Openstax Sociology Midterm Review Chapters 1-10
The Hawthorne Effect
A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________.
Reliability
A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated
Reliable
A measurment is considered ___ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure
A symbol
A nation's flag is ______
Interpretive Framework
A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing.
Conflict Theory
A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using?
interact
A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share culture and who ____
In their teenage years
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes ________
Symbolic Interactionist
After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups.
The hidden curriculum of schools
Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of:
secondary data analysis
Alexis wants to research the 1960's feminist movement. She reads articles from the time period, watches documentaries, reads scholarly journals on the topic, and interviews influential women from the movement. What kind of research method is Alexis using?
Quantitative
Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method.
imagination
C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological ______ to study how society affects individuals
People base their images on how they think other people see them
Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that:
Herbert Blumer
Coined the phrase symbolic interactionism
Society and culture
Could not exist without each other
Regulates behavior
Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society
Berger
Describes sociologists as concerned with both monumental moments in people's lives and common everyday life events
Collective Conscience
Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society.
Macro-level; micro-level
Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____.
Ethnocentrism
Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______.
How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life
Erik Erikson's theory explains:
Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage
George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows:
Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills)
How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure
an innovation
In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____.
participant observation
In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____.
Subculture
In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ______.
Qualitative Sociology
In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data
The hippie movement of the 1960's
Is an example of counterculture
Nature vs. Nurture
It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory?
ascribed status
Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______.
Structural Functionalism
Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under?
The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois.
Karl Marx asserted that the means of societal change existed in the tension between:
dependent variable
Kendra is researching the effects of vitamin C on test-taking ability. Before the exam, Kendra gives group A orange juice, and group B Water. Vitamin C is the________.
harmful
Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was _____
Secondary Data
Kyle is collecting newspaper clippings from his grandfather about the American public's perception of World War II. This is an example of ______.
Conflict
Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit?
case study
Miguel is doing a research paper on New York City's Stone Wall riots of 1969. He visits the scene of the riots, interviews people who were there, reads the police reports of the event, and watches video footage. Miguel is conducting a(n) ______.
Subculture
Modern-day hipsters are an example of ______
Universalism/Cultural universals
Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of _____
role performance
On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ______.
Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not
One difference between a more and a folkway is ________
The looking-glass self
Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________.
understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow
Parents often socialize their children to
manifest; latent
Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function.
Ethnography
Quincia is studying how of the lack of comprehensive sex education is affecting a small, rural town in North Dakota. She spends two months in the town, observing and interviewing the townspeople. Quincia is conducting a(n) _____.
Culture Shock
Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of ____
Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with
Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role?
anticipatory socialization
Sumaira is scared that she will not find a job in the current economy. She decides to be a business major and attend one of the top business schools in the country. Upon graduation, she is hired by a major investment banking firm in New York. Sumaira has completed:
Globalization
That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of
cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities
The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because:
Nonmaterial Culture
The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?
Counterculture
The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?
Dramaturgical analysis
The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or, the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as:
Karl Marx
This founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle
secondary data analysis
Thomas wants to better understand the trends in literacy rates in Baltimore city over the past 50 years using Baltimore city data. What type of research should Thomas conduct?
field research
Tyson is researching whether actors on prime-time television and hit movies negatively impact teenagers' body images. He is going undercover at a local high school to observe and participate with the students to better understand the world they live in. Tyson is conducting which research method?
Nonreactive
Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ____ research method
their culture
Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by ______
Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms
Weber's proposal of antipositivism influenced sociological researchers to ______ while examining different social worlds
Constructivism
What approach is often used to understand what's defined as deviant within a society?
It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world.
What is the importance of interpretive framework?
Functionalism/structural functionalism
What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts?
Aguste Comte
Which of the following men coined the term Positivism, and is widely considered the father of sociology?
Emile Durkheim
Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on personal merit?
Cultural Lag
Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of
Karl Marx; Communism
____ Believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored _______
habitualization
_____ describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern.
Structural Functionalists
_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society.
a large survey
_____ would be what a quantitative sociologist used to gather data
A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama
______ is NOT an example of organic solidarity
The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club.
______ is an example of an informal sanction
incest taboos
______ is/are an example of a cultural universal
History
______ was a topic of study in early sociology
Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.
_______ is an example of cultural relativism
To ensure the financial gain of the researchers
_______ is not a purpose of the American Sociological Association's code of ethics
The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account
_________ is not an example of a sociological hypothesis
Gathering data from government studies
____________is an example of nonreactive research
Observing study participants without their consent
______is an example of an unethical sociological research practice
Values
a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society
Value Neutrality
a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results
Anomie
a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness
Theatrical Roles
a symbolic interactionist might compare social interactions to ______
considered secondary data
books and articles written by other other authors about their studies are ____
Receive corroboration from the field
is NOT a step in the scientific method
Symbolic Interactionism
is the theory most likely to look at the social world on a micro level
innovation
ome jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to
identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure
seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to _______
variable
sociological studies test relationships in which change in one _____ causes change in another
Xenocentrisim
the belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture
Mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture
the biggest difference between mores and folkways is that ______
Alienation
the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self
Social Control
the existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform _______, otherwise known as social conformity
Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way
the major difference between invention and discovery is ________
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by the_____
Participant observation
the research technique most likely to be used by a symbolic interactionist
____ describes sociology as a subject
the study of society and social interaction
Sociology
the systematic study of society and social interaction
Versthen
to understand in a deep way
It defined the differences between sociology and psychology
Émile Durkheim's much lauded study of suicide is important to the field of sociology in many ways. One of the most influential impacts was: