Operation of systems

ADC, air data computer provides:

- altitude - airspeed - vertical speed - OAT

What method is used to determine that carburetor ice has been eliminated ?

1) When heat is first applied, there will be a drop in RPM in airplanes equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller; there will be a drop in manifold pressure in airplanes equipped with a controllable-pitch propeller. 2) If ice is present there will be a rise in RPM or manifold pressure after the initial drop (often accompanied by intermittent engine roughness); and then, when the carburetor heat is turned "off," the RPM or manifold pressure will rise to a setting greater than that before application of heat. 3) The engine should run more smoothly after the ice has been removed.

How does the carburetor heat system work

A carburetor heat valve, controlled by the pilot, allows unfiltered heated air from a shroud located around an exhaust riser or muffler to be directed to the induction air manifold prior to the carburetor.

What type of engine does your aircraft have

A horizontally opposed four-cylinder, direct drive, air-cooled, carbureted engine. The engine is manufactured by Lycoming and is rated at 112 HP.

During a cross - country flight you notice that the oil pressure is low , but is the oil temperature is normal . What is the problem and what action the should be taken ?

A low oil pressure in flight could be the result of any one of several problems , the most common If the oil temperature continues to remain being that of insufficient oil normal , a clogged oil pressure relief valve or an oil pressure gauge malfunction could be the culprit . In any case , a landing at the nearest airport is advisable to check for the cause of trouble .

What is the function of a magnetometer ?

A magnetometer is a device that measures the strength of the earth's magnetic field to determine aircraft heading; it provides this information digitally to the AHRS, which then sends it to the PFD.

What are the limitations of the heading indicator ?

About 55 degrees of itch and bank. If exceeded, the instrument tumbles.

True Altitude

Actual height above mean sea level (MSL)

Can other types of fuel be used if the specified grade is not available

Airplane engines are designed to operate using a specific grade of fuel as recommended by the manufacturer. If the proper grade of fuel is not available, it is possible, but not desirable, to use the next higher grade as a substitute. Always reverence to the aircraft's AFM or POH.

What instruments operate off of the pitot / static system ?

Altimeter, Vertical Speed, and Airspeed Indicator

Indicated altitude

Altitude read directly from the altimeter.

Interpret the following ammeter indications

Ammeter indicates a right deflection (positive). • After starting—Power from the battery used for starting is being replenished by the alternator; or, if a full-scale charge is indicated for more than 1 minute, the starter is still engaged and a shutdown is indicated. • During flight—A faulty voltage regulator is causing the alternator to overcharge the battery. Reset the system and if the condition continues, terminate the flight as soon as possible. b. Ammeter indicates a left deflection (negative). • After starting—It is normal during start. At other times this indicates the alternator is not functioning or an overload condition exists in the system. The battery is not receiving a charge. • During flight—The alternator is not functioning or an overload exists in the system. The battery is not receiving a charge. Possible causes: the master switch was accidentally shut off, or the alternator circuit breaker tripped.

How does the vacuum system operate

An engine driven vacuum pump creates suction. Air is pulled through a filter and then directed to the instrument case. Rotor vanes on the gyros catch the air like a water wheel and cause it to rotate at a high speed.

What display information will be lost when an AHRS failure occurs ?

An inoperative attitude indicator (red X) on a PFD indicates failure of the AHRS.

How does an altimeter work

Aneroid wafers expand and contract as atmospheric pressure changes, through shaft and gear linkage, rotate pointers on a dial of the instrument

What purpose do fuel tank vents have

As the fuel level in an aircraft fuel tank decreaes, without vents a vacuum would be created within the tank which would eventually result in a decreasing fuel flow and finally engine stoppage. Fuel system venting provides a way of replacing fuel with outside air, preventing formation of a vacuum. Tanks may be vented through the filler cap or through a tube extending through the surface of the wing.

AHRS

Attitude Heading Reference Systems consists of sensors on three axes that provide attitude information for aircraft, including roll, pitch and yaw.They are designed to replace traditional mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments and provide superior reliability and accuracy.

Define the terms anti - icing equipment and deicing equipment and state several examples of each .

Anti-icing equipment- prevents ice formation on certain protecting surfaces. Examples are heated pitot tubes and static ports, carburetor heat, heated fuel vents, propeller blades with electro thermal boots, and heated windshields. It is normally actuated prior to flight into suspected icing conditions. De-icing equipment- removes ice that has already formed on protected surfaces. It's is generally limited to pneumatic boots on the wing and tail leading edges.

What are the errors of the attitude indicator ?

Attitude indicators are free from most errors, but depending upon the speed with which the erection system functions, there may be a slight nose-up indication during rapid acceleration and a nose-down indication during a rapid deceleration. There is also a possibility of a small bank angle and pitch error after a 180* turn. These inherent errors are small and correct themselves within a minute or so after returning to straight and level flight.

What error is the heading indicator subject to ?

Because of precession, caused by friction, the heading indicator will creep or drift from a heading to which it is set. 15 degrees of error per hour of operations.

True airspeed

Calibrated airspeed corrected for altitude and nonstandard temperature

What does the carburetor do ?

Carburetion may be defined as the process of mixing fuel and air in the correct proportions to from a combustable mixture. the carburetor vaporizes liquid fuel into a small particles and then mixes it with air. it measures the airflow and meters fuel accordingly

What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops on the ground during starting ?

Continue to attempt an engine start as a start will cause flames and excess fuel to be sucked back through the carburetor. a. If the engine starts:• Increase the power to a higher RPM for a few moments; and • Shut down the engine and inspect it. b. If the engine does not start: • Set the throttle to the "Full" position. • Set the mixture control to "Idle cutoff." • Continue to try an engine start in an attempt to put out the fire by vacuum. c. If the fire continues:• Turn the ignition switch to "Off." • Turn the master switch to "Off." • Set the fuel selector to "Off." In all cases, evacuate the aircraft and obtain a fire extinguisher and/or assistance.

What action should be taken if preignition is suspected

Corrective actions for preignition include any type of engine operation which would promote cooling such as: a. Reduce power. b. Reduce the climb rate for better cooling. c. Enrich the fuel/air mixture. d. Open cowl flaps if available.

What is detonation

Detonation is an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder's combustion chamber If not corrected lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or values also cause engine overheating, roughness, or loss of power

Describe the electrical system on your aircraft

Electrical energy is provided by a 28-volt, direct-current system powered by an engine-driven 60-amp alternator and a 24-volt battery.

What are the four main control surfaces and what are their functions

Elevators- they control the movement of the airplane about its lateral axis. This motion is called pitch. Ailerons - they control the airplane's movement about its longitudinal axis. This motion is called roll. Rudder - it controls movement of the airplane about its vertical axis. This motion is called yaw. Trim Tabs - They are small, adjustable hinged-surfaces on the aileron, rudder, or elevator control surfaces. They are labor-saving devices that enable the pilot to release manual pressure on the primary control.

If an airplane has anti - icing and / or deicing equipment installed , can it be flown into icing conditions ?

Even though it may appear elaborate and complete, the presence of anti-icing and deicing equipment does not necessarily mean that an airplane is approved for flight in icing conditions. The AFM/POH, placards, and even the manufacturer should be consulted for specific determination of approvals and limitations.

Which standby flight instruments are normally provided in an advanced avionics aircraft ?

Every aircraft equipped with electronic flight instruments must also contain a minimal set of backup/standby instruments. Usually conventional "round dial instruments," they typically include an attitude indicator, an airspeed indicator, and an altimeter.

FD

Flight Director

FMS

Flight Management System. A computer system that uses a large database to allow routes to be preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a data loader.

How does the aircraft cabin heat work

Fresh air, heated by an exhaust shroud, is directed to the cabin through a series of ducts

Pressure Altitude

Height above the standard datum plane when 29.92 is set in the altimeter.

Describe the braking system on this aircraft

Hydraulically actuated disk type brakes are used on each main gear wheel. A hydraulic line connects each brake to a master cylinder location on each pilot's rudder pedals. By applying pressure to the top of either the pilot's or copilot's set of rudder pedals, the brake may be applied.

What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous charge while in flight ( more than two needle widths ) ?

If a continuous excessive rate of charge where allowed for any extended period of time, the battery would overheat and evaporate the electrolyte at an excessive rate. A possible explosion of the battery could result. Also, electronic components in the electrical system would be adversely affected by higher than normal voltage. Protection is provided by an overvoltage sensor which will shut the alternator down if an excessive voltage is detected. If this should occur the following should be done: a. The alternator should be turned off: pull the circuit breaker, b. All electrical equipment not essential to flight should be turned off c. The flight should be terminated and a landing made as soon as possible.

What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power in flight ?

If a partial loss of power occurs, the first priority is to establish and maintain a suitable airspeed (best glide airspeed if necessary). Then, select an emergency landing area and remain within gliding distance. As time allows, attempt to determine the cause and correct it. Complete the following checklist: a. Check the carburetor heat. b. Check the amount of fuel in each tank and switch fuel tanks if necessary. c. Check the fuel selector valve's current position. d. Check the mixture control. e. Check that the primer control is all the way in and locked. f. Check the operation of the magnetos in all three positions; both, left or right.

What are the various power sources that may be used to power the gyroscopic instruments in an airplane

In some airplanes, all the gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated; in others, vacuum or pressure systems provide the power for the heading and attitude indicators, while the electrical system provides the power for the turn coordinator. Most airplanes have at least two sources of power to ensure at least one source of bank information if one power source fails.

When a display failure occurs, what other system components will be affected?

In some systems, failure of a display will also result in partial loss of navigation, communication, and GPS capability. Reference your specific AFM/POH.

If one display fails (PFD or MFD), what information will be presented on the remaining display?

In the event of a display failure, some systems offer a reversion capability to display the primary flight instruments and engine instruments on the remaining operative display.

What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops in flight ?

In the event of an engine fire in flight, the following procedures should be used: a. Set the mixture control to "Idle cutoff." b. Set the fuel selector valve to "Off." c. Turn the master switch to "Off." d. Set the cabin heat and air vents to "Off"; leave the overhead vents "On." e. Establish an airspeed of 100 KIAS and increase the descent, if necessary, to find an airspeed that will provide for an incombustible mixture. f. Execute a forced landing procedures checklist.

INS

Inertial Navigation System - Measures aircraft accelerations to continuously compute aircraft velocity and change in present position

What display information will be affected when an ADC failure occurs ?

Inoperative airspeed, altitude, and vertical speed indicators (red Xs) on the PFD indicate the failure of the air data computer.

What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four stroke engine in order for it to produce full power ?

Intake- fuel mixture is drawn into cylinder by downward stroke compression- mixture is compressed by upward stroke power- spark ignites mixture forcing piston downward and producing power exhaust- burned gases pushed out of cylinder by upward stroke

What are the limitations of the vertical speed indicator ?

It is not accurate until the aircraft is stabilized. Sudden or abrupt changes in the aircraft attitude will cause erroneous instrument readings as airflow fluctuates over the static port. These changes are not reflected immediately by the VSI due to the calibrated leak.

What does the mixture control do

It regulates the fuel-to-air ratio.The purpose of a mixture control is to prevent the mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes, due to decreasing air density. It is also used to lean the mixture during cross-country flights to conserve fuel and provide optimum power.

What are the five basic functions of aircraft engine oil ?

LUBRICATES - the engine's moving parts COOLS - the engine by reducing friction REMOVES - heat from the cylinders SEALS - provides a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons CLEANS - by carrying off metal and carbon particles and other oil contaminants

How is steering accomplished on the ground

Light airplanes are generally provided with nosewheel steering capabilities through a simple system of mechanical linkage connected to the rudder pedals. When a rudder pedal is depressed, a spring-loaded bungee (push-pull rod) connected to the pivotal portion of a nosewheel strut will turn the nosewheel.

How does the magnetic compass work

Magnetized needles fastened to a float assembly , around which is mounted a compass card, aligned themselves parallel to the earths lines of magnetic force. In a bowl filled with white-kerosene

How are the circuits for the various electrical accessories within the aircraft protected ? ( AFM )

Most of the electrical circuits in an airplane are protected from an overload condition by either circuit breakers or fuses or both. Circuit breakers perform the same function as fuses except that when an overload occurs, a circuit breaker can be reset.

MFD

Multifunction Flight Display Backup for PFD, used to monitor engine and power performance, fuel status, traffic, route selection, maps, approach charts, weather and terrain avoidance

Does your aircraft use a fuel pump?

No, the fuel is transferred from the wing tanks to the carburetor by "gravity feed" system. The gravity system does not require a fuel pump because the fuel is always under positive pressure to the carburetor. For some aircraft where for some reason it is not possible to place the wings above the carburetor, or which a greater pressure is required than what gravity feed can supply, it is necessary to utilize engine-driven fuel pumps and auxiliary fuel pumps as backups .

What are the limitations of a pressure altimeter ?

Nonstandard pressure and temperature; temperature variations expand or contract the atmosphere and raise or lower pressure levels that the altimeter senses. On a warm day - the pressure level is higher than on a standard day. The altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude. On a cold day - The pressure level is lower than on a standard day. The altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude. Remember: High to low or hot to cold, look out below!

What change occurs to the fuel / air mixture when applying carburetor heat

Normally, the introduction of heated air into the carburetor will result in a richer mixture. Warm air is less dense, resulting in less air for the same amount of fuel.

What are the various compass errors?

Oscillation error—Erratic movement of the compass card caused by turbulence or rough control technique. Deviation error— Due to electrical and magnetic disturbances in the aircraft. Variation error—Angular difference between true and magnetic north; reference isogonic lines of variation. Dip errors: a. Acceleration error— On east or west headings, while accelerating, the magnetic compass shows a turn to the north, and when decelerating, it shows a turn to the south. Remember: ANDS Accelerate North Decelerate South b. Northerly turning error—The compass leads in the south half of a turn, and lags in the north half of a turn. Remember: UNOS Undershoot North Overshoot South

What are the errors of the airspeed indicator ?

Position Error - Caused by the static ports sensing erroneous static pressure; slipstream flow causes disturbances at the static port preventing actual atmospheric pressure measurement. It varies with airspeed, altitude and configuration, and may be a plus or minus value. Density Error - Changes in altitude and temperature are not compensated for by the instrument. Compressibility Error - Caused by the packing of air into the pitot tube at high airspeeds, resulting in higher than normal indications. It is usually not a factor at slower speeds.

PFD

Primary Flight Display altimeter, VSI, turn coordinator, heading, airspeed

What type of hydraulic fluid does your aircraft use and what color is it ?

Refer to your AFM/POH: a mineral based hydraulic fluid (MIL-H-5606) is the most widely used type for small aircraft. It has an odor similar to penetrating oil and is dyed red. A newer, fire-resistant fluid (MIL-H-83282) is used in small aircraft and is dyed red.

What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope ?

Rigidly in space: A gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning. Precession: The titling or turning of a gyro in response to a deflective force. The reaction to this force does not occur at the point where it was applied; it occurs at a point 90 degrees later in the direction of ration. The rate at which the gyro presses is inversely proportional to the speed of the rotor and proportional to the deflective force.

What will the turn indicator indicate when the aircraft is in a " skidding " or a " slipping " turn

Slip - The ball in the tube will be on the inside of the turn; not enough rate of turn for the amount of bank. Skid - The ball in the tube will be to the outside of the turn; too much rate of turn for the amount of bank.

What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing ?

Temps are less than 70F/21C and humidity is greater than 80 percent.

Does an aircraft have to remain stationary during AHRS system initialization ?

Some AHRSs must be initialized on the ground prior to departure. The initialization procedure allows the system to establish a reference attitude used as a benchmark for all future attitude changes. Other systems are capable of initialization while taxiing as well as in flight.

How does the pilot control temperature in the cabin ?

Temperature is controlled by mixing outside air (cabin air control) with heated air (cabin heat control) in a manifold near the cabin firewall. This air is then ducted to vents located on the cabin floor.

Absolute Altitude

The actual distance between an aircraft and the terrain over which it is flying.

What is the limitation of the airspeed indicator ?

The airspeed indicator is subject to proper flow of air in the pitot/static system.

What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous discharge while in flight ?

The alternator has quit producing a charge, so the alternator circuit breaker should be checked and reset if necessary. If this does not correct the problem, the following should be accomplished: a. The alternator should be turned off; pull the circuit breaker (the field circuit will continue to draw power from the battery) b. All electrical equipment not essential to flight should be turned off (the battery is now the only source of electrical power). c. The flight should be terminated and a landing made as soon as possible.

What does the ammeter indicate

The ammeter indicates the flow of current, in amperes, from the alternator to the battery or from the battery to the electrical system. With the engine running and master switch on, the ammeter will indicate the charging rate to the battery. If the alternator has gone off-line and is no longer functioning, or the electrical load exceeds the output of the alternator, the ammeter indicates the discharge rate of the battery.

What type fuel does your aircraft require ( minimum octane rating and color ) ? ( AFM )

The approved fuel grade used is 100LL and the color is blue.

What limitations does the magnetic compass have ?

The jewel-and-pivot type mounting gives the float freedom to rotate and tilt up to approximately 18° angle of bank. At steeper bank angles, the compass indications are erratic and unpredictable.

Why is the generator / alternator voltage output slightly higher than the battery voltage

The difference in voltage keeps the battery charged. For example, a 12-volt battery would be supplied with 14 volts.

When powering up an aircraft with an FMS/RNAV unit installed, how will you verify the effective dates of the navigation database?

The effective dates for the navigation database are typically shown on a start-up screen that is displayed as the system cycles through its startup self-test.

How are the various flight controls operated

The flight control surfaces are manually actuated through use of either a rod or cable system. A control wheel actuates the ailerons and elevator, and rudder/brake pedals actuate the rudder.

Describe a fuel injection system installed in some aircraft

The fuel injection system injects fuel directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve. It incorporates six basic components: 1. ENGINE-DRIVEN FUEL PUMP - Provides fuel under pressure from the fuel tank to the fuel/air control unit. 2. FUEL/AIR CONTROL UNIT - meters fuel based on the mixture control setting and sends it to the fuel manifold valve at a rate controlled by the throttle. 3. FUEL MANIFOLD VALVE - distributes fuel to the individual fuel discharge nozzles. 4. DISCHARGE NOZZLES - located in each cylinder head, these inject the fuel/air mixture at the precise time for each cylinder directly into each cylinder intake port. 5. AUXILIARY FUEL PUMP - provides fuel under pressure to fuel/air control unit for engine starting and/or emergency use. 6. FUEL PRESSURE/FLOW INDICATORS - measures metered fuel pressure/flow.

What type of fuel system does your aircraft have

The fuel system is a "gravity feed" system. Using gravity, the fuel flows from two wing fuel tanks to a fuel shutoff valve which, in the "on" position, allows fuel to flow through a strainer and then to the carburetor. From there, the fuel is mixed with air and then flows into the cylinders through the intake manifold tubes.

How does the attitude indicator work ?

The gyro in the attitude indicator is mounted on a horizontal plane and depends upon rigidity in space for its operation. The horizon bar represents the true horizon and is fixed to the gyro; it remains in a horizontal plane as the airplane is pitched or banked about its lateral or longitudinal axis, indicating the attitude of the airplane relative to the true horizon.

Describe the landing gear system on this airplane

The landing gear consists of a tricycle-type system utilizing two main wheels and a steerable nosewheel. Tubular spring steel main gear struts provide main gear shock absorption, while nose gear shock absorption is provided by a combination air/oil shock strut.

During the before - takeoff runup , you switch the magnetos from the " BOTH " position to the " RIGHT position and notice there is no RPM drop . What condition does this indicate ?

The left P-lead is not grounding, or the engine has been running only on the right magneto because the left magneto has totally failed.

What is the function of the manual primer , and how does it operate

The manual primer's main function is to provide assistance in starting the engine. The primer draws fuel from the fuel strainer and injects it directly into the cylinder intake ports. This usually results in a quicker, more efficient engine start.

How does the heading indicator operate ?

The operation of the heading indicator uses the principle of rigidity in space. The rotor turns in a vertical plane, and the compass card is fixed to the rotor. Since the rotor remains rigid in space, the points on the card hold the same position in space relative to the vertical plane. As the instrument case and the airplane revolve around the vertical axis, the card provides clear and accurate heading information.

What are the limitations of an attitude indicator ?

The pitch and bank limits depend upon the make and model of the instrument. Limits in the banking plane are usually from 100 degrees to 110 degrees, and the pitch limits are usually from 60 to 70 degrees. If either limit is exceeded, the instrument will tumble or spill and will give incorrect indications until reset. A number of modern attitude indicators will not tumble.

Density Altitude

The pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.

Indicated Airspeed

The speed shown on the aircraft airspeed indicator.

What does the throttle do ?

The throttle allows the pilot to manually control the amount of fuel/air charge entering the cylinders. This in turn regulates engine manifold pressure.

How does the turn coordinator operate

The turn part of the instrument uses precession to indicate direction and approximate rate of turn. A gyro reacts by trying to move in reaction to the force applied, thus moving the miniature aircraft in proportion to the rate of turn. The inclinometer in the instrument is a black glass ball sealed inside a curved glass tube that is partially filled with a liquid. The ball measures the relative strength of the force of gravity and the force of inertia caused by a turn.

What causes carburetor icing , and what are the first indications of its presence ?

The vaporization of fuel, combined with the expansion of air as it passes through the carburetor, causes a sudden cooling of the mixture. Water vapor is squeezed out by this cooling, and if the temperature in the carburetor reaches 32 degrees F or below, the moisture will be deposited as frost or ice inside the carburetor. For airplanes with a fixed-pitch propeller, the first indication of carburetor icing is loss of RPM. For airplanes with controllable-pitch propellers, the first indication is usually a drop in manifold pressure.

How does the vertical speed indicator work ?

The vertical speed indicator is a pressure differential instrument. Using two aneroids with calibrated leak, one lagging more that the other causing the pressure difference to show and increase or decrease in altitude

What function does the voltage regulator have ?

The voltage regulator is a device which monitors system voltage, detects changes, and makes the required adjustments in the output of the alternator to maintain a constant regulated system voltage. It must do this at low RPM, such as during taxi, as well as at high RPM in flight. In a 28-volt system, it will maintain 28 volts +/- 0.5 volts.

What are flaps and what is their function ?

The wing flaps are movable panels on the inboard trailing edges of the wings They are hinged so that they may be extended downward into the flow of air beneath the wings to increase both lift and drag. Their purpose is to permit a slower airspeed and a steeper angle of descent during a landing approach. In some cases, they may also be used to shorten the takeoff distance.

Describe how an aircraft deicing system works .

Upon pilot actuation, boots attached to the wing leading edges inflate with air from a pneumatic pump(s) to break off accumulated ice. After a few seconds of inflation, they are deflated back to their normal position with vacuum assistance. The pilot monitors the buildup of ice and cycles the boots as directed in the AFM/POH.

If a non - turbine piston engine powered airplane is accidentally fueled with JET - A fuel , will it start ?

Yes, reciprocating engines may run briefly on jet fuel, but detonation and overheating will soon cause power failure.

The electrical system provides power for what equipment in an airplane

a. Radio equipment b. Turn coordinator c. fuel gauges d. pitot heat e. landing light f. taxi light g. strobe lights h. interior lights i. instrument lights j. position lights k. Flaps (maybe) l. stall warning system m. oil temperature gauge n. electric fuel pump

What instruments contain gyroscopes

a. Turn Coordinator b. Heading Indicator c. Attitude Indicator

What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation

a. Using a lower fuel grade than that specified by the aircraft manufacturer. b. Operating with extremely high manifold pressures in conjunction with low RPM. c. Operating the engine at high power settings with an excessively lean mixture. d. Extended ground operations or steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced.

What are the two main advantages of a dual ignition system ?

a. increased safety: in case one system fails the engine may be operated on the other until a landing is safely made. b. more complete and even combustion of the mixture, and consequently, improved engine performance.

What action should be taken if detonation is suspected ?

a. make sure proper grade of fuel is being used b. while on the ground keep the cowl flaps in the full open position c. during takeoff and initial climb, use an enriched fuel mixture, as well as a shallower climb angle to increase cylinder cooling d. avoid extended, high power, steep climbs e. develop habit of monitoring engine instruments to verify proper operation

Equivalent Airspeed

airspeed calculated after compensating for compression effects; usually only needed at speeds over 200 mph

What is preignition

fuel/air mix ignites too early, caused by hot spots or damage in cylinder, carbon on spark plugs

Calibrated airspeed

indicated airspeed corrected for installation and instrument errors

How does the airspeed indicator operate ?

it measure the difference between the impact pressure from the pitot head and atmospheric pressure from the static source

What information does the turn coordinator provide

it shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft around the vertical and longitudinal axes

What type of ignition system does your airplane have ?

provided by two engine-driven magnetos, and two spark plugs per cylinder. The system is completely independent of the aircraft electrical system. The magnetos are self contained units supplying electrical current without using an external power source. Before they can produce current, the magnetos must be actuated as the engine crankshaft is rotated. To accomplish this, the battery furnishes power to operate a starter which rotates the engine crankshaft. This in turn actuates the armature of the magneto to produce the sparks for ignition of the fuel in each cylinder. After the engine starts, the start system is disengage and the batter no longer contributes to the actual operation of the engine.