Openstax Sociology Midterm Review Chapters 1-10

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The Hawthorne Effect

A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________.

Reliability

A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated

Reliable

A measurment is considered ___ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure

A symbol

A nation's flag is ______

Interpretive Framework

A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing.

Conflict Theory

A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using?

interact

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share culture and who ____

In their teenage years

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes ________

Symbolic Interactionist

After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups.

The hidden curriculum of schools

Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of:

secondary data analysis

Alexis wants to research the 1960's feminist movement. She reads articles from the time period, watches documentaries, reads scholarly journals on the topic, and interviews influential women from the movement. What kind of research method is Alexis using?

Quantitative

Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method.

imagination

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological ______ to study how society affects individuals

People base their images on how they think other people see them

Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that:

Herbert Blumer

Coined the phrase symbolic interactionism

Society and culture

Could not exist without each other

Regulates behavior

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society

Berger

Describes sociologists as concerned with both monumental moments in people's lives and common everyday life events

Collective Conscience

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society.

Macro-level; micro-level

Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____.

Ethnocentrism

Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______.

How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life

Erik Erikson's theory explains:

Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage

George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows:

Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills)

How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure

an innovation

In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____.

participant observation

In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____.

Subculture

In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ______.

Qualitative Sociology

In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

The hippie movement of the 1960's

Is an example of counterculture

Nature vs. Nurture

It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory?

ascribed status

Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______.

Structural Functionalism

Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under?

The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois.

Karl Marx asserted that the means of societal change existed in the tension between:

dependent variable

Kendra is researching the effects of vitamin C on test-taking ability. Before the exam, Kendra gives group A orange juice, and group B Water. Vitamin C is the________.

harmful

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was _____

Secondary Data

Kyle is collecting newspaper clippings from his grandfather about the American public's perception of World War II. This is an example of ______.

Conflict

Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit?

case study

Miguel is doing a research paper on New York City's Stone Wall riots of 1969. He visits the scene of the riots, interviews people who were there, reads the police reports of the event, and watches video footage. Miguel is conducting a(n) ______.

Subculture

Modern-day hipsters are an example of ______

Universalism/Cultural universals

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of _____

role performance

On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ______.

Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not

One difference between a more and a folkway is ________

The looking-glass self

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________.

understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow

Parents often socialize their children to

manifest; latent

Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function.

Ethnography

Quincia is studying how of the lack of comprehensive sex education is affecting a small, rural town in North Dakota. She spends two months in the town, observing and interviewing the townspeople. Quincia is conducting a(n) _____.

Culture Shock

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of ____

Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with

Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role?

anticipatory socialization

Sumaira is scared that she will not find a job in the current economy. She decides to be a business major and attend one of the top business schools in the country. Upon graduation, she is hired by a major investment banking firm in New York. Sumaira has completed:

Globalization

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of

cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities

The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because:

Nonmaterial Culture

The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?

Counterculture

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?

Dramaturgical analysis

The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or, the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as:

Karl Marx

This founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle

secondary data analysis

Thomas wants to better understand the trends in literacy rates in Baltimore city over the past 50 years using Baltimore city data. What type of research should Thomas conduct?

field research

Tyson is researching whether actors on prime-time television and hit movies negatively impact teenagers' body images. He is going undercover at a local high school to observe and participate with the students to better understand the world they live in. Tyson is conducting which research method?

Nonreactive

Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ____ research method

their culture

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by ______

Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms

Weber's proposal of antipositivism influenced sociological researchers to ______ while examining different social worlds

Constructivism

What approach is often used to understand what's defined as deviant within a society?

It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world.

What is the importance of interpretive framework?

Functionalism/structural functionalism

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts?

Aguste Comte

Which of the following men coined the term Positivism, and is widely considered the father of sociology?

Emile Durkheim

Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on personal merit?

Cultural Lag

Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of

Karl Marx; Communism

____ Believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored _______

habitualization

_____ describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern.

Structural Functionalists

_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society.

a large survey

_____ would be what a quantitative sociologist used to gather data

A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama

______ is NOT an example of organic solidarity

The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club.

______ is an example of an informal sanction

incest taboos

______ is/are an example of a cultural universal

History

______ was a topic of study in early sociology

Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.

_______ is an example of cultural relativism

To ensure the financial gain of the researchers

_______ is not a purpose of the American Sociological Association's code of ethics

The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account

_________ is not an example of a sociological hypothesis

Gathering data from government studies

____________is an example of nonreactive research

Observing study participants without their consent

______is an example of an unethical sociological research practice

Values

a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society

Value Neutrality

a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results

Anomie

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Theatrical Roles

a symbolic interactionist might compare social interactions to ______

considered secondary data

books and articles written by other other authors about their studies are ____

Receive corroboration from the field

is NOT a step in the scientific method

Symbolic Interactionism

is the theory most likely to look at the social world on a micro level

innovation

ome jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to

identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to _______

variable

sociological studies test relationships in which change in one _____ causes change in another

Xenocentrisim

the belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture

Mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture

the biggest difference between mores and folkways is that ______

Alienation

the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self

Social Control

the existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform _______, otherwise known as social conformity

Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

the major difference between invention and discovery is ________

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by the_____

Participant observation

the research technique most likely to be used by a symbolic interactionist

____ describes sociology as a subject

the study of society and social interaction

Sociology

the systematic study of society and social interaction

Versthen

to understand in a deep way

It defined the differences between sociology and psychology

Émile Durkheim's much lauded study of suicide is important to the field of sociology in many ways. One of the most influential impacts was:


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