Organic Chemistry

Properties of Carbon

*Tetravalent *Its all of ropes can vary greatly (always solid) *Carbon needs 9,980 F to melt * Atomic Number of 6

How many chemical bonds can each carbon atom form?

4

Ion

A charged atom or compound

Photosynthesis overview

A chemical reaction that occurs within the chloroplasts of the plant cells. The reaction ultimately uses the sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

How is the process of photosynthesis central to sustaining life on Earth?

All the energy used by living things on Earth came from the process of photosynthesis.

Biochemical Compound Classes

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Organic Chemistry Fact about Carbon

If something has carbon in it is already organic

Ionic Bond

Nonmetal to metal bond with electrons being exchanged

Covalent Bond

Nonmetal to nonmetal bond with shared electrons

chloroplast

Organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants.

autotroph

Organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using a source of energy such as sunlight.

What are some uses of synthetic carbon polymers?

Plastics such as polyethylene.

photosynthesis

Process by which specific organisms (including all plants) use the sun's energy to make their own food from carbon dioxide and water; process that converts the energy of the sun, or solar energy, into carbohydrates, a type of chemical energy.

cellular respiration

Process of breaking down glucose to obtain energy in the form of ATP.

Describe an example of a natural carbon polymer

Rubber and cellulose.

What two raw materials are needed by plants in order to perform photosynthesis?

Sunlight is necessary. That's why we call it PHOTOsynthesis. And from the environment, photosynthetic organisms must get water & carbon dioxide.

True or False: Methane is an example of a hydrocarbon.

True

Hydrocarbon

a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.

Carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Provide energy to cells, store energy in plants, makes up the cell wall

Reactants

water + carbon dioxide + sun

Covalent Compound

A compound created using covalent bonds

Polymer

A large molecule that is made out of many smaller molecules that are joined together by covalent bonds.

Ionic Compound

A salt that is formed from ionic bonds

Glucose

Contains cellulose that is a natural polymer of the monomer.

Carbon is a nonmetal in group #? of the periodic table.

14

When two carbon atoms form triple bonds, how many electrons do they share?

6

Plants make food in the process of photosynthesis. What biochemical compound is synthesized in photosynthesis?

A: Glucose is synthesized in photosynthesis. Virtually all living things use glucose for energy, but glucose is just one of many examples of biochemical compounds that are found in most or all living things. In fact the similarity in biochemical compounds between living things provides some of the best evidence for the evolution of species from common ancestors. A classic example is the biochemical compound called cytochrome c. It is found in all living organisms because it performs essential life functions. Only slight variations in the molecule exist between closely related species, as you can see in the Figure below. The molecule is identical in humans and their closest relatives, the chimpanzees. And even between humans and the single-celled tetrahymena (pictured in the Figure below), the cytochrome c molecule is nearly 50 percent the same.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; usable form of energy inside the cell.

How can carbon achieve a full outer energy level?

Carbon can form four covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are chemical bonds that form between nonmetals. In a covalent bond, two atoms share pair of electrons. By forming four covalent bonds, carbon shares four pairs of electrons, thus filling its outer energy level and achieving stability.

What are single double triple carbon bonds?

Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bond with other carbon atoms.

What type of bonds do carbon atoms form?

Carbon forms covalent bonds with atoms of carbon or other elements. There is a great diversity of carbon compounds, ranging in size from just one to thousands of atoms.

How are carbon's valence electrons related to the bonds it forms?

Carbon had four valence electrons, so it can achieve a full outer energy level by forming four covalent bonds.

Define polymer and monomer

Carbon has a unique ability to form many covalent bonds, so it often forms polymer. A polymer is a large molecule that is made up of many smaller, repeating molecules, called monomers, which are joined together by covalent bonds.

Why is the element carbon so common in matter?

Carbon is so common in matter because it can combine with itself and with many other elements. It can form a great diversity of compounds, ranging in size from just a few atoms to thousands of atoms.

How many more electrons does carbon need to have a fuller outer energy level?

Carbon needs four more valence electrons, or a total of eight valence electrons, to fill its outer energy level. A full over energy level is the most stable arrangement of electrons.

Carbon forms the type of bonds called ? bonds, in which atoms share electrons.

Covalent

What is ATP?

During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP.

What are the two products produced by photosynthesis?

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine with solar energy to create glucose and oxygen

Carbon forms triple bonds with other carbon atoms in the compound named?

Ethyne

True or False: About half of all known compounds contain carbon.

False

Products/Outcomes

Glucose and Oxygen C6H12O6 O2

In which class of biochemical compounds would you place glucose?

Glucose is a sugar in the class carbohydrates. Like other carbohydrates, it contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It provides energy to the cells of living things.

Tetravalent

Has a valence of 4 **** Carbon is the only nonmetal that is tetravalent

How many bonds do the carbon atoms are in each of these compounds?

In ethane, two carbon atoms share a single bond. In ethene they share a double bond, and in ethyne they share a triple bond.

producer

Organism that produces food (glucose) for itself and other organisms.

heterotroph

Organism which obtains carbon from outside sources.

Valence Electrons

Outermost bonding electrons (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, = 0)

glucose

Simple sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6; a product of photosynthesis.

Monomer

Single organic molecule in a chain of many (chainlink)

Monomers

Smaller repeating molecules in a polymer.

What is the chemical formula for this compound, and what is its name?

The chemical formula is C6H12O6, and the name of the compound is glucose. In this article you'll learn more about glucose and other compounds that are essential to life.

How are the glucose molecules arranged in the cellulose polymer?

The glucose molecules alternate between right-side-up and upside down.

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Through the process of cellular respiration, the energy in food is converted into energy that can be used by the body's cells.

Look back at the chemical formula for titin. In which class of biochemical compounds should it be placed?

Titin is a protein. You can tell because it contains sulfur, and proteins are the only biochemical compounds that contain this element.

True or False: Carbon can form more compounds than any other element.

True

Lipids

carbon hydrogen oxygen fats oils store energy in animals store energy in plants

Nucleic acids

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus DNA RNA stores genetic information in cells helps cells make proteins

Proteins

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur enzymes hormones speed up biochemical reactions regulate life processes

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Each carbon atom has #? valence electrons

four