Organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of folded tubes and sacs attached to nuclear envelope, produces lipids and proteins Two types - rough and smooth

The Cell Wall

A rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane, gives shape to the cell, provides extra support and protection. Channels allow molecules to pass freely Found in plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria different composition: plants, algae = cellulose fungi = chitin bacteria = peptidoglycan

Nuclear pore

A small hole in the nuclear envelope through which substances pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

The nucleus

It is the largest organelle in the cell, it stores genetic material (DNA), controls cellular activities by directing the synthesis of proteins

Ribosomes

Join amino acids to make proteins, not covered by membranes, found in prokaryotes & eukaryotes, produced by nucleolus, attached to the ER, suspended in the cytoplasm

Vacuoles

Large sacs used for storage of various materials. Plant cells have 1 large _______. Animal cells have many small _______

Golgi apparatus

Membranes are flattened sacs, receives, modifies, packages and ships proteins from the ER, contains enzymes that modify proteins, vesicles used as transport vehicles

Centrioles

One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division

Contractile vacuole

Pumps out excess water

Lysosomes

Sacs that contain digestive enzymes. Fuse with vacuoles to digest food & other particles, recycle damaged organelles & waste products, provide nutrients, destroy invading bacteria

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs, formed from membranes of other organelles, short-lived, form and reform, hold materials separately from cytoplasm until needed, transport materials from place to place within a cell

Central vacuole

Stores pigments, sap, poisons, helps support plant, absorbs water for cell growth

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner and sweep respiratory tract clean

Intermediate filaments

cable-like fibers, smaller than microtubules, larger than microfilaments, permanent (don't dissassemble), give cell strength, reinforce cell shape, anchor nucleus, form web-like structures

Chloroplasts

convert solar (light) energy into chemical energy (sugars) through photosynthesis. Site of photosynthesis in plants and algae only, have own DNA, ribosomes, contain chlorophyll,light absorbing green pigment, double membrane system. Inner membrane contains disk-shaped sacs called thylakoids, contains chlorophyll Fluid part is the stroma

Mitochondria

convert the chemical energy into a form cells can use (ATP) through cellular respiration. Contain own DNA and ribosomes, double membrane system

Nuclear envelope

double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus

Microtubules

long, straight, hollow tubes , hollow tubes of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell

Rough ER

looks like folded sacs, that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes

cytoskeleton

network of fiber proteins throughout the cytoplasm, network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Smooth ER

shaped like tubes, No ribosomes, breaks down toxic substances (drugs, alcohol) builds lipid-based molecules

Chromatin

strands of DNA

Nucleolus

structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made

Microfilaments

thin solid rods of protein that enable the cell to move or change shape when protein subunits slide past one another, participate in cell division, enable muscle cells to contract, allow the cell to change shape or move

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement