ONLN Psych ch 1-7

__________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Intelligence

The person who is most closely associated with the study of the unconscious is

Sigmund Freud

The site where communication occurs between neurons is called the

Synapse

Which of the following terms refers to the waking state?

Conscious

According to ________ we perceive a car as a whole unit rather than perceiving it as a group of distinct entities (such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders).

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?

It is brief but grammatically correct.

In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true of learning theory?

Learning theorists, such as B.F. Skinner, see language as developing according to laws of learning.

Which of the following is an example of a negative punishment?

Losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew

__________ is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products.

Nicotine

Jane Goodall is very famous for her studies on chimpanzees. She systematically watched and recorded the behavior of the chimpanzees in their natural environment. She was conducting ____

Observational studies

A young woman gets a severe blow to the head from an accident. Although her eyes are still fully functional, she can no longer see. Based on this information, her doctor determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the ________ lobes.

Occipital

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is best explained by

Operant conditioning

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:

90 minutes

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?

People need more sleep when they are under stress.

A student is reading her psychology textbook. The light reflects off the words on the page and falls on the sensory receptors in her retina, which results in ________. Then her brain interprets the stimuli as particular words, which is called ________.

Sensation; perception

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:

both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence.

People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience __________ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations.

delirium tremens

A conditioned emotional response, such as Little Albert's fear, is an emotion that is _____.

elicited by a previously neutral stimulus

In the nature/nurture debate, the term nurture refers to the questions of how __________________ factors affect the mind, brain and behavior.

enviornmental

A young child has accidentally locked himself in his room. The mother is trying to figure out how to unlock the door. Unfortunately, she doesn't realize that her butter knife could be used to unlock the door. This illustrates ___________.

functional fixedness

A child is skilled at problem solving and possesses broad reasoning abilities. According to Charles Spearman, his abilities are indicative of _________.

general intelligence

The occurrence of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus is called stimulus _____.

generalization

A 10-year-old boy, knows that snakes are reptiles, all reptiles are animals, and all animals are living things. In this scenario, he organizes concepts in ________.

hierarchies

The brain structure that is associated with the formation of memories is the

hippocampus

Continuous reinforcement is "better" when it comes to _____; partial reinforcement is "better" when it comes to _____.

initial learning of a behavior; resistance to extinction

The human body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, which are called

neurons

A consequence that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called _____.

reinforcement

Brad has experienced a relatively severe left hemisphere stroke. As a result, we expect that he will have trouble moving which side of his body?

right

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _____.

selective attention

When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of the desired response, they are engaged in _____ a behavior.

shaping

This set of symbols +++++///// would typically be perceived as two separate groups of characters. The Gestalt principle that explains this perception is

similarity

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______.

sleep apnea

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, __________ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

substance use disorder

Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.

true

Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is an _____

unconditioned stimulus

The brain structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex is called the

corpus callosum

Studies with twins, as discussed in the book, found that __________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

monozygotic twins

Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called _____.

operant conditioning

A three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitted down." These examples illustrate ____________.

overregularization

After cautiously walking home and arriving safely from her late-night class, Selma notices that both her heart rate and breathing slow down. This automatic return to a normal state is due to the activity of her ________ nervous system.

parasympathetic

The idea that the brain is extremely malleable and is continuously changing as a result of injury, experiences, or substances is known as

plasticity

The variable that a researcher varies or changes in an experiment is called the

Independent variable

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.

central

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste?

spicy

In an elementary school, the children whose parents read to them every day do better on reading tests. This illustrates

A positive correlation

__________are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.

Concepts

_________ is defined by the ability to cope with novel situations and generate many possible solutions to problems.

Creative intelligence

The video that you watched with twins was demonstrating which of the following?

Babbling

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?

Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels.

__________ generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system.

Depressant drugs

Kendra loves spicy curry, but her husband prefers a mild curry. Starting with a mild curry, Kendra increases the spiciness every time she cooks. One day her husband complains that the curry is too spicy. After that, Kendra always makes the curry as spicy as the last time before her husband complained. With this exercise, Kendra assessed her husband's

Difference threshold

Which of the following has been shown to help people manage pain?

Distraction

According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of dreams?

Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.

According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation.

False

Because psychologists have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence.

False

The sense that allows you to determine the location of your body and limbs in space is called

Kinesthetic

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language?

Language Acquisition Device

_____ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly

Narcolepsy

Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?

Practical intelligence

The________ is a thin inner surface behind the eyeball and it contains the sensory receptors rods and cones.

Retina

A professor would like to find out whether her study guide helps students perform better on exams. She randomly assigns students to one of two groups: Group 1 receives her study guide and Group 2 receives no study guide. Then, after three weeks, the performance of each student is measured on an exam. What is the dependent variable in this study?

Student's performance on the exam

The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected 50 percent of the time is called

The absolute threshold

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?

The study of mental activity and behavior

_____ is the habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects.

Tolerance

It seems like every day you experience a decrease in your mental alertness around 2 or 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily occurrence in your mental alertness is an example of:

a circadian rhythm.

Bandura's observational learning studies focused on how ____.

children learn aggressive behaviors by observing aggressive models

Which of the following substances is a stimulant?

cocaine

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____.

direct inner awareness

Lisa has problems sleeping, so she goes to a sleep clinic. At the clinic the researchers measure her brain's electrical activity as she sleeps by using the technique of

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A six-year-old child, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year-old. In this scenario, he has a(n) __________ of eight.

mental age

A 10-year-old girl has a mental age (MA) of 12. Her intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is __________.

120

Before researchers can begin a research project at their school or medical center, they must receive approval from the

Institutional Review Board

A myelin sheath is a fatty layer that protects the axon, so it is most like the

Insulation around a pipe

There are many perspectives, or schools of thought, in psychology. Which of the following questions do behaviorists attempt to answer?

How do consequences of behavior influence the occurance of the behavior?

_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

Hypnosis

A link to some some optical (also called visual) illusions was posted. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding these illusions?

Illusions help reveal normal perceptual processes.

In the context of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS), which of the following statements is true of intelligence quotient (IQ)?

It reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual age.

informed consent means that

Participants must be told about the research study and allowed to choose whether they would like to participate

A man is sitting outside, looking at his beautiful garden. As the sun goes down, the colors become dull and finally the colors become shades of gray. This change happens because the

Rods are taking over for the cones

According to your text, older adults sleep less because

of physical discomfort.