through emotional bias. Bush used _______; repeatedly linked 9/ 11 and the Iraq War during his presidential campaign, despite the fact that there was no evidence to support a connection between Saddam Hussein and the terrorist attack on the United States.

Transcontinental Railroad

The corporations involved in its completion were the first massive U.S. companies. It was mainly constructed by immigrants - three thousand Irish and ten thousand Chinese, over a period of four years, working for one or two dollars a day. Completed in The Transcontinental Railroad allowed for transportation of multiple goods, also an easy way of traveling around the nation. Completed by two main companies, Central Pacific going from West to East and the Union Pacific going east to west.

Battle of San Jacinto

The decisive battle of the Texas Revolution in April 1836. Texas won their independence from Mexico and wanted annexation and recognition. Jackson hesitated in the thought that the explosive issue of the expansion of slavery would tear apart his Democratic Party and cost his chosen successor, Martin Van Buren, the election. Many were against the annexation of Texas tho. In march 1837 one of Jackson's last acts were of the recognition of the Republic of Texas.

The Encomienda System: definition

The encomienda system was pretty much a system of slavery for the Native American peoples. It started in 1503, and consisted of an encomendero, or landholder and 'slave-owner,' and many Native Americans, who worked the land and paid tithes to the encomendero. In return, the encomendero protected the workers and taught them in the Catholic faith.

Sam Houston

The first President of the Republic of Texas He was in charge when texas was annexed.

The Pequot Wars

The first major conflict between the New English and the Indians that started in 1636 because the English were overstepping on the homeland. Illustrated the trend of Europeans brutally punishing the natives for minor things. ( natives + we'll steal your people, europeans + we'll murder your entire culture)

Joseph Smith

The first prophet of the restored Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. He received the First Vision, translated the Book of Mormon, founded the Church of Jesus Christ in 1830, and then was martyred in Carthage Jail.

The Bill of Rights

The first ten Amendments to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791, and outlines the basic, unalienable rights of the citizens of the United States. This was necessary in order to get the Anti-Federalists to support the Constitution.

Sandra Day O'Connor

The first woman to serve on the Supreme Court. Previously an Arizona state judge, Reagan named her to serve in 1981. Many of the religious right were unhappy (as she supported the legalization of abortion and backed the ERA) but Reagan was determined to have a woman in court.

Beaver War

The five nations attacks on the Huron to control the fur trade in the 1640s and 1650s. Ended in the Iroquoi basically ending the Huron. Scared the Europeans because they had never seen such intense war from the natives. Surviving Huron became very attacked the Catholicism.

Reagan Doctrine #2

The forces of nationalism can be turned against the Soviet Union by making the case that, with the Brezhnev Doctrine, it had become the last great imperialistic power. June 12, 1987: West Berlin, appealing to German ethnic nationalism Reagan demanded, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down the wall!" The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the administration's overall strategy to win the Cold War. BASICALLY, the U.S. people will pressure the Soviets because they are still imperialist, which everyone else 'modern' and 'good' did away with already.

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964)

The government could mandate that hotels had to accommodate all travelers, under the Commerce Clause, on the basis that segregation in hotels would hurt commerce. Extension of power of Commerce Clause, used later as further justification for Commerce Clause usage. Also took a chunk out of segregation.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

The government tried to prevent NY Times from running a story. This case established that the government could not stop a story from being run, but could remove it after it was run. This established the idea that prior restraint is illegal. A story must be proven to pose a direct danger to the U.S. to be censored.

Treasury Act of 1846

The government will hold its own funds in new vaults as opposed to deposit funds in a nation corporation (the National Bank) or in state banks. In addition, all transactions with the national treasury were to be done on a hard-money basis. This act remained in effect until 1913, when the Federal Reserve System was created.

Virginia Company

The independent joint stock company that funded the colonization of Jamestown (1607) and others. Eventually went bankrupt due to the colonies coming up with a cash crop too late. Sent supplies and reinforcements to a failing jamestown. Without their help Jamestown could not have succeeded. Later on, their bankruptcy resulted in the colonies going under royal control.

The Great Sioux War

The largest domestic military expedition after the Civil War. It lasted for fifteen months in present day Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, and Nebraska.

Commodore Matthew Perry

The leader of a mission sent to Japan in order to create favorable trade deals in 1852. This person eventually negotiated the Treaty of Kanagawa.

Anti-Saloon League

The leading organization promoting National Prohibition in the U.S. It was a non-partisan political pressure group that began in 1893; worked with churches in marshaling resources for the prohibition fight. Organization promoted the fight for prohibition

Mormon Trail

The migration route of the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints as they traveled to the Salt Lake Valley. This trail was well-used by the many members who walked it in their efforts to reach the Salt Lake Valley.

Hunker

The more moderate faction, which supported expansionism and opposed the Wilmot Proviso. This was another of the parties sent as representatives of New York to the Democratic convention in 1848.

"Exodusters"

The name given to African Americans who migrated from the lower Mississippi Valley to Kansas around 1879. First large scale migration of african americans out of the south.

"54, 40 - or Bust!

The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. The manifest destiny ideas had people wanting the entire Oregon territory, including this northern boundary that was jointly occupied by the Americans and British. This was a slogan that led to Polk unexpectedly winning his election against Clay. Also, by electing Polk the Americans were led to occupy Oregon as that's what Polk said he would do. Britain proposed to split Oregon at the 49th parallel.

Mormon Battalion

The one and only religious division of the Army. Created in 1846, this battalion was drafted in order to help with the Mexican-American war.

William Quantrill

The only bushwacker to hold confederate commision. He was a terror, and along with his men absolutely demolished Lawrence Kansas. Example of the truly devastating effects the bushwackers had on the union.

Jefferson Davis

The only confederate president This man was the leader of the confederacy and was at the head of trying to preserve slavery in the south.

Antebellum South

The period of the south from the dominance of cotton to the start of the civil war. (Approx. after war of 1812 and before civil war) This period marked the economic growth of the South, where ideas of freeing slaves were soon forgotten and plantation agriculture dominated.

Ellis Island

The port of entry for immigrants in New York during the Gilded Age. Explains the diversity presence in the north east.

American Expeditionary Force

The portion of the American Army sent to help fight World War 1 in Europe. The AEF fought in France alongside French and British forces to repel the German advance.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to strike down an act of Congress by declaring it unconstitutional. This principle was established by the Marshall Court in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison. Judicial review is an important part of checks and balances, where one branch of government does not become stronger than another. ( judicial and legislative branches)

War on Terror

The president war to fight terrorism towards the US. Started after the failure of counterterrorism intelligence incident 9/11. Affected our foreign policy the most since truman doctrine.

Barnburners

The pro-Van Buren, anti-slavery faction in the New York Democrats. This party was determined to stamp out slavery at any cost and was one of the parties sent as representatives of New York to the Democratic convention in 1848.

Seward's Folly

The purchase of Alaska. Secretary of State ____ bought Alaska, which was considered to be a mistake because of Alaska's emptiness aside from worthless fur-bearing animals.

Second Red Scare

The second Red Scare refers to the fear of communism that permeated American politics, culture, and society from the late 1940s through the 1950s, during the opening phases of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Resulted in McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.

Brigham Young

The second prophet of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. This prophet led the Saints to the Salt Lake Valley. He was ordained prophet after the murder of Joseph Smith, Jr.

Cabeza De Vaca: definition

The second-in-command of 300 conquistadores involved in a shipwreck in 1528, leading to only four remaining people left to survive in the Native-inhabited lands of what is now Texas and New Mexico. ( dude who got stranded with indians)

Harlem Riot of 1935

The strained relationships between the black community and white shop owners resulted in this event. Three people died, hundreds were wounded and an estimated $2 million in damages were sustained to properties throughout the district Signified the end of the harlem renaissance, shattered the notion of Harlem as the "Mecca" for African-Americans, and broke the fleeting truce between white and black America.

Bleeding Kansas

The term for the violence and fighting in Kansas between Border Ruffians and Jayhawkers. This fight was over the 'public opinion' of Kansas. Ultimately, it was decided that Kansas was free, but after a year of fighting and multiple deaths. Both sides (North and South) were enraged at the 'war atrocities' perceived during this year of fighting.

Five Nation/Iroquois

The tribes Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, that lived in South New France and North Modern Day New York. Primarily a ceremonial and religious forum for promoting peaceful thinking in a world where grief, rage, and war prevailed. The French settlers, while trying to establish trade got entangled in the political affair of The Five Nations v. Montagnais/Algonkin/Huron

Political Polarization

The utter separation between the two parties, people begin to vote for their party's beliefs instead of contemplating every issue. Leads to less grey area in politics, making it more difficult to accomplish anything.

The Great Migration

The widespread migration of African Americans from rural to urban spaces from the South to the North Helped contribute to the harlem renaissance.

Disease (Smallpox, Typhus): definition

These diseases killed many Native Americans. They were introduced as part of the Columbian Exchange.

The Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965

These had outlawed the most blatant forms of discrimination and made them into federal legal problems that were tackled by a zealous bureaucracy increasingly eager to promote African American advancement. The acts ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, and outlawed voting practices against allowing African Americans to vote, as allowed under the 15th amendment, respectively. They (particularly the first act) are considered pivotal accomplishments in the civil rights movement and greatly increased the African American voter pool.

National Origins Act & Asian Exclusion Act

These limited the number of immigrants from any country to 2% of the population already living in the U.S. This shows the impact and extent of nativism on the U.S. population.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

These resolutions were the anti-Alien and Sedition Acts and placed states rights above federal law. These resolutions got rid of the Alien and Sedition Acts and were a means of protest against them. The precedent set by these resolutions were used in the Civil War to justify the secession of the South.

Muckrakers

These were early twentieth century journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban political bosses. Leading muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell.

Spot Resolution

These were very specific questions about the Mexican-American war posed to Polk by Lincoln. They reflected the anti-war sentiment and questioned whether America was really justified in the war, if Mexico really had struck the first blow.

Anasazi: importance

They made advancements in architecture that are still used by the Pueblo natives. Also an example of sophisticated native culture.

New Netherlands & New Amsterdam & Fort Orange

They were originally Dutch colonies in the 17th century, but wanted by Dutch enemies to weaken them. The Dutch didn't move when ownership changed so their liberal and literate nature transferred over to the region when owned by the English.

George A Custer

This Civil War veteran became well-known after the war for his military campaigns in the Dakotas. He died at the Battle of Little Big Horn.

The Ku Klux Klan (1920s)

This Klan intensely hated not only blacks, but immigrants, Catholics, and Jews. They supported nativism and promoted fundamentalism- a return to the non-modern. The Klan showed the impact and extent of nativism on the U.S. population.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

This act allowed the U.S. to be the 'arsenal of democracy.' We could "sell, transfer, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of any war material" to any nation we thought was necessary for our defense. This act repealed the Neutrality Acts of 1935-7. It took us right to the edge of war, and completely ruined the idea of U.S. neutrality. We paid other nations, in money and supplies, to fight our battle for us. This act was a mechanism for the first U.S. foreign aid program.

The Alien Act

This act conferred on the commissioner of immigration the ability to deport non-naturalized people suspected of hostile actions or beliefs. This was an example of an act during the war that restricted and violated civil liberties.

Brady Handgun Prevention Act

This act instituted federal background checks on firearm purchases and instituted a waiting period for purchases. This act blocked about 2 percent of firearm purchases, technically made firearm purchasing safer. However, loopholes limited its effect and made it not affect about 25 million guns.

Americans Disabilities Act of 1990

This act mandated that public places make accommodations for the disabled (elevator lifts, bus lifts for wheelchairs, ramps, SPED programs, etc). It also prevented segregation on the basis of disability. This act was ultimately important because it expanded civil rights to a group that wasn't necessarily 'pretty.' It was just a needed part of society, and extended rights to a group that really needed it.

Social Security Act of 1935

This act set up the first national old age pensions scheme. This Act provided for unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, and means-tested welfare programs, thus providing a degree financial security to the population.

12th Amendment

This amendment established the electoral college and the process by which the president would be elected. This process is still used today, and is the electoral college. It is partially changed, but is largely still in use. The electoral college has been expanded, and now presidents choose their running mates, but the basic idea of an electoral college, and not a popular vote, is the voting system for the US presidential primaries.

U.S. v. Richard Nixon (1974)

This case ruled that the President could not keep the Pentagon Papers out of the public and out of the media. Ultimately, this case struck down executive privilege, or the president's power to refuse to disclose certain information. No executive privilege is unqualified and absolute.

North American Horticulture: importance

This change lead to the downfall of nomadism and the birth of job differentiation in many Native tribes.

The convention of 1800

This convention did not violate Jay's Treaty, but voided the alliance of 1778. It placed France and the US on neutral footing. This convention stopped French plunder of US shipping and prevented a war that the US couldn't really afford. It ceased 5 years of hostilities and made American neutral, which allowed it to work with all the European powers equally.

Mesitzos: importance

This created an entire new racial class making the division be: Europeans, Mestizos, Natives, and then African Slaves.

Pullman Strike

This event occurred during the Panic of 1893 when workers went on strike against their train-car-making company. The strikers complained about sixteen hour workdays, low wages, rent prices and the price of goods (They lived in a company town). The strike was broken up by U.S. Marshals and roughly 12,000 military troops. During the strike, 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded.

Credit Mobilier Company

This firm as at the center of the largest and most high-reaching scandal during the Grant Administration. It was a railroad corporation owned by Union Pacific executives and major stockholders that over-charged the federal government for construction costs. Its scandal helped contribute to the rise of the democratic party as it ruined Republican reputaion.

Trading with the Enemy Act

This forbade commerce with Germany and Austria-Hungary. It also allowed the postmaster to suspend the mailing privileges of publications he found objectionable. This was an example of an act during the war that restricted and violated civil liberties.

Church Committee

This group published reports which covered the formation of U.S. intelligence agencies, their operations, and their alleged abuses, together with recommendations for reform. Under pressure of the from this committee, President Ford issued an executive order banning U.S.-sanctioned assassinations of foreign leaders. Was able to educate the american public about the Shady happenings of the CIA.

Ottoman Turks & Constantinople: importance

This invasion lead to a fear of a Muslim cultural takeover, and the need to find a new trade route to Asia, which lead to the discovering of America.

Knights of Labor

This labor union accepted all workers, except Asians. They fought for the eight-hour work day and to end child labor. The Union lost support after the Haymarket Riot in 1886. Helped push a more progressive agenda during the industrial gilded age.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937

This law mandated that an embargo would be placed on arms sales to belligerents once a state of war was declared. This law allowed the U.S. to avoid involvement in the Spanish Civil war. We used this as justification to not do anything for either side.

Stokely Carmichael

This man was the new president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This man had raised to prominence as a younger, vehement symbol and leader of the Civil Rights Movement. Captured the attention of the nation by leading his followers in the chant, "Black Power," a phrase that had a great many harmless meanings but that under the circumstances took on connotations of black racism.

James Earl Ray

This man, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested on June 8, 1968, in London at Heathrow Airport, extradited to the United States, and charged with murder. On March 10, 1969, he entered a plea of guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in the Tennessee State Penitentiary. He later made many attempts to withdraw his guilty plea and be tried by a jury, but was unsuccessful; he died in prison on April 23, 1998, at the age of 70. Conspiracy theorists and the King family believe that this man was merely a scapegoat and the government was behind the assassination. THIS MAN WAS CONVICTED FOR ASSASSINATING MLK.

Slobodan Milosevic & Kosovo (Bosnia)

This person plotted to create a greater Serbia at the expense of other ethnic groups. In the summer of 1991, he set out to wrest lands from Croatia, laying siege to two major cities and subjecting helpless civilians to deadly bombardment and horrendous destruction. The next year, _____ joined Bosnian Serbs in military operations against Bosnian Muslims. The former Yugoslavia would become the burning foreign policy issue of the decade. In August 1995, with full U.S. backing, NATO began intensive bombing of Bosnian Serb positions using the most modern technology and eventually taking out ___'s communications center. He did this again in 1998, to which the US went to war alongside NATO and he conceded in June that year. TL;DR- This guy wanted ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, but the US and NATO said "BIG NO!!"

General Term: Counterculture

This refers to the period (in this case in the 1960s) where long-held beliefs, values, and norms tended to break down, particularly between the young. According to quizlet at the time these were "white middle-class youths, called hippies. New Left, against Vietnam War, turned back on America because they believed in a society based on peace and love. rock'n'roll, colorful clothes, and the use of drugs, lived in large groups. lived in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district because of the availability of drugs" Many college‐age men and women became political activists and were the driving force behind the civil rights and antiwar movements.

Jay's Treaty

This treaty allowed the US access to West Indian trade and secured US compensation for seized ships This treaty was signed on November 19 1974. It created a mass outrage among the people, but was a very beneficial treaty for the US.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

This treaty ended the Mexican-American war in 1848. This treaty also gave the United States a ton of land, including California, Arizona, and New Mexico. It also ended Mexican claims to Texas.

Gadsden Purchase

This treaty, signed in 1853, added extra territory to the U.S. Mexico sold us more territory, which contributed to westward expansion and manifest destiny.

Lusitania

This was a British ship (formerly the world's largest ship when it first came out) that was sunk by Germans on May 7, 1915. The sinking of this ship enraged Americans and expedited the US's entrance into WW1.

Housing Act of 1949

This was a landmark, sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing. In practice, this provided substantial help for the middle-class home buyer, but did little to improve the lot of the slum dweller. In fact, many of the public housing projects turned instantly into slums.

The Encomienda System: importance

This was a system of slavery on the Native Americans' part, and made the Spaniards much richer. It also created the mestizo peoples, people born from Native American women who were taken advantage of. This system was slavery, just with the Native Americans and not Africans. It was instituted by Spain in 1503 in the Americas, and was widespread over the times of the Spanish empire in the Americas.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

This was an expedition commissioned by Jefferson to explore the new territory in the name of science and of civilizing the Indians. This expedition greatly increased our knowledge of what lay west of the colonies. It allowed us to map the Purchase and brought us into contact with many of the Native American tribes.

League of Nations

This was founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference (which ended WWI.) This intergovernmental organization was the first of its kind aimed towards world peace. This organization had no effect on WWI, however it was aimed towards the prevention of another world war and the enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. The US did not join this organization, despite much of it being the work of President Woodrow Wilson. This was because many people wished to stay out of European affairs, the US wanted to remain neutral, and the Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

Operation Desert Storm or The Persian Gulf War

This was launched on January 16, 1991. It unveiled to the world a dazzling display of modern, high-technology military power. For five weeks, the Air Force and the navy pounded Iraq with cruise missiles from B-52 bombers flown on thirty-hour round trips from Louisiana, Tomahawk missiles fired from ships in the Persian Gulf, and laser-guided bombs dropped by Stealth F-117 aircraft. US involvement in the Middle East to combat Saddam Hussein and protect Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (really, their oil and our investment in it)

Free-Soil Party

This was the Barnburner party, except split from the Democratic party. In 1848, the Barnburners and anti-slavery Whigs created this party and tried to nominate Martin Van Buren for president.

Bear Flag Revolt

This was the revolt that gained Californian independence. In 1846, a group of mountain man explorers took the governor of California prisoner and declared California independent, and then a part of the United States.

Columbian Exchange: definition

This was the transfer of food, animals, culture, disease, religion, ideology and more between the Americas and Europe following Christopher Columbus' arrival in 1492.

Philip Sheridan (in terms of Indians)

This well-known Civil War hero led military troops against Plain Indians after the War.

Social Darwinism

Those that followed this belief system generally argued that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. Combined with manifest destiny for a new era of imperialism. Influenced majority of the political, economic, and social interactions of the gilded age.

Long Hot Summers

Throughout summers of 1965, 1966 & 1967, racial disorders hit. - 1967, 7,000 arrested in Detroit. White businesses targeted but many black businesses inadvertently burned. Snipers prevented fire-fighters from doing their work. During first 9 months of 1967, more than 150 cities reported incidents of racial disorders. Many African-Americans died in these race riots and, to say the least, were targeted. Police brutality was rampant.

Morrill Tariff Act

To promote education, Congress provided grants of public lands to the states for support of education via this bill. Gave people who previously didn't have access to education an oppurtunity creating an educated working class.

Filibuster

To refuse to give up the floor in Congress in order to block a vote. Filibusters are common now as a method to protest a bill.

Prayer Towns/Praying Towns

Towns in the late 16040s where assimilated Natives lived their lives as Europeans. Example of how Europeans wanted the natives to adapt to their culture.

Shuttle Diplomacy

Travel between two parties who aren't willing to talk to each other. Kissinger used this to travel in the Middle East and helped negotiate a treaty and armistice lines between Israel and Egypt, and restored relations between Egypt and the U.S.

Jay Gould and Jim Fisk (cornering the gold market)

Tried to corner the gold market, grant caught him and thwarted the plans which added to the depression. Depression made people even more unhappy with the republicans

Jesse and Frank James

Two bushwackers under Bill Anderson. They were with him in 1864 when the bushwacker group was trapped by the Union and killed.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control. This agreement represented the most important insight of the nuclear age: that an unconstrained arms race was futile, costly, and dangerous.

General Term: Containment

U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

Red River War

U.S. military campaign from 1874-1875 to rid the Southern plains of Native tribes Led to the end of an entire way of life for the Southern plain tribes; during the war, buffalo hunters also trespassed on lands granted to the Indians, which led to Native food lost supply and the decimation of the buffalo population.

Transformational Diplomacy

US diplomacy that expands the democratic government; the US has to work with their many partners around the world, build and sustain democratic, well-governed states that will respond to the needs of their people and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system. diplomacy initiative championed by former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice for reinvigorating American Foreign Policy and the United States Foreign Service.

World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924

US government promised to pay WWI veterans with this act, however, during the great depression the limited funds meant the veterans were not getting their compensation. leading to a strike. illustrates how dire the situation of government funds were during the depression.

Vietnamization

US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam A policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops."

Francis Gary Powers & U-2 Spy plane incident

USSR shot down a U-2 spy plane which wasn't supposed to be detected obviously but the US was so shocked when they heard this because it was believed Soviets did not have weaponry or the ability to see the U2. US ultimately lied about it and said it was a weather plane and USSR forced the US to admit the lie publically.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Under Jackson, the Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830 and authorized the president to purchase tribal lands in the Southeastern states and "remove" the natives in the land west of the Mississippi Jackson said he wouldn't remove the natives by force, but the state officials ignored this and discriminated and oppressed the natives. This coupled with the manifest destiny ideology resulted in the large expansion of the US at the demise of the natives. Ex: Efforts to remove the Seminoles cost millions of dollars and thousands of lives

General Meade

Union General who replaced Hooker Best known for defeating Lee during the Battle of Gettysburg

General Grant ^

Union general and future president. His military expertise allowed for some very decisive victories that lead to the union's overall win.

General William T Sherman

Union leader that lead the attack on Atlanta Him and his troops destroyed Atlanta's railroad links with the outside world and forced them to abandon the area on Sep. 1, 1864.

Pontiac's Rebellion

United Indian rebellion of many tribes, killed 2,000 colonist through Pennsylvania, MAryland, and Virginia. Failed due to their failure to capture the most important of british ports. To compromise England told the Natives they got all the west land. Example of united natives as natives, putting aside tribal differences. Made colonist even more upset with the natives, even though who did not participate. The inability to move west was a big contributing factor to the american revolution.

General William C Westmoreland

United States Army general who was active during the 1960s-1970s. Most notably commander of United States forces during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968; served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1968 to 1972.

Amerigo Vespucci: definition

Vespucci was a Florentine merchant who lived in the late fourteen hundreeds and worked with Columbus. May have financed some of Columbus' expeditions to the New World.

Gospel of Wealth

View advanced by Andrew Carnegie that the wealthy were the guardians of society. Carnegie believed that the rich could best serve society by funding institutions such as colleges and public libraries that created "ladders of success."

Violentization

Violent crimes increased after the civil war ended due to pstd. Many war veterans went to jail for violent crime, enabled by the weapons they had been given.

Volstead Act

Volstead Act, formally National Prohibition Act, U.S. law enacted in 1919 (and taking effect in 1920). It's purpose was to provide enforcement for the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Exhorters

Wandering uneducated preachers of the Great Awakening, of every race and gender. Horrified traditionalist, example of radicalism in the Great Awakening.

South Carolina Founding

Wanted another colony, offered religious toleration, political representation, a long exemption from quitrents, and large grants of land. Rich part of the Carolinas. Supported the fundamental constitution. One of the first colonies that had slavery written so heavily into the legal documents.

Federal Reserve Act (Federal Reserve System)

Was Wilson's single biggest legislative act. With a publically appointed board of governors who were empowered to oversee and veto the interest rates charged by the regional reserve banks. This central control was intended to introduce order and stability into the American banking system, thereby preventing panics or at least containing the damage caused by economic downturns.

Compromise of 1850

Was a compromise over slavery banned the slave trade in DC, admitted California as a free state, south had a new and tougher fugitive slave law, texas gave up land disputed with new mexico, slavery was up to popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster advocated compromise The north ultimately "won" in the compromise, which may have lead to the south wishing to succeed as they weakened.

Francisco "Poncho" Villa

Was a populist radical in north Mexico that challenged government rule, captured U.S property like Hearts ranch. On March 9th, 1916 Poncho Villa invaded Columbus New Mexico and led a 6 hour attack on an Army Post. The US retaliated by sending a force of 5200 men after him but never caught a glimpse of him. Caused trouble for the US.

House Committee on Un-American Activities

Was an Anti Communist investigation committee. Founded by Martin Dies Jr in 1938. Investigated the disloyalty of workers and other suspected "facist" organizations.

Manuel Noriega & Operation Just Cause

Was an anti communist tyrant and lost usefulness after the cold war was basically given his power by the cia. became dangerous and a terrible leader and killed some americans so we invaded tactical areas in panama to take over.

Langston Hughes

Was the literary voice of the Harlem Renaissance. Known for his poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers and famously wrote an essay in 1926 for The Nation magazine that was titled, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain." He was one of the most influential people in the harlem renaissance.

Hurricane Katrina

Was the most deadliest and destructive natural disaster to occur in the Atlantic. At least 1,833 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods; total property damage was estimated at $81 billion.

"War Guilt Clause"

Was the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers.

"Guns of August"

Was the outbreak of World War 1, came as expected as lighting according to one commentator. Shocked the Public of the United States due to us being separated by an ocean.

James Longstreet (after Civil War)

Well known Confederate turned republican. Some even blamed him for losing the war

Truman Doctrine

While asking Congress for economic aide for Turkey and Greece, Truman states: "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman's speech to Congress signaled a turning point in foreign relations. America would play an active role in global affairs.The Truman Doctrine would guide the foreign policy of the United States for another generation or more.

The Battle of the Badlands

White soldiers, traveling to Fort Union, were attacked by a large Indian force in 1864. The Indians lost and the white offensive allowed the U.S. to establish a military presence in North Dakota.

Redeemers

White southern political leaders who claimed to save the south from republican domain. Supported diversified economic growth and white supremacy. They opposed the Radical Republicans for control of the South.

Birmingham Campaign 1963-1964

With the goal of desegregation of Birmingham's downtown merchants, rather than total desegregation. However, many protests were arrested, including MLK himself. While in jail he wrote was basically THE text of the african american revolution " Letters from the Birmingham Jail" It was the first protracted demonstration to be carried live and nationwide on television. More than any event to that time, it forced Americans to sit up and take notice paving the way for more civil rights legislation.

Herman Melville

Wrote novels such as Moby Dick and the Confidence Man. His parody of the american financial system ( the confidence man) illustrated the problems of pre-greenback american banking.

2016 Election Controversy

Yet to be proven, there is the belief that Russian hacker had influence on the US elections, electronically tipping the scales towards Trump. This hurts his approval rating and polarizes American citizens.

George Washington ( french and indian war )

Young commander who lead an attack on Fort Duquesne, which resulted in him and his troops being stockaded. Finally giving in on 1754 which pissed the british off enough to start the french and indian war. Started a way and all its consequences, made Washington well known on the front of colonial commanders.

Black Monday

_____ refers to Monday October 19, 1987, when stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a huge value in a very short time. It was the largest single- day decline in U.S. economic history. The crash began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, hitting the United States after other markets had already declined by a significant margin. However, the markets recovered quickly. This scared people. Even though markets recovered quickly, many people and the Federal Reserve nearly panicked, and took extreme measures to prevent economic recession.

John Hinckley

_____ tried to assassinate Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981. Reagan's coolness and humor as he recovered from the near-assassination made Reagan extremely popular with the people. He used this to pass Reaganomics through Congress.

Monica Lewinsky or the Lewinsky Scandal

_____, a former White House Intern, discussed having oral sex with Clinton. Further evidence of inappropriate behavior was found by seizing the computer hard drive and email records of ___. As a result, one of Clinton's charges when impeached was of perjury.

Sirhan Sirhan

a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22 caliber revolver and shot Kennedy in the head at close range. Following the shooting, Kennedy was rushed to The Good Samaritan Hospital where he died the next day. Assassinated a basically martyred Robert Kennedy on June 4th 1968.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856)

a colored man, was ruled by Chief Justice Taney that he was not a free citizen and had no standing in court because his residence in a free state/territory did not make him free since he came to Missouri. Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory and this voided the Missouri compromise of 1820.

Chain Gang

a group of prisoners chained together to perform menial or physically challenging work as a form of punishment. Such punishment might include repairing buildings, building roads, or clearing land. This system existed primarily in the southern parts of the United States, and by 1955 had been phased out nationwide, with Georgia the last state to abandon the practice Created much outrage

Chief Joseph

a leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States, in the latter half of the 19th century.

The Cotton Club

a legendary nightspot in the Harlem district of New York City that for years featured prominent black entertainers who performed for white audiences. The club served as the springboard to fame for Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, and many others. It was THE venue for black performers back in the early 20th century, where choice of venues was limited; captured harlem renaissance.

Charles Manson

a supposed hippie and cult leader with a few dozen (mostly young female) followers that that butchered people in Los Angeles. made people fear the counterculture movement

No Child Left Behind

aimed to lower the gap between the rich and the poors academic performance. Provided parents and children of poorer societies with more opportunities to do well in school.

Panama Canal Treaties

also known as the Torrijos-Carter Treaties; treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had exercised since 1903. Revoked the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty; agreement relinquishes American control over the canal by the year 2000 and guarantees its neutrality.

Burke Act of 1906

amended the Dawes Act of 1887, under which the communal land held by tribes on the Indian reservations was broken up and distributed in severalty to individual households of tribal members

Amerigo Vespucci: importances

americas are named after him

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

an agency of the Department of Agriculture, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies created by an act of the same name. offered government jobs to the jobless

Whiskey Ring

an attempt by distillers to avoid taxes by paying off government officials This scandal helped congress become more democratic ruining reconstruction

Referendum

an election device in which a law can be either accepted or repealed based on the popular vote of people. In this process, voters can reject or accept a law or statute passed by a legislature by taking a popular vote on the issue.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

an international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied the benefits furnished by this treaty". illustrates the doomed to fail League of Nations ( they couldn't enforce this between Japan and China)

Wilmot Proviso

an unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. This conflict in ideals helped lead to the civil war.

Dawes Severalty Act

authorized the President of the United States to survey Native American tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Native Americans.

INF Treaty

banned cruise missiles and intermediate-ranged nuclear forces, so non ICBMs. Example of nuclear reduction treaty.

Jesse Jackson

became a leading advocate in the 1970s and 1980s for the continuing of affirmative action and the furthering of civil rights after the death of Martin Luther King. He ended up becoming a serious presidential candidate in 1988. .

General Colin Powell

became chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the first African American to occupy the position. Believed the same thing as Casper Weinberger and believed troops should not be sent in unless it was crucial.

Social Darwinism

belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive and prosper. Wealthy business and industrial leaders such as John D. Rockefeller used it to justify their success.

Charles Sheldon's His Steps

best-selling religious fiction novel written by Charles Monroe Sheldon. First published in 1896, the book has sold more than 30,000,000 copies, and ranks as one of the best-selling books of all time. The full title of the book is In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?.

Korean War

between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea had been split into two sovereign states. The North supported by Communists, the South by democratic forces.

Freedom Rides

biracial groups who road through the South on chartered Greyhound and Trailways buses with the objective of integrating bus terminals. The Kennedy administration provided them federal protection and prodded the Interstate Commerce Commission into issuing strong anti-segregation rules for interstate terminals. They faced savage beatings and near lynchings. After protracted negotiation and some litigation, desegregated bus stations became the rule in at least the large and medium-sized cities of the South Showcased the youth's interest in civil rights.

Little Crow

chieftain responsible for New Ulm Massacre. agreed to move his people to a reservation for government support, however, he waged war when the government failed to keep its promise. x was involved in multiple attacks and battles. He was eventually driven to Canada and then killed.

Al Gore vs George Bush (Election of 2000)

controversial election that resulted in much debate about the validity of the electoral college and the capacity for revotes

National Security Act

created the National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense with subcabinet departments of army, navy, and air force. 1947. Ultimately led to the creation of the CIA. Also made permanent the Joint Chiefs of staff .

Clayton Act

declared that unions should not be "construed to be illegal combinations in restraint of trade," and it also forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions against striking unions "unless necessary to prevent irreparable injury to property." Was the act following sherman act, actually meant to protect Unions in October 1914.

Fake News & Conspiracy theory

deliberate spread of misinformation, usually for personal or financial profit Many powerful organizations are spreading this to initially discredit and disadvantage Trump divides americans ("Oh you listen to fake news you don't know what you're talking about")

Civil Rights Act of 1875

enforcement/force act. Response to civil rights violations in the south. All citizens should have equal treatment under the law. One of the first acts that attempted to give african americans more equal rights.

Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

extremely complex, a rebellion of middle and lower classes against a deeply entrenched old order and the foreigners who dominated the nation's economy, followed by an extended civil war. The ongoing struggle created major difficulties for President Wilson. His well-intended, if not misguided, meddling produced two military interventions in three years and nearly caused an unnecessary and possibly disastrous war.

Lee Harvey Oswald

fired three shots; the third connected with the back of JFK's head. Lyndon Johnson was sworn into office shortly after the president was declared dead. John F. Kennedy's assassination was perhaps "the first global instant of tragedy." Through the miracle of satellite transmission, the events that awful weekend were beamed far and wide on television and evoked an outpouring of emotion.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

headed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. this civil rights group lead sit in for equality. Had a quintessential role in black rights.

Pope John Paul (Role in ending Cold War)

helped gain poland solidarity and free elections. helped western europe fight communism mostly with poland.

The National Defense Act

increased the regular Army to 223,000 over a five year period. It strengthened the National Guard to 450,000 men and tightened federal controls. Both this and the Naval Expansion Act paved the way for America taking a more aggressive part in foreign policy.

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people established FDR as one of the few public figures of the era who instinctively knew how to project his personality over the airwaves.

New Deal

introduced by FDR without explicitly repudiating the values of individualism and competition, it established a mixed, and a welfare economy. It emphasized the protection and promotion of civil liberties and civil rights even as it deemphasized property rights and entrepreneurial opportunity. made collective democratic liberalism the norm in American politics

Taft-Hartley Act

is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions. became law despite President Harry Truman's (1945-1953) veto. Also known as the Labor-Management Relations Act, it passed Congress in 1947 and established guidelines to correct unions' unfair labor practices. did several things to regulate labor practices in the United States.

Henry "Scoop" Jackson

known as the "senator from Boeing" for his close ties to the military-industrial complex in his home state of Washington. He was moderately liberal on domestic issues but a hardline anti-Communist in foreign policy leader of congress during ford's administration

The Great Railroad Strike of 1922

launched on July 1, 1922, by seven of the sixteen railroad labor organizations in existence at the time, the strike continued into the month of August before collapsing. President Warren G. Harding and his corrupt administration smashed the strike. The collective action of some 400,000 workers in the summer of 1922 was the largest railroad work stoppage since the American Railway Union's Pullman Strike of 1894 and the biggest American strike of any kind since the Great Steel Strike of 1919.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

non violent civil rights group founded in 1942; lead sit ins at chicago restaurants to help desegregate the public accommodations; helped organize the Freedom Rides; allowed white participation; fought through direct action Played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement.

The Suez Crisis

originated from the broader struggle between Arab nationalists and European colonialism that heated up after Nasser's 1952 overthrow of the British puppet King Farouk in Egypt. Nasser in July 1956 stunned the world by nationalizing the British-run corporation that managed the Suez Canal, rationalizing that he needed the tolls to pay for his Aswan project (a dam project) and thus settling off a dangerous four-month crisis. On October 29, 1956, Israel, with help from Great Britain and France, attacked, seizing the Sinai and Gaza without significant opposition; they wanted to regain control of the Suez Canal.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

outlawed the most blatant forms of discrimination and made them into federal legal problems that were tackled by a zealous bureaucracy increasingly eager to promote African American advancement. This bill that in effect admitted Southern African Americans to the most basic rights of free citizenship, changed the character of the Southern electorate, and laid the basis for a quiet political revolution in several states. Set the stage for modern day black political equality.

The Freedom of Information Act

passed over Ford's veto, this act offered it's citizens/scholars/journalist greater access to federal documents a example of the more assertive liberal congress in a post watergate quest to enact reforms and diminish the imperial presidency

Reconstruction

rebuilding of the united states south due to the 13/14 amendments. Lasted from 1865-1877 This caused Southern resentment well into the twentieth century.

Bush tax cuts

refers to changes to the United States tax code passed originally during the "Baby" Bush's presidency and extended by Obama. The Tax Cuts were recently (2012) overturned. The Bush Tax cuts refer to three Acts: Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA) Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. o led to the rich shouldering more of the income tax burden and the poor shouldering less; while the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) has concluded that the tax cuts have conferred the "largest benefits, by far on the highest income households."

Hooverville

shanty towns built by homeless people; they were named after, obviously, Herbert Hoover, who was during the onset of the Depression and widely blamed for it. illustrated the (unfair?) blamed placed on hoover

Jackie Robinson (in terms of civil rights)

signed to the brooklyn dodgers in 1945 becoming the first black athlete. helped lead to the desegregation of sports, which can help shift the culture from a young age.

Peace Corps

the Alliance for Progress, greater attention to the aspirations of the Third World, a more informal shirt-sleeve diplomacy - however flawed and superficial in execution - gave American foreign policy a tinge of democratic humanity it had lacked under Eisenhower. Kennedy was also willing to back away in areas such as Laos where American claims were dubious and American power seemed overextended.

Robert McNamara

the New York Times was given what came to be called "The Pentagon Papers," a classified history of the origins and escalation of the Vietnam War ordered by Johnson's secretary of defense, Robert McNamara. "The Pentagon Papers" appeared to confirm what antiwar critics had long been saying - that that government had repeatedly misled the public about what it was doing in Vietnam and the success attained.

Alain Locke

the first African American Rhodes scholar, who was a professor of philosophy at Howard University, led and shaped the movement during which Upper Manhattan became a hotbed of creativity in the post-World War I (1914-18) era. Wrote the New Negro. Insisted that art should be for art's sake only and to resist attempts to limit the freedom of artistic expression opposed to art for political/propaganda

Louis Armstrong

the first great Jazz soloist when he moved from King Oliver's Creole Band in Chicago to Fletcher Henderson's Band in NYC in 1924 Key player of jazz age, and created foundations for the future of jazz.

Works Progress Administration or Works Projects Administration

the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. offered government jobs to the jobless

Bessie Smith

the most important Blues singer of the 1920s. Her success early in her career earned her the nickname "Empress of the Blues," giving her the chance to work with famous musicians like Louis Armstrong, Joe Smith, Charlie Green, and Fletcher Henderson. Important musician of the jazz age.

General Term: Sunbelt (Aging population)

the movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern states to the south and southwest region during retirement As american live longer, the average population is older, a worrying figure for the future of american workforce.

Multiculturalism (reactions to)

the preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society, as a state or nation reacted with joy ( creation of new mixed cultures) or fear ( stronger immigration laws/rise of xenophobic politicians)

M.A.D. - Mutual Assured Destruction

the sheer terror of annihilation M.A. D. brought on willingness from both sides to compromise nuclear proliferation. As long as the playing field was equal, there would be no nuclear war

Domino Theory

theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s that posited that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. began to be used as a shorthand expression of the strategic importance of South Vietnam to the United States, as well as the need to contain the spread of communism throughout the world.

War Powers Act

this act attempted to curtail the president's authority to send troops into battle without congressional authorization a example of the more assertive liberal congress in a post watergate quest to enact reforms and diminish the imperial presidency

Velvet Revolution

took place in Czechoslovakia in 1989. Was a gentle revolution or transition of power. Put a swift end to communism in Czechoslovakia.

American Exceptionalism

treasured myth claims that the United States, as the world's morally superior nation, has special responsibilities and privileges; it is often included with the idea that God has laid a special blessing on the United States. Used to excuse America's involvement in world conflicts and other questionable choices

Fredrick Douglas

was an escaped slave who became a prominent activist, author and public speaker. He became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, before and during the Civil War.

Department of Homeland Security

was introduced in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and subsequent mailings of anthrax spores. Created new cabinet level position. The department of defense works with military and foreign affairs overseas, the DHS works within the country to protect the citizens.