Oral histology

Mod 15

A cluster of pyramidal salivary gland cells is called a/an acinus A demilune is associated with which type of salivary gland? Submandibular I'll salivary glands can be classified as serous, mucous, or mixed Amylase is the major salivary protein true Children have ____ pallet tonsils large Each of the following is a major salivary gland except one. Which is the exception? Von Ebner Leukocytes from the gingival crevice and lymphocytes from the tonsils, which are in saliva, are known as salivary corpuscles Lingual tonsils have ____ crypts. Wide-mouthed Lymphocytes may transform into plasma cells true Mucous acini produces saliva that is low in protein and high in carbohydrates Mucous cells discharge mucin Myoepithelial cells arise from ____ but function as ____ cells epithelium, muscle Myoepithelial cells located on the pharyngeal tonsils help move secretions towards the oral cavity false Pharyngeal tonsils are covered in stratified squamous epithelium or respiratory epithelium true Seromucous glands, which underlie the palatine tonsils, perform which function? Flush and cleanse the tonsillar crypts Serous acinar cells secrete into the lumen of the acinus and then drain directly into intercalated ducts true Serous secretions are ____ protein and ____carbohydrate high in; low in Lingual salivary glands are located beneath the mucosa of the anterior floor of the mouth Sympathetic stimulation of the salivary gland produces which type of secretion? Organic The Wharton duct drains which salivary gland? submandibular The cells of the intercalated duct are cuboidal The function of amylase is to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates The germinal centers in tonsils serve which function? production of lymphocytes The intercalated ducts of the salivary gland contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory granules true The lingual tonsils are located on the surface of the posterior third of the tongue The major salivary glands contribute ____ of saliva 90% The minor salivary glands produce about the same amount of saliva as which of the major salivary glands? Sublingual The Palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils compose the Waldeyer ring true The salivary gland duct system consist of portions termed secretory and excretory Three _____ of saliva are secreted daily pints Tonsils contain cells that secrete saliva false Tonsils produce lymphocytes, which protect against microbial pathogens true Tubal tonsils are located at the opening of the Eustachian tubes What is the name of the duct that leads from the parotid salivary gland? Stenson What cells secrete zymogen granules? serous Which of the following glands secrete the enzyme Amylase? parotid and submandibular Which is the functional unit of the salivary gland? acinus Which minor salivary glands are located in the cheeks Buccal Which of the following is the functional unit of the salivary gland? Alveolus Which of the following is a tubal tonsil? an ectopic tonsil located near the Eustachian tube Which salary component facilitates the breakdown of carbohydrates? Zymogen granules Which Celebrie gland is the largest? parotid Which salivary gland produces the largest amount of saliva? submandibular Which statement is true? Plasma cells produce IgA Which structural characteristic makes the Palatine tonsils susceptible to infection? Deep crypts Parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary gland produces which type of secretion? Watery Which tonsil is NOT a constitute of the Waldeyer ring? tubal Which tonsil is also known as the adenoid? Pharyngeal Which tonsil is cryptless? Pharyngeal Which tonsil is located at the base of the tongue? lingual After the enamel organ differentiates, the dentinal lamina begins to degenerate An enamel ____ houses a small extension of living odontoblast spindle Each of the following is a component of the odontogenic zone, EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? blood vessels Each of the following objects in periodontal ligament are phagocytosed by macrophages EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception? Monocytes Branches of which cranial nerve are housed within the petrotympanic fissure? IX Organize the layers of the masticatory mucosa from the most superficial layer to the most internal. Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Mod 10

A continuing increase of cementum due to aging me obstructor apical canal Ankylosis is a natural result of__ injury At which of the following sites is the cementum thickest? Apex of the root Blood vessels never enter the cementum. In fact, blood vessels are seldom located near the surface of the cementum The first statement is true the second statement is false Calcium phosphate comprises what percentage of cementum? 45%-50% Simental sites found deep in the cementum have__ organelles than those found near the surface of the cementum fewer Cementum forms more rapidly than Dentin false Cementum has each of the following EXCEPT blood vessels Cementum is devoid of elastic fibers false Cementum is highly vascularized false Cementum is lustrous pale yellow in color False Cementum overlaps an animal in which percentage of cases? 60% cementum resorption is a characteristic of aging cementum False Cementum resorption is rare, even in older patients. In fact, cementum is more resistant to resorption than bone. the first statement is false the second statement Following resorption, cementum repair is a function of cementoblasts Free cementum are found in the periodontal ligament In what percentage of cases as a mentor me an animal? an 18-month-old female Incremental lines in cementum indicate rhythmic deposition Inner roots sheath cells form the cellular-acellular cementum false Intermediate cementum is softer than Dentin false Yeah intermediate cementum overlies Dentin true Some ___ have a long process is that lie in canaliculi cementocytes The area where Simental resorption stops and deposition begins is called a reversal line Intermediate cementum is situated between the granular layers of tomes and secondary cementum The initial layer of cement and contains an enamelin-like protein True The intermediate layer of cementum is ___ thick 10 pm The majority of some Mento sites reside within the apical cementum true Which of the following lists the relationship of cementum to enamel from the most frequently occurring to the least frequency occurring? overlap, 2 meet, 3. Gap The deposition of repair cement consistently results in A reverse line When does secondary cement and begin to form? after the intermediate cementum is completely formed Which best describes intermediate cementum? noncellular Which characteristic is not associated with aging cementum luster Which condition occurs most often? cementum forms from the enamel Which of the following is NOT found in cementum? nerves In order to compensate for the reduction of the occlusal height of a tooth that occurs due to aging, a series of changes occurs in multiple tissues. Which of the following is the correct sequence? PDL, alveolar bone, cementum To avoid confusion of similar terms most authors prefer which term for the first layer of cementum that is deposited by the inner layer of the epithelial cells to the root sheath? intermediate cementum Which of the following best defines a cementicle? and oh void calcification in the PDL Which of the following best defines the term ankylosis? Alveolar bone fuses with cementum. Which of the following is formed by cementoblasts and maintnained by cementocytes? Intrinsic fibers of the cementum ECM Which of the following is found in both bone and cementum? Cells in lacunae Which percentage of collagen is found in cemetum? 50%-55% Which statement is TRUE? Cementum is the slowest growing periodontal tissue. Why do cementocytes that are doing deep in cementum have a ploy appearance with fewer organelles than those closer to the surface? The deeper the cells, less likely they will get oxygen and nutrients. Why is cementum insensitive to pain? Cementum has no nerve or blood vessel innervation Young children frequently develop free cementicles. False ___ form secondary cementum. Cementoblasts Why does againg cementum appear to have a rough surface? Calcification of ligament fiber bundles. Which of the following tissues is least mineralized? Cementum Which of the following cells are housed in lacunae? Cementocytes The tongue's immovable base develops from the first brachial arch. Tissues of the tongue are comprised of the central tuberculum impar and the two lateral swellings. The first statement is false; the second is true. Name the term for a species with two dets of detention Diphyodont Ankylosis occurs with the loss of an opposing tooth. Ankylosed teeth are associated with failed eruption The first statement is false; the second is true. Ameloblasts are considered to have a __-sided design. Six During which week of gestation do the nasal pits develop and appear on the side of the face Fifth Endochondral ossification is the process by which bone replaces cartilage. A majority of the flat bones in the cranium and face develop through endochondral ossification. the first statement is true; the second statement is false.

Mod 7

A developmental defect at the dentinoenamel junction of enamel that is filled with organic material is called (a/an): Enamel tuft Ameloblasts deposit 4um of enamel rods daily. True Ameloblasts migrate away from the dentinoenamel junction as they produce enamel rods True Ameloblasts produce ___ as they migrate. Enamel rods Ameloblasts travel along parallel paths to produce straight enamel rods. False. *They produce bending enamel rods An Enamel ___ houses a small extension of a living odontoblast. Spindle Before sealant placement, the enamel surface is etched to: Improve adhesion Dentinal tubules that extend into the enamel are: Spindles Each enamel rod is formed by ___ ameloblasts. Four Each is an etiologic factor in the development of the enamel lamellae, except one. Acid etching Enamel endures a masticatory impact of ___ pounds per tooth 20 to 30 pounds Enamel is an impermeable tissue. False Enamel is approximately_____ thick at the occlusal or incisal surface 2.5mm Enamel is composed of______ hydroxyapatite 96% *96% inorganic material and 4% water and organic matter Enamel lamellae are not tubule defects, but leaf-like-tracts. True Enamel rods extend from dentinoenamel junction to the enamel outer surface. True. *their site of origin is at the DEJ Enamel rods extend perpendicularly to the dentoenamel junction, but curve slightly toward the cusp tip. True Enamel tufts are filled with which material? Enamelin *organic material that fills adjacent groups of rods Enamel varies in density and hardness. True Etching the surface of enamel stimulates remineralization. True Hunter- Schreger bends extends through half to 2/3 of the enamel. True Hydroxyapatite crystals found in enamel are______ those found in dentin. Larger than *30 times larger If the calcifying agents can remove the mineral from the surface of enamel crystals, how can a person maintain his or her teeth with aging? Saliva help maintain the integrity of the enamel surface In the Hunter-Schreger phenomenon, adjacent rod groups lie at right angles to each other. True Lamellae are cracks in the surface of enamel and are visible to the naked eye. True Light and dark enamel rod groups are known as striae of Retzius. False *Hunter-Schreger bands Perikymata are found in which location? Cervical third of the crown's facial aspect Prismless enamel is characterized by numerous and pronounced Hunter-Schreger bands. False *no Schreger band effect is noted throughout this zone The enamel external to the neonatal line has: Varies defects in deep pigmentation *postnatal enamel has numerous minute spaces that are stained with pigment The mineral crystals that make up enamel are also found in dentin, cementum, and bone. Once deposited, the mineral crystals and enamel cannot be replaced. Both statements are true. The organic component of enamel is called: Enamelin The surface of enamel rod is called the rod: Sheath Two ameloblasts cells form the enamel rod. Neck Which does not contribute to the microporosity of enamel? Perikymata Which enhances the integrity of enamel? Prismless enamel *also: saliva, including calcium and phosphate Which is true of the direction of crystals in an enamel rod? Those in the head follow the long axis of the enamel rod, and those in the tail lie in the cross axis to the head. Which is true of the relative size of enamel tufts and enamel spindles? Enamel spindles are smaller than enamel tufts Which of the following best defines incremental lines? Lines that result from the rhythmic recurrent deposition of enamel Which of the following best defines Perikymata? Growth lines visible as ridges on the surface of enamel Which of the following best defines the neonatal line? An accentuated incremental line Which of the following does not facilitate the spread of dental caries? Prismless enamel Which part of the enamel rod is most susceptible to demineralization? Core Which statement is true? Enamel is thickest over the occlusal incisal surface Which statement is true? Breathing cold air is a risk factor in developing enamel lamellae Which type of enamel contains many tiny spaces stained with pigment? Postnatal ___ provide strength for mastication and biting. Hunter-Schreger bands Ameloblast are considered to have a ___ sided design. Six The hardest tissue in the human body is: Enamel Enamel rods interlock to prevent fracture in splitting of the tooth. Enamel rod groups also interfere, thereby preventing separation. Both statements are true. Incremental growth line seen in a cross-section of tooth enamel are termed: Striae of Retzius *A cell may contain more than one nucleus. Osteoclasts are binucleate, and cardiac muscles cells are multi nucleate. The first statement is true. The second is false. *Equilibrium is controlled by the vestibular organs. These are located in the middle ear. First is true, second is false. *located in the inner ear *Meckel's cartilage acts as a framework for the developing mandible. The anterior aspects of these 2 cartilages coalesce at the midline. Both statements are true *The eyes move to the front of the face in the 6thweek of prenatal development. During this time, the oral pit widens into a slit. The first statement is false, the second is true. *Cellular changes result information of a mineralized tissue around the central papilla. As this occurs, the papilla becomes known as the dental pulp. Both statements are true.

Mod 5

A patient with oligodontia is congenitally missing more than six permanent teeth. true Accessory root canals connect the ____. Pulp with the periodontal ligament After the enamel organ differentiates, the dental lamina begins to ____. degenerate Ameloblasts are fastened to the stratum intermedium by desmosomes Ameloblasts secrete enamel before odontoblast secrete predentin false Bone, dentin, cementum, and enamel growth through incremental deposition. true Cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts originate from dental follicular cells true Compact bone is the most highly calcified tissue in the human body False Dentinogenesis occurs during the bell stage of tooth formation. Enamel formation is initiated prior to dentin formation The first statement is true, the second statement is false. During root development, the epithelial diaphragm ____. surrounds the apical opening of the dental pulp Enamel forms from which type of cells? ectoderm Odontoblast are derived from which type of cells? neural crest Only the newly formed band of dentinal matrix along the pulpal border is uncalcified BECAUSE as each daily increment of predentin forms along the pulpal boundary, the adjacent peripheral increment of dentin formed the previous day calcified and becomes dentin. both statements and reasons are correct, and they are related. Outer enamel epithelial (OEE) cells of the enamel organ serve which function? they organize a network of capillaries to support ameloblast cells Precursor odontoblast cells use cell signaling to determine the correct starting position True Predentin calcify 's to form dentin within ___ hours. 24 Predentin is composed of ____ noncollagenous proteins 10% Primary teeth begin development at birth. false The ____ are the last teeth to develop third molars The highest fiber turnover in the periodontal ligament occurs in the apical region The initial site of dentin formation is at cusp tips The periodontal ligament attaches which two surfaces? alveolar bone and cementum The root lengthens more rapidly than the tooth erupts false The stages of tooth development occur in which order? Bud, cap, bell The successional laminate is vital to the development of primary teeth false The terminal bar apparatus is a series of hemidesmosomes false Tomes processes develop during which stage of amelogenesis? secretion Tooth development relies on an interaction between ectoderm and mesenchyme. True Which cells form the dental papilla in early tooth development? mesenchymal Which cells of the enamel organ assist ameloblasts in forming enamel stratum intermedium Which characterizes the dental papilla? Densely packed cells Which genetic abnormality is characterized by fewer than six congenitally missing teeth? Hypodontia Which is a genetic disorder that makes teeth susceptible to excessive wear? Dentinogenesis imperfecta Which is removed to increase the mineral content of enamel? Water and enamelin Which is the first functional stage of change that each ameloblast undergoes? morphogenesis Which is the initial stage of early tooth development? Bud Which layer of the enamel organ is most closely associated with blood vessels? Outer enamel epithelium Which of the following best defines the primary cuticle? an organic substance secreted on the surface of enamel by ameloblasts Which of the following best defines the term reduced enamel epithelium? fused layer of ameloblasts, enamel epithelium, and stratum intermedium Which percentage of enamel is water? 5% Which permanent tooth forms from the general lamina? molar Which sequence reflects the correct order of appearance? ameloblasts, odontoblast, predentin, enamel Which tissue does not support the dentition? enamel Which tissues surrounds the embryonic pulp in the "cap" stage of tooth development? Dental follicle Which the cellular layers fused to form the reduced enamel epithelium (REE) Ameloblasts and stratum intermedium Which two cellular layers fuse to form the root sheath? Inner and outer enamel epithelial cells Which type of bone forms between the roots of multirooted teeth? Interradicular _____ operates as a blueprint or pattern to guide root formation Hertwig's epithelial root sheath Cellular changes result in the formation of a mineralized tissue around the central papilla. As this occurs, the papilla becomes known as the dental pulp. Both statements are true The odontoblast process develops at the proximal end of the odontoblast, adjacent to the dentinoenamel Junction. Gradually, the cell moves pulpward, and the odontoblast process elongates. Both statements are true Name the term for a species with two sets of dentition. diphyodont Endoderm and ectoderm are the first two germ layers to develop. Next, cells develop between the ectodermal and endodermal layers in the embryonic disk to form the mesodermal layer both statements are true Connective tissue proper is classified as dense, loose, or loose with special properties After the first 20 weeks of prenatal life, the condyle of the mandible articulates with the Temporal fossa The nasolacrimal duct develops in the tissues beneath the oronasal optic groove

Mod 3

A pharyngeal fistula Opens to drain on the side of the neck and pharynx After seven weeks blood circulation to the face and neck shift to the external carotid artery after the fifth parental week the first and fifth branchial arches grow toward each other and over other arches. This overgrowth obscures the external pharyngeal grooves. The first statement is false the second is true Blood vessels in the third pharyngeal Arch form the___. common carotid arteries blood vessels of the fourth pharyngeal Arch form the dorsal aorta within the pharynx, grooves called the pharyngeal pouches separate each Arch. Branchial cleft may be found along the anterior border of the trapezius muscle. The first statement is true the second is fall which of the following features is not present in the newborn but is present in the adult? Pterygopalantine Muscle developed from the second pharyngeal Arch to cover the face the scalp and the muscles posterior to the ear. These become muscles of facial expression. Both statements are true in the first 20 weeks the prenatal mandible articulates with which structures? Incus and malleus After the first 20 weeks of Parental life the condyle of the mandible articulates with the___. temporal fossa meckel's cartilage acts as a framework for the developing mandible. The anterior aspects of these two cartlages coalesce at the midline .The first statement is true the second is false Michael's College appears in the___ branchial artery first Nurse develop____ muscle fibers form . At the same time articulations between each of the major facial bones are positioned in the direction of facial growth which is forward and upward. The articulations are terms sutures and are defined as fibrous joints and which is opposing surfaces are closed United the first statement is false the second is true. The ___ is An elongated tomb formed by the yolk Sac of the Primitive oropharynx. Foregut the cranial base is determined by drawing a line from the nasal bone to the_____ to the basion sella turcica The face develops in the_____ parental weeks 4th to 7th the first muscle cells of the head and neck appear in the____ parental week. Fifth the glossopharyngeal nerve carries taste Sensation from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The facial nerve carries taste Sensation from the taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. both statements are false the heart begins beating at the end of which week? 4th the suprahyoid cartilage appears in the____ branchial arch second the Laryngeal Cartledge appears in the____ branchial Arch 4th The muscles of facial expression arise from The High Road Arch. They are innervated by the 7th cranial nerve both statements are true the ethmoid capsule contains the organ of smell. The auditory capsules protect the organs of hearing. Bth statements are true the outer surface of each embryonic is covered with ectoderm The Primitive mouth is known as the___. Stomodeum the sixth pharyngeal Arch vessels Supply the___ with circulation? Lungs The stomodeum first appears in the____ we saw parental development. 4th Superior parathyroid develops from the____ pharyngeal pouch where's the inferior parathyroid develops from the____ 4th, 3rd the thymus gland arises from the____ branchial pouch third the trigeminal nerve is cranial nerve 5 the ultimobranchiall body is in the origin of which hormone calcitonin Tooth development occurs in which part of the mandible? Alveolar process which arises from the third pharyngeal Arch? inferior hyoid which body of cartilage forms the stapes styloid process and upper body of the hyoid? Reichert Which bone forms directly from connective tissue with no cartilage framework? Maxillary which Bones support the Palantine shelf? maxillary Which bone a suture is defined as interdigitating? Serrated Which brachial arches formed the hyoid bone 2 &3 which cranial nerve is associated with the second pharyngeal Arch? 7th which defines the term synchondrosis? Union of two bones that have been separated by cartilage which develops from the core of the pharyngeal arches? Bones muscles and blood vessels which gland produces the hormone calcitonin? thyroid Which gland regulates the body's calcium balance? parathyroid which muscles of mastication fills the infratemporal fossa? Temporalis which of the following arises from the first pharyngeal Arch? Tissues that form the cheeks which of the following is not a muscle of mastication? Orbicularis Oris which type of articulation is bone to bone? Synostosis which type of bone protects the brain? Membrane which type of facial suture has a beveled or overlapping Junction? Squamosal a patient with a swelling in the lateral area of the neck and states that the swelling subsides from time to time but then resumes. What condition which occurs during embryonic development should be considered in the diagnosis? Branchial cleft cyst end pharyngeal cleft cyst although it's full importance is unknown the thymus produces____ that destroys invading microbes and are therefore important to the body's immune system . T cells The ultimobranchial body fuses with the____ contributes____ cells to it. thyroid, parafollicular

Mod 14

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT have branches associated with taste cells? ⁃ V All epithelial cells function with desmosomes ⁃ True An oral mucosa ages as it appears less moist ⁃ True Attached junctional epithelial cells turn over in approximately_days ⁃ 6 Cellular activity_and fibrosis_with age ⁃ decreases; increases Desmosomes in the oral mucosa are called macula adherens. Tonofibrils anchor macula adherens to the cell junction. ⁃ both statements are true. During inflammation, lymphocytes and leukocytes can migrate into the gingival epithelium. ⁃ True Ectopic sebaceous glands on the mucosal at the angle of the mouth are called: ⁃ Fordyce spots Eleidin, A transparent protein, is found in the Vermilion border of the lips ⁃ True Epithelial nonkeratinocytes are known as ⁃ clear cells Which of the following types of papillae has a thin, non-keratinized surface containing taste buds? ⁃ fungiform The stratum basil of the_attaches to the tooth surface via the Salivary protein layer ⁃ junctional epithelium In the presence of inflammation, the col is: ⁃ positioned incisaly/occlusal the on the crown Charitan is best described as ⁃ Nonliving Langerhans cells are restricted to the stratum spinosum -false Lining mucosa covers though ⁃ floor of the mouth Lymphocytes, leukocytes, and muscles are associated with_ -inflammation Lymphocytes, leukocytes, and muscles may be located anywhere in the gingiva, but most often underlie in the ⁃ junctional epithelium Masticatory mucosa is found on the_ ⁃ alveolar ridges Melanocytes inject the pigment melanin into neighboring_ -keratinocytes _Cells, located in the basal layer of the gingival epithelium, function as touch receptors ⁃ Merkel Nonkeratinocytes of sites constitute about_of the mucosal cell population ⁃ 10% Oral nerve endings are most highly concentrated_of the oral cavity. -in the anterior regions Organize the layers of masticatory mucosa from the most superficial layer to the most internal. ⁃ Stratum corneum, stratum granulosm, stratum spinosum, stratum basale Oval to polygonal cells differentiate which layer of masticatory mucosa? ⁃ Stratum spinosum Specialized mucosa is found Intra-orally on the ⁃ dorsal surface of the tongue Taste buds are derived from the surrounding epithelium and are not associated with nerve endings of the tongue. ⁃ false The lamina propria consist of which two layers? ⁃ papillary and reticular The oral epithelium of an older individual is_ ⁃ thin The red color of the Vermilion border of the lips is an effect of ⁃ Eleidin with the epithelium The Three types of non-keratinized cells are Langerhans Merkel and Fordyce ⁃ false Umami is one of the five test modalities of the oral cavity ⁃ True Von ebner glands are serous salivary glands with ducts that empty into the trough surrounding the Foliate in papillae ⁃ True Which gingival zone is located beneath the contact point of to adjacent teeth? ⁃ Interdental Slightly flattened, oval shaped cells make up which layer of lining mucosa? ⁃ stratum intermedium Which is an age associated change of the oral mucosa? ⁃ length of healing time is increased Which is the surface layer of masticatory mucosa? -stratum corneum Which layer of lining mucosa lies immediately adjacent to the lamina propria ? ⁃ stratum basale Which of the following best defines hemidesmosomes? ⁃ minute discs that attach basal cells to the basal lamina Which of the following best describes the shape of the col between the anterior teeth? ⁃ Sharp peak Which of the following is characterized by thin, nonkeratinized epithelium? ⁃ interdental col Which of the following is true concerning taste buds? ⁃ each test but has few supporting sustentacular cells Which papillae are not associated with test? ⁃ filiform Which papillae lie in a V-shaped sulcus between the base and body of the tongue? ⁃ circumvallate Which type of taste sensation is recognized by taste buds throughout the oral cavity and activation by glutamate? ⁃ umami __ Are ridges of palatal tissue, positioned immediately behind the maxillary incisors. ⁃ melanocytes __ Papillion are found in 4 to 11 vertical grooves or furrows located on the lateral posterior sides of the tongue. ⁃ foliate The medial sclerotome differentiates into mesenchymal cells, which become osteoblasts, chrondroblasts, and fibroblasts. The cardiovascular system originates from chrondroblasts. ⁃ The first statement is true; the second statement is false. Muscles develop from the second pharyngeal arch to cover the face, the scalp, and muscles posterior to the ear. These become muscles of facial expression ⁃ both statements are true. Endoderm and ectoderm are the first two germ layers to develop. Next, cells develop between the ectodermal and endodermal layers in the embryonic disc to form the mesodermal layer. ⁃ both statements are true. A developmental defect at the dentinoenamel junction of the enamel that is filled with organic material is called a ⁃ enamel tuft Dental pope is not responsive to temperature change. ⁃ false Each of the following is found within the interstate all space, EXCEPT one: ⁃ Principal fibers

Mod 4

1. In which of the following structures may a cleft occur? D. Any of the above 2. A combination of genetic and _____ factors are associated with palatal and facial clefts. C. Environmental 3. A swelling that opens on the surface of the neck is called a thyroglossal _____. D. Fistula 4. An enclosed swelling found near the hyoid bone is most likely a thyroglossal _____. D. Cyst 5. A cleft may affect one or both sides of the lip. An opening of a nostril into the oral cavity is classified as an incomplete cleft lip. C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. 6. Aside from cleft lip, which facial malformation is most common? A. Palatal cleft. 7. Auricular hillocks develop near which location? A. External ear canal 8. Bilateral nasal placodes appear in the seventh week of gestation. They develop into nostrils as the tissues around these placodes grow, resulting in two slits opening into the oral pit. D. The first statement is false; the second statement is true. 9. clefts of the palate may occur as an isolated defect. However most cleft palates occur in combination with cleft lips. A. Both statements are true. 10. Development of the upper lip depends on fusion of the medial nasal process and maxillary processes. The medial nasal process is called the philtrum. A. Both statements are true. 11. During its descent to the front of the trachea, the thyroid gland is attached to the tongue by a thyroglossal A. Duct 12. Each cranial nerve innervates the tongue, EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? C. XI 13. Each of the following is part of Waldeyer's ring EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? B. Foramen cecum 14. Following migration of the thyroid gland, the thyroglossal duct eventually disappears. Epithelial cysts occasionally arise along the path of thyroid descent. A. Both statements are true. 15. How many auricular hillocks form from the mandibular arch to create a single ear? C. 3 16. In the fifth week, the frontal process becomes known as the: B. frontonasal process 17. In which direction do the palatine shelves grow on contact with the tongue in the seventh prenatal week? B. Downward 18. In which prenatal week does the thyroid gland descend to the front of the trachea? C. week seven. 19. Palatal development occurs during the _____ weeks of gestation. D. Seventh to ninth. 20. Palatal shelf elevation occurs slowly, over the course of several weeks. As soon as the palatine shelves reach the resulting horizontal position, the tongue broadens and pushes upward against the shelves, which helps them mold together. D. The first statement is false; the second is true. 21. The base of the tongue forms the ____ tonsil. A. Lingual 22. The eyes move to the front of the face in the sixth week of prenatal development. During this time the oral pit widens into a slit. A. Both statements are true. 23. The forehead develops from which of the following structures that are visible in the human face during the fourth week of prenatal development? D. Frontal process. 24. The heart begins pumping blood during which week of gestation? A. Fourth. 25. The movable part of the tongue arises from which pharyngeal arch? C. First 26. The oral and nasal cavities are separated by the D. Palate 27. The second pharyngeal arch is also known as the _____ arch. C. Hyoid. 28. The thyroid gland originates from the _____. D. Foramen cecum 29. The tongue's immovable base develops from the first branchial arch. Tissues of the tongue are comprised of the central tuberculum impar and the two lateral lingual swellings. D. The first statement is false; the second is true. 30. The word for programmed cell death during palatal shelf elevation and closure is. A. Apoptosis. 31. Which best defined the term fusion? D. Emerging of adjacent tissues during orofacial development. 32. Which best defines the term nasal fin? D. Zone a fusion that binds the maxillary and medial nasal processes. 33. Which best describes apoptosis? C. Enzymatic action on epithelial cells causing self-destruction. 34. Which best describes the primary palate? D. Anterior wedge-shaped process that acts as a floor to the nasal pits. 35. Which child is LEAST likely to develop cleft lip? C. African-American female. 36. Which muscle grows around the oral pit in the sixth prenatal week? D. Orbicularis oris 37. Which oblique structure extends from the nostrils to the eyes? B. Oronasal optic groove. 38. The external ear is formed from which of the following pharyngeal arches? A first and second. 39. Which prenatal development occurs first? B. Midline constriction is observed in the mandible. 40. Facial development occurs in the ____ weeks of gestation. B. Fourth to seventh. 41. Which significant change occurs in the fifth prenatal week? D. The bilateral placode development into nostrils. 42. Which structure develops from the maxillary processes? C. Cheeks. 43. White males develop a cleft lip more often than white females. However, more white females have cleft palate. A. Both statements are true. 44. During which week of gestation do the nasal pits develop and appear on the side of the face? ?. Fifth. 45. A modification of which pharyngeal groove results in the creation of the auditory tube? A. First. 46. The nasolacrimal duct develops in the tissue beneath the _____. C. Oronasal optic groove. 47. Throughout the _____ week, the mandibular arch loses its midline constriction. B. Fifth. 48. Cleft lip is a result of a malformation that occurs during the ____ week of gestation. C. Sixth. 49. The palate develops from each of the following structures EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception? A. Maxillary process. 50. The surface of the body and base of the tongue are separated by the ____. A. Terminal sulcus. 51. Before the development of the vascular system, the vitelline system provides nutrients to the embryo. A. True. 52. Blood cells arise from cells called D. Angioblasts. 53. Blood is an example of which of the following four primary types of tissue? A. Connective 54. Blood provides protection from bacteria. B. True. 55. A pharyngeal fistula opens to drain on the: A. Side of the neck and the pharynx. 56. Blood vessels in the third pharyngeal arch form the _____. C. Common carotid arteries.

Mod 9

Accessory canals can result from blood vessels that have obstructed ____ formation Dentin Approximately what's % of permanent teeth have accessory canals? 33 Compared with radicular pulp, coronal pulp is smaller and contains fewer elements False Dental pulp is not responsive to temperature False Desmosomes maintain the positional relationship btwn cells True Each of the following is a component of the odontogenic zone EXCEPT Blood vessels How many pulps are present in the permanent? 32 In which region are odontoblasts cuboidal shaped? Radicular In which theory is pain the result of odontoblastic movement into nerve endings? Hydrodynamic Inflamation of the pulp may spread to the __ periodontium Most denticles are False denticles that are free in the pulp Most pupal nerve endings are located in which area? Pulp horns New odontoblasts & fibroblasts cells develop from __ Undifferentiated Odontoblasts are the second most prevalent type of cell found in the pulp True Odontoblasts continulally form dentin thought life True Odontoblasts produce which type of college? I Pulp responds to stimuli, such as heat, cold pressure, & operative cutting procedures according to which? Protective Pulp stones are ectopic calcifications proceduced by micotruama True Pulp stones only occur in erupted teeth False Pulpal blood vessels have thick walls. There blood vessels are composed of 2 layers 1st statement is true 2nd is false Pupal cells __ with age or trauma Decrease Radicular pulpal is singular in all permanent teeth True The apical foramen is slightly larger ___ in teeth Maxillary Pupal fibrosis is associated more with aging than injury False 27. The appearance of an odontoblast... palisaded 28. The formation of sclerotic dentin... Protective 29. The largest blood vessels... postganglionic sympathetic 30.the largest blood vessels found in the dental.. arterioles 31. The largest part of the odontoblast.. process 32. The pulps becomes.. TRUE 33. Tight junctional complexes.. False 34. Undifferentited dental pulp.. both mature and immature 35. When then first differentiate, odontoblasts.. OVAL 36.Which cell type predominant in the cell rich zone? Fibroblasts 37. Which is true of both radicular.. becomes smaller w age 38. Which junction is NOT... dentinoenamel 39. Which of the following best defines...dental pulp lcated in the root 40. Which of the following best defines the zone.. cell-free region 41.Which of the following is not found.. cementoblats 42. Which pulp cells function in an immune.. lymphocytes 43.which statment is TRUE... accessory canals 44. Which theory assets.. Direct innervation 45.Which type of cologne... III 46.Which is a characteristic of aging.. decreased size 47. Which junction acts.. gap 48. Which cells are most... fibroblasts 49. Which of the following structures.. cell-richzone 50.Which of the following functions.. nutritive 51. Muscle cells migrate.. 1st is true 2nd is false 52. Eythropotien is secreted by.. Kidney 53... 54. accessory tooth canals.. pulp w the periodontal lig

Mod 16

Acids that can demineralize the surface of enamel are produced by: ​Bacteria As plaque calcifies, its ability to produce an acid environment: ​Is completely lost Bacterial ghosts are calcified bacteria. ​True Bacterial ghosts are calcified salivary corpuscles. Bacterial ghosts are crescent shaped. ​Both statements are false Calculus may form on dental prosthesis. ​True Calculus most often appears near which of the following? ​Near the opening of a salivary duct Calculus varies in both composition and hardness. ​True The development of cuticular protein is the most important function of the primary cuticle. ​True Dental plaque is characterized as (a/an): ​Biofilm Which of the following factors affects the composition of plaque? ​All of the above Each of the following is one of the main criteria used to describe a biofilm EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION. ​Quality Gingival inflammation has an effect on the cervical enamel. ​False Glycoproteins are found in the saliva. ​True High levels of ___ in the saliva indicate the presence of gingival inflammation. ​Leukocytes In tonsillitis, there is a dramatic increase in salivary leukocytes. ​False It takes almost 10 days for the pellicle to develop into a thick plaque. The composition of the plaque varies, depending on the location of disease. ​The first statement is false, the second statement is true Microbial organisms are dependent on which of the following to initiate formation of biofilm. ​Salivary pellicle Plaque is more mineralized than calculus. ​False Plaque protects the enamel surface but can also serve as an attachment site for bacteria. ​False ​​*the acquired pellicle protects Salivary mucin contributes to the formation of plaque biofilm. ​True Serumal calculus is usually a darker color. ​True Subgingival calculus is ___ than supragingival calculus. ​Harder The ___ initiates the attachment of the junctional epithelium to the tooth. ​Cuticular protein The ___ of plaque is essential for the prevention of disease. ​Removal The breakdown of ___ results in a brown spot on the tooth. ​Enamel crystals The composition of the dental plaque depends, in part, on the extent of gingival disease. ​True The dark color of supragingival calculus is attributed to which of the following? ​Serum and blood pigments The formation of ___ is the reverse of enamel surface demineralization. ​Calculus The formation of calculus on the buccal surfaces of maxillary molars is associated with which salivary duct? ​Stensen's or parotid excretory duct The main component of calculus is: ​Hydroxyapatite When removed, the acquired pellicle: ​Forms again within minutes Which of the following best describes the appearance of an early carious lesion? ​Brown spot on the surface of the tooth Which condition is most likely present when a salivary sample reveals excessive leukocytes? ​Gingivitis Which deposit is characterized as stone like? ​Calculus Which disclosing solution will not permanently discolor composite restorations? ​Erythrosine No. 3 dye Which first adheres to the surface of a clean tooth? ​Proteins Which is best described as a thin, structureless membrane? ​Pellicle Which of the following allows plaque to form on the surface of a tooth? ​Acquired pellicle Which of the following forms the primary cuticle? ​Ameloblasts Which of the following is the primary function of disclosing solution? ​Determine the presence of plaque Which of the following is the best definition for plaque? ​Bacterial biofilm on the surface of teeth Which of the following are predominant organisms found in a deep subgingival environment? ​Gram-positive rods and motile spirochetes Which of the following attach to the pellicle to form a thick layer of plaque? ​All of the above Which statement is TRUE? ​Subgingival calculus is darker than supragingival calculus Which surface of a molar is an ideal site for the colonization of oral organisms? ​Occlusal surfaces *The central fissure of a molar, premolar, or cervical margin of any tooth is the site for accumulation and colonization of oral organisms Which type of organism appears subgingivally? ​Gram-negative Which type of organism appears supragingivally? ​Gram-positive Within days, a pellicle can grow into a thick plaque, containing motile spirochetes. ​False (is this wrong?) Which of the following is the cellular membrane covering the developmental cuticle? ​Acquired pellicle Which of the following is the predominant organism in plaque that has been forming for three weeks? ​Cocci *Osteoclasts arise from which type of cells within the blood vascular system? ​Monocytes *The intermediate layer of cementum is ___ thick. ​10 um *Ameloblasts are fastened to the stratum intermedium by: ​Desmosomes *Granular dentin forms regularly, along the root surface. The cementum that forms adjacent to the root dentin may initiate granular dentin formation. The first statement is false. The second is true ​*granular dentin is an anomaly *Enamel endures a masticatory impact of ___ pounds per tooth. ​20 to 30 pounds *Each of these events occurs in the pre functional phase of tooth eruption, EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? ​Crown formation ​​*root formation, movement, penetration, and intraoral occlusal/incisal movement

Mod 6

Active osteoclasts are multinucleated TRUE Anykylosis occurs with the loss of an opposing tooth. Ankylosed teeth are associated w failed eruption -The 1st statement is FALSE; the 2nd is TRUE The physiologic mechanism by which deciduous teeth are shed -resorption During eruption, the epithelia attachment shifts to the cervical area -FALSE Each of these events occur in the prefunctional phase of tooth eruption, EXCEPT -crown formation Enamel is about twice as thick in permanent teeth than primary teeth -TRUE Permanent molars erupt through bony crypts of the jaws into the alveolar free space distal to the primary molars - TRUE Final maturation of the (PDL) fibers occur -when the teeth reach functional occlusion Fusion of the tooth (reduced enamel epithelium) with oral epithelium from which type of connection? -Fundic Hard tissue resorption comprises which 2 phases? Extracellular and intracellular How many teeth are in the primary dentition and how many teeth are in the permanent dentition? -20 primary; 32 permanent Intraoral occlusal or incisal movement of the erupting tooth continues until which of the following occurs? -clinical contact occurs with the crown of the opposing tooth Lack of eruption resulting from failure of root formation may be caused by any of the following EXCEPT: - formation of the gubernaculum Occlusal wear of the enamel is considered pert of the ___ phase functional eruptive Osteoclasts are the active cells in both the formation of degradation of the collagen fibers -FALSE Osteoclasts are associated with which action? -resorption Primary & permanent teeth have similar enamel prism structure, except at the tooth surface. TRUE Shedding is the loss of mixed dentition caused by resorption of the roots TRUE Special __ cells destroy collagen fibers by ingestion. Fibroblast The ___ stage of tooth development contains permanent and primary teeth in various stages of formation mixed dentition The ___ guides tooth movement along the eruption pathway. gubernaculum dentis The crown enters the oral cavity in which event? -penetration The eruption process is rapid and continuous -FALSE The lack of development of the pulp proliferative zone leads to root formation failure. -TRUE The mesiodistal size difference between a primary molar and a permanent premolar is called the -Leeway space The mixed dentition phase occurs from approximately ____ years of age -8 to 12 The permanent anterior teeth develop in which location relative to the incisal level of primary teeth? -Lingual The permanent teeth that replace the primary teeth are called -Successional The perfunctional eruptive phase is characterized by dormancy in the tissues overlying, surrounding, and underlying the teeth. -False The reduced enamel epithelium fuses with the oral epithelium during prefunctional eruption -True There are _____ accessional teeth in the human dentition -20 Tooth eruption requires formation of the eruption -Pathway Which best describes the root of a tooth with incisal attrition? -Thickened cementum Which change is NOT associated with the functional eruptive phase? -Macrophages appear in the eruption pathway tissue Which occurs in the extracellular phase of hard tissue resorption? -Mineral is separated from the collagen and broken into small pieces Which of the following best defines ankylosis? -The eruption of a tooth into a space occupied by an opposing tooth Which of the following defines the functional eruption phase The final stage which includes occlusal wear of the enamel Which of the following is clinically seen as tooth eruption? -Blanching of the mucosa Which of the following is the origin of osteoclasts? -Monocytes Which of the following occurs when the root formation begins? -The epithelial root sheath proliferates Which permanent tooth develops without a primary predecessor? -Molar Which primary tooth root is completed last -Maxillary canine Which statement is TRUE -The coronal pulps are relatively larger in primary teeth than in permanent teeth Which structures increases the surface area of the osteoclast? -Ruffled border Why are humans considered to be diphyodonts? -Because they possess two dentitions ___ develop with occlusal surfaces slanting mesially -Mandibular molars Which of the following primary teeth is typically the first to erupt? -mandibular central incisor Which of the following permanent teeth are you most likely to see erupting in a 6 year old child? -Mandibular first molar If you apply the 6/4 rule, how many teeth do you expect to see in the mouth of an 18 month old child upon clinical examination? -12 Endochondral ossification is the process by which bone replaces cartilage. A majority of the flat bones in the cranium and face develop t endochondral ossification -The first statement is true, the second is false Each is a part of a neuron EXCEP one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -Plasma The cranial base is determined by drawing a line from the nasal bone (nasion) to the __ basion -Sella turcica Cleft lip is a result of a malformation that occurs during the ___ week of gestation -6th Cellular changes result in formation of a mineralized tissue around the central papilla. As this occurs, the papilla becomes known as the dental pulp. -Both statements are TRUE

Mod 2

All Body Sensations are relayed to the____and____ brain and spinal cord what is an example of which of the following four primary types of tissue? connective blood plays a role in regulation of the body temperature. It also provides protection from bacteria through its phagocytic and antigenic properties. both statements are true blood returns to the heart through veins buccal mucosa renews itself in___ days 10 to 14 connective tissue proper is classified as_____. dense, lose or loose with special properties Which is part of a neuron except one which is the exception? Plasma each muscle fiber is covered with endomysium Each of the following is a function of the large intestine except one. Which is the exception? Reduce food to liquid chyme equilibrium is controlled by the vestibular organs. These are located in the middle ear. The first statement is true the second is false Erthropoetin is secreted by which organ? Kidney How does epithelial tissue renew itself? Mitosis of the basal cells impulses conducted from the periphery of the body to the central nervous system are conducted through which system? Afferent impulses pass from the CNS to involuntary muscles via the___ system. Autonomic internal organs receive most of their neural impulses from which nervous system? Autonomic will Youmans and tendons are composed of what tissue? Connective neuroglial cells are____ numerous than neurons. significantly 5 to 50 times more Nociception Is psychological pain. Nociception includes a physiological component. The first statement is true the second is false Osteoporosis affects men at an earlier age than women. False osteoporosis is characterized by the loss of skeletal calcium plasma is best described as a fluid that suspends cells and particular substances simple epithelium functions as a lining in which location kidney in which organ is food reduced to liquid chyme stomach The junctional epithelium of gingiva is replenished every__ days. 4 to 6 The spinal cord consists of how many Segments? 31 what are the three types of muscle tissue? cardiac skeletal and smooth which best describes pseudostratified epithelium? all cells border of the basal lamina but not the surface which body system relies on neural stimuli to function? Endocrine which cells support the nervous system? Neuroglia which component of the neuron receives incoming impulses? Dendrite which epithelial consists of several layers with only the basal layer in contact with the basal lamina? Stratified which function is associated with the skin? Excrete waste products which is a type of red blood cell? Erythrocyte which is calcified connective tissue? Bone which is true regarding the central nervous system? the CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord which layer of epithelium is the deepest germinating layer? basal layer which of the following insulates axons located outside the CNS? Myelin sheath Which of the following is not a major function of the urinary system? Controls testosterone levels which of the following is not a type of cartilage? Dense which organ functions in the urinary system? Kidney which organ is part of the lymphatic system? Thymus which organ system does not provide protection? Digestive which organ system is the largest? Integumentary which organ system secretes and regulates hormones in the blood? Endocrine Which principle cell conducts impulses to regulate and muscle activities? Neurons which term represents a single layer of cells? Simple which tissue carries oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide to the lungs? Blood and lymph which type of cartilage functions in the epiglottis and larynx? elastic Which type of muscle facilitates digestion? Involuntary which type of tissue lines the respiratory tract remove foraging particles out of the respiratory system? cillia Name the most abundant of the white blood cells. Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte, pmn, neutrophil, name the two types of bone. spongy / cancellous and compact/dense Name the structure located at the plasma membrane of epithelial basal cells which receive tonofilaments. Hemidesosomes In the typical development of the heart name two of the structures that are present in the prenatal heart but are clothed or no longer present in the postnatal heart. foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.

Mod 1

Before the development of the vascular system the vitelline system provides nutrients to the embryo. The vitelline system developed in the yolk sac and persists for only a few weeks until this nutritional source is exhausted. Both statements are true Blood cells arise from cells called angioblast Mitosis is replication of parent chromosomes and distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate and equal nuclei. DNA replication takes place during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. the first statement is true the second false Developmental abnormalities are not associated with which number of chromosomes? 46 During which. Of growth is the developing human most acceptable to teratogens? embryonic Each of the following is a derivative of ectoderm except one which is the exception tooth Dentin each of the following is part of the lymphatic system except one which is the exception gallbladder each of the following types of white blood cells is a granulocyte except one which is the exception lymphocyte Each tissue originates from mesoderm except one which is the exception liver Endochondral ossification is the process by which bone replaces cartilage. A majority of the flat bones in the cranium and face develop through endochondral ossification. first statement is true the second is false endoderm and ectoderm are the first two germ layers to develop. Next cells develop between the ectodermal and endoderm layers in the embryonic disc to form the Mesodermal layer. both statements are true fertilization takes place in the distal part of the uterine tube. The fertilized ovum then grows and is termed the zygote. Both statements are true which phase of mitosis are the chromatids split into two sets of chromosomes? metaphase intercalated discs are present in which type of muscle? cardiac intercellular material serves which function? provides nutrition from the basal layer of cells comes the more superficial cells of the epidermis. Melanocytes are responsible for skin pigment. Both statements are true the skin develops from which embryonic layer? ectoderm and Mesoderm mitochondria produce which chemical for intercellular energy? ATP most developmental abnormalities arise from? Hereditary factors and environmental factors Myotome produces which of the following types of tissue? Muscle posttransitional modifications to proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum are accomplished by? Golgi apparatus protein production is initiated at which site? endoplasmic reticulum muscle cells migrate to the gastrointestinal tract and support the trachea, bronchi, urogenital tracked and larger blood vessels. Smooth muscle is consciously controlled. The first statement is true the second is false Metaphase occurs when centromeres and chromatids line up in the middle of the cell. Centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell and attach to the chromosomes by mitotic spindles. Both statements are true stem cells can be found in which Dental tissue? Pulp T cells, B cells, K cells, and macrophages are produced in the bone marrow The___ Provides an ideal environment for the implantation and growth of the embryo endometrium the medial Sclerotome differentiate into mesenchymal cells which become osteoblast and fibroblasts. The cardiovascular system originates from chondroblasts. The first statement is true the second is false a cell may contain more than one nucleus. Osteoclasts are binucleate and cardiac muscle cells are multinucleated. The first statement is true the second is false clear chromatin thread of the nucleus thickens into rod-like structures called chromosomes during which stage of mitosis prophase The embryonic skeleton first forms as bone. Cartilage cells arise from the sclerotome and migrated to surround the notochord and spinal cord which form the spinal column. The first statement is false the second is true the foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria of the heart. It closes during the third week of prenatal life. The first statement is true the second is false messenger RNA carries protein synthesis information directly from the RNA in the endoplasmic reticulum to the DNA of the nucleus. The information in mRNA is translated by ribosomes located on the surface of the rough ER. the first statement is true the second is false the origin of tissue begins with fertilization of the egg the diploid parent cell contains 46 chromosomes. The ovum contains twice as many chromosomes as it's parent cell. The first statement is true the second is false the umbilical system carries oxygenated blood to the embryo. Carbon dioxide and wasters are transported to the placenta. Both statements are true the proliferated period Is the first growth period Following conception. Tissues are most susceptible to teratogens during the proliferative period. . The first statement is true the second is false which are small membrane-bound bodies that contain digestive enzymes you help break down substances both inside and outside the cell? Lysosome which best describes diapedesis? The migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells to the site of infection Which best describes meiosis? Reduction of chromosomes in the daughter cells of an ovum or spermatozoon which cellular component facilitates protein synthesis? Ribosomes which cellular component has a site specific function? Mobile cillia Which chemical is called the second messenger? cAMP which intercellular component facilitates phagocytosis? Lysosomes which organelle produces microtubules? Centriole which phase of the cell cycle is characterized as the initial resting stage? G1 phase which hormone is produced by the placenta? Progesterone which represent the first change and shape of the embryos body from a flat sheet of cells? Formation of neural Folds Which type of bone formation occurs through a tight Matrix of collagen fibers which slowly calcify into bone? Intramembranous ___ are primitive brain cells. Neuroblast ____ is programmed cell death. Apoptosis ___Cells migrate from neural folds to the developing face. B cells give rise to the tissue such as cartilage, muscles, teeth, and ligaments. Neural crest cartilage cells undergo both____( exogenous) and____( endogenous) growth. Appositional, Interstitial

Mod 12

Cement and fiber bundles are _in diameter and_numerous than those of the alveolar bone proper ⁃ smaller, more each of the following is a constituent of compact supporting bone, except one: -bone marrow Excessive compression results in -Hyalinization Laminate Dura is there a radiographic term for which structure ⁃ alveolar bone proper Missile drift is associated with which masticatory function? -clenching Osteoclasts organized within_of compressive tooth movement -hours Osteoporosis of the alveolar bone follows tooth extraction. Age elicits little change in the location of blood vessels, nerves, and the glands in the Edentulous jaw ⁃ both statements are true The alveolar crust is located_MM below the dental enamel junction -1.2 to 1.5 The area bone loss where in apical route penetrates the cortical bone is known as ⁃ fenestration The existence of alveolar bone is dependent on the presence of -teeth Which of the following is absent in cementum? -nerves Which characteristic is specific to bundle bone? -embedded sharpey fibers Which force is exerted when the teeth are clenched during normal masticatory function? -intrusive Which is observed in aged alveolar bone? -Fat-filled marrow spaces Which statement is true? -Marrow tissue feels the cancellous bone of the maxilla Which term is defined as bone loss in the coronal area of the root -dehiscence Which tissue is contained with bone marrow? ⁃ adipose _Is created when narrow permanent pre-molars replace wider primary molars -leeway space adult periodontitis causes loss of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers as well as loss of ⁃ alveolar bone aged alveolar bone lacunae are filled with Cementocyctes -false The area where deposition of bone or cementum begins in a reabsorption zone is known as _ -reversal line Blood vessels and nerves penetrate the laminate Dura ⁃ true Bone marrow is the smallest organ in the body -false Cementum is more susceptible to resorption than bone. Researchers believe that nutritive vascular and neural supplies in cementum are responsible for the increased susceptibility -both statements are true Regeneration of tooth support is the primary goal in periodontal therapy. Bacterial products released one periodontal disease is active can cause destruction of the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. -both statements are true Collagen fibers embedded in the alveolar bone proper are called_fibers -sharpey Both inter-dental spacing and inclination help to compensate for ___ ⁃ incisor liability The station is best to fine as which of the following? ⁃ bone loss where the apical route penetrates cortical bone Hyalinization of the periodontal ligament is caused by which of the following? ⁃ traumatic compression Loss of density of lamina Dura is associated with each of the following except one: ⁃ bruxing Maintenance of the alveolar bone and cementum is reliant on which of the following? ⁃ tooth function Missile drift as a significant occurrence during the Deciduous is dentition period ⁃ false Once formed, fibers attached to the cementum cannot change ⁃ false Profound change occurs in the dense compact bone of an aging edentulous mandible -false Tension and compression during tooth movement results in bone loss -false The alveolar crest is_in the molar region -flat The alveolar process is composed of alveolar bone proper and the ⁃ supporting bone The alveolar process supports the roots of the teeth ⁃ true As part of orthodontic treatment, a tooth is planned to be moved muesli in the arch. The route will be moved in the same direction as the crown, affecting the entire surface of the socket. This is referred to as_ ⁃ bodily movement The laminate Dura is less dense than the adjacent cancellous bone. ⁃ false The size difference between a primary tooth and it's permanent successor is the leeway space ⁃ true The type of nutrient canals that penetrate Haversian canals at right angles to form a nutrient network are called ⁃ Volkmann When a tooth is lost the adjacent supporting tissues are also lost ⁃ True When teeth removed all parts of the suspensory apparatus must move simultaneously ⁃ true Which movement is associated with tooth loss or hypereruption? ⁃ misial drift Which best defines dehiscence? ⁃ bone loss in the coronal area of the root Which bone is regularly penetrated by collagen fibers ⁃ bundles Which type of nutrient canals extend through the long access of the bone? ⁃ Haversian _____ Is accomplished by applying pressure to a specific point on a tooth which results in compression of the ligament in a limited area between the root and the bone ⁃ tipping The embryonic skeleton first forms as bone. Cartilage cells arise from the sclerotome and migrate to surround the narrow cord and spinal cord, which form the spinal column ⁃ The first statement is false; the second statement is true Impulses pass from the CNS to involuntary muscles via the___ system. ⁃ autonomic The thyroid gland originates from the ___. ⁃ foramen cecum Special_cells destroy collagen fibers by ingestion ⁃ fibroblast In cross-section of an incisor, dental tubules appears similar to the letter: ⁃ S Calcium phosphate comprises what percentage of cementum? ⁃ 45-50%

Mod 11

Central spikes occur with excessive deposition around depleted fiber bundles True Cementoblasts repair resort cementum True Cementum is constantly being created as new fibers of here along the roof surface true each of the following is found within the inter-Seidel space except one principal fibers You do the following objects in the periodontal ligament are phagocytosed sized by macrophanges except one Monocytes Epithelial rust always occur along the route surface False Fine pain receptors in the neural system are called Paciniform Macrophages are normally present in the periodontal ligament True Interstitial spaces of the periodontal ligament content Blood vessels and nerve trunks Nerve terminals located in the __ facilitate mandibular movement Periodontal ligaments tendons and ligaments of the muscle of master vacation and temporomandibular joint Osteoclast arise from which type of cells with in blood vascular system? Monocytes Osteoclasts facility bone resorption in. Until disease true Receptors and nerves located in the periodontal ligament transmit information regarding pressure and mandibular position true The job a jerk reflex is a test for which structure? trigeminal nerve The judge jerk reflex test is administered to patients who have recently suffered stroke The most important function of the periodontal ligament is to sense movement False The overall general health of an individual fix the health of the periodontium True The periodontal ligament has a with of __mm 0.15 to 0.38 The periodontal ligament connects with the gingival tissues true The periodontal ligament is composed of fibrous connective tissues The periodontal ligament is composed of fibers, cells, and ____ intercellular substance The periodontal ligament is the thinnest in the mid route zone True The periodontal ligament performs which secondary function? Supplying nutrients to the Cementum and alveolar bone The width thickness of the periodontal ligament increases with age False Tooth movement will elicit the ___ of cementum resorption Which are the most numerous cells of the periodontal ligament? Fibroblasts Which arises from the dental follicular tissue? Periodontium Which best describes hyalinized tissue? Granular Which best describes the primary function of the periodontal ligament? Supports the teeth Which changes associated with the aging of cementum and alveolar bone? Scalloping Which component of the periodontal and regenerates most quickly? Gingiva Which fiber group is located between the roots of multi rooted teeth? Interradicular Which fiber group resist tipping forces? Apical Which function is not directly related to the vascular supply of the periodontal ligament? Proprioception Which gingival fiber group arises from the alveolar crest? Attached Which gingival fiber group extends between adjacent teeth? Transseptal Which is not a component of the extracellular matrix ECM of the periodontal ligament? Lysosome Which is true concerning the periodontal ligament? The periodontal ligament undergoes compaction and extension as mastification takes place. Which of the following best defines epithelial rest? A mass of cells in the remnants of root sheath Which of the following is found on the surface of cementum? Cementoblasts Which of the following types of dental alveolar periodontal ligament fibers extends from the surface of the tooth to the adjacent fundic alveolar bone? Apical fiber group Which of the following types of principal fibers is considered to be part of the dental alveolar fiber group? Oblique fibers Which pressure receptors are found in the periodontal ligament? Ruffini, pacinian, Meisser Which statement is true Epithelial rests or scattered throughout the periodontal ligament. ___Create and destroy collagen fibers as needed Fibroblasts ___ are highly cellular vascular and neural Interstitial spaces ____Are associated with periodontal disease Which of the following fiber groups do not have an attachment to cervical cementum? Free gingival Which of the following fiber groups resist both vertical and lateral movements? Alveolar crest The diploid parents cells contains 46 chromosomes. The ovum contains twice as many chromosomes as it's parents cell. The first statement is true the second statement is false Impulse is conducted from the periphery of the body or conducted through which system? Anatomic

Mod 8

Dead tracts develop when odontoblasts die from trauma TRUE Dentin is __ than enamel more elastic Dentin is largely composed of which element? Hydroxyapatite Dentin is more __ than enamel, and___ than pulp. radiolucent; radiopaque Dentin is responsive to the environment. TRUE Dentin tubules are blocked by ___ during cavity preparation. Smear layer Dentinal tubules contain odontoblast process, nerve terminals, and dental fluid. TRUE Granular dentin forms regularly, along the root surface. The cementum that forms adjacent to the root dentin may initiate granular dentin formation. TRUE In which layer of dentin is the odontoblastic process largest in diameter? Predentin Incremental lines in dentin are also known as lines of von Ebner Interglobular dentin is associated with which nutrient deficiency? Vitamin D Intratubular dentin completely fills the tubules along the dentoenamel junction, overlying the pupil horns Lateral side branches of the odontoblastic process are housed within the Canaliculi Mantle dentin contains larger collagen fibers than circumpupal dentin True Mineralized tubules are associated with which type of dentin? Sclerotic Odontoblast organelles are usually located within the cytoplasmic process FALSE Odontoblastic injury during a cavity preparation usually results in which of the following forms of dentin? Tertiary dentin Odontoblast processes taper in diameter, being largest near the dentinoenamel junction and smaller near the pulp FALSE Odontoblasts have a singular process when they first differentiate FALSE Osteodentin looks more like __ than dentin Bone Peritubular dentin is not found in the dentinal tubules of interglobular dentin. True Sclerotic dentin is also known as __ dentin Transparent Secondary dentin is deposited more quickly than primary dentin FASLE Sclerotic dentin is formed by the death of odontoblasts Secondary dentin is the result of insufficient mineralization FALSE The appositional growth of dentin is apparent in which feature? Incremental lines The defining characteristic of globular dentin is interglobular spaces The granular layer of Tomes is located in the ___ dentin of the root The junction between dentin and enamel is scalloped TRUE The major organic component of dentin is____ collagen The scalloped junction between dentin and enamel improves adherence Which best defines tertiary dentin? reactionary deposit of dentin, usually as a result of trauma to the pulp Sclerotic dentin is found in each of the following areas EXCEPT one Living odontoblasts Which dentin forms only after tooth eruption? secondary Which is the following is a hyper mineralized collar of dentin surrounding the tubules? Peritubular dentin Which most accurately describes dentin? harder than cementum Which of the following best defines sclerotic dentin? obliterated tubules, found mainly in areas of attrition, abrasion, fracture, caries Which statement is TRUE? Dentin forms the bulk of the tooth The granular layer of Tomes results from The looping and coalescing of the terminal dentin tubules Which term is preferred to describe when newly recruited (replacement) odontoblasts being depositing dentin? reparative dentin Which type of dentin boarders the pulp? Predentin Which type of dentin forms to protect and maintain the vitality of the pulp? Reactionary 43. Which type of dentin protect...Circumpulpal dentin 44. Which type of dentin adjacent... mantle dentin 45. Which type of dentin separates.... Globular 46___ are extensions of the odontoblast..... spindles 47. Neonatal line is seen at birth in both enamel and dentin.... The statement is not correct but the reason is true 48. In cross section of an incisor... S 49. Which if the following types of dentin "SCAR" ...reparative dentin 50.Which of the following terms is NOT... lines of retzius 51. Mitosis is replication of... Both statements are true 52. Each muscle fiber is covered with...perimysium 53. The laryngeal cartilage....fourth 54. During which week of gestation...5th 55. Only the new formed band of dentinal matrix.. BOTH 56. If you apply the 6/4 rule, how many...12

Mod 13

The most accurate classification of the temporomandibular joint is a: ⁃ ginglymoarthrodial joint Immature mandibular condyle exhibits which characteristic? ⁃ bone covers the head of the condyle Which muscle protracts and elevates the mandible? ⁃ medial pterygoid At which age is the development of the mandibular condyle complete ⁃ 25 Branches of which cranial nerves are housed within the petrotympanic fissure? ⁃ IX Chondroblasts of the mandibular condyles are organized in long rows ⁃ false Each of the following is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve that supplies the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) except one: Inferior alveolar nerve More blood vessels innervate the lateral and medial surfaces of the articular disk than the anterior and posterior areas. False No epiphysial line is found in the TMJ condlye. True The action of the lower half of the TMJ is gliding motion. False At birth, the mandibular condyles are covered with a thick layer of Cartilage The arteries of the TMJ do NOT: -enter the fibrous covering of the head of the condyle The articular fossa undergoes which developmental change? Deepens and expands The articular surface of the TMJ remodel in response to Stress The heads of mandibular condyles form a secondary ossification centers. Secondary ossification centers produce epiphyseal lines (cartilage bone junctions) The fist statement is false; the second statement is true. At birth, the heads of the mandibular condyles are covered with a thick layer of Cartilage The outer margin of the articular disk is Thick and vascular The head of the mandibular condyle articulates in the Glenoid fossa The spine of bone arising from the rim of the mandibular foramen is called the Linguala The articular disk divides the (TMJ) cavity into upper and lower compartments. The upper compartment facilitates a hinglelike action. The first statement is true; the second statement is false A mature mandibular condyle is which shape? Ovoid The synovial membrane is associated with numerous capillaries and __ Lymphatics The articular disk is thin but highly vascular False Which type of synovial cells is derived from blood monocytes? Type A The two movements of the TMJ are: Gliding and hinge Articular remodeling is a response to ___. Environmental stress Which muscle elevates and retracts the mandible? Temporalis The upper compartment of the temporomandibular cavity is bound by the articular fossa and inferiorly by the Articular disk Considering both the left and right sides of the head, there are a total number of __ muscles of mastication in the human body. Eight When the mouth opens, each condylar head slides along the articular __. Plane Where are the mandibular condyles positioned at rest? Temporomandibular fossa The synovial membrane lubricates each surface EXECPT: Ligamentous layer of the fibrous capsule Where is the temporomandibular fossa located? At the posterior medial aspect of the zygomatic arch Which description of the articular disk is inaccurate? Amorphous Which feature of the TMJ helps it withstand functional stress? Presence of cartilage on the condyle and fossa Which is the smallest muscle of mastification? Lateral pterygoid Which ligament extends down the medial side of the ramus to insert on the lingula? Sphenomandibular Which muscle pulls the articular disk forward to protrude the mandible? Lateral pterygoid Which nerve temperature receptors in the TMJ? Ruffini endings Which of the following best describes the synovial membrane? Thin layer of synovial cells Which of the following is a function of the lateral ligament of the temporomandibular joint? Supports the joint and limits excursions of the condyles to a normal range Which of the following is a function of the temporomandibular joint capsule? Supports articulatory movements Which of the following is not a function of the TMJ? Respiration Which of the following ligaments do not supports the temporomandibular joint? Stylohyoid Which of the following types of nerve endings found in the TMJ is a pressure receptor Pacinian nerve endings Which sequence accurately depicts the growth of the condyles? Chondroblasts differentiate, cartilage matrix develops, bone replaces cartilage Which statement is true? At maturity, the condylar heads are covered in bone. Which type of synovial cells produce synovial fluid? Type B Which muscle elevates the mandible without contributing significantly to protraction retraction? masster The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left stria of the heart. It closes during the third week of prenatal life. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. The thymus gland arises from the ___ brachial pouch Third Which generic abnormality is characterized by fewer than six congenitally missing teeth? Hypodontia Meckel's cartilage acts as a frame work for the developing mansuble. The anterior aspects od these two cartilages coalesce at the midline. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. Accessory canals can result from blood vessels that have obstructed ___ fromataion. dentin Cementum is constantly being created as new fibers appear along the root surace. true