Organizational Motivation & Leadership Exam 2

Core self-evaluation is sometimes referred to as overall positive self-regard—or the extent to which people value themselves and feel proficient as individuals. It is comprised of four components: what are they?

(1) self-esteem, or the extent to which people see themselves as capable, successful, and worthy (Harter, 1990) (2) generalized self-efficacy, or the sense of one's ability to perform capably across a variety of circumstances (Locke, McClear, & Knight, 1996) (3) neuroticism, which is reversed-scored, or the tendency to have a negative outlook and pessimistic approach to life (Watson, 2000) (4) locus of control, which has been discussed earlier, referring to a person's beliefs about the extent to which he or she can control his or her own experiences (Rotter, 1966).

Cognitive style is based on what 2 key dimensions?

(1) the manner in which you gather information and (2) the way in which you evaluate and act on information.

Describe evidence that supports the following statement: emotional intelligence may be a better predictor of job success than IQ

- Australian study: correlation between EQ and job success - L'Oreal - salesperson selection criteria: Higher EQ = higher sales and lower turnover - Air Force study: Best recruiters have higher EQ - Bell Labs study: Stars have higher EQ - Senior Managers: 90% of star performers success due to EQ - One study, for example, tried to identify differences between star performers and average managers in 40 companies. Emotional intelligence competencies, including self-awareness, were twice as important in contributing to excellence as cognitive intelligence (IQ) and technical expertise (Goleman, 1998a). - In a study of a multinational consulting firm, superior performing partners were compared to average performing partners. Superior performers—who had significantly higher emotional intelligence and self-awareness scores—contributed more than twice the revenues to the firm and were four times more likely to be promoted than those with low self-awareness and emotional intelligence (Boyatzis, 1998).

Values, in general, can be described as what?

- Foundation for attitudes and personal preferences - Set by adolescence - Basis for important life decisions - Help to define morality and ethics

List standards outlined in the book, against which to test your own values and principles for making moral or ethical choices:

- Front page test: Would I be embarrassed if my decision became a headline in the local newspaper? Would I feel comfortable describing my actions or decision to a customer or stockholder? - Golden rule test: Would I be willing to be treated in the same manner? - Dignity and liberty test: Are the dignity and liberty of others preserved by this decision? Is the basic humanity of the affected parties enhanced? Are their opportunities expanded or curtailed? - Equal treatment test: Are the rights, welfare, and betterment of minorities and lower status people given full consideration? Does this decision benefit those with privilege but without merit? - Personal gain test: Is an opportunity for personal gain clouding my judgment? Would I make the same decision if the outcome did not benefit me in any way? - Congruence test: Is this decision or action consistent with my espoused personal principles? Does it violate the spirit of any organizational policies or laws? - Procedural justice test: Can the procedures used to make this decision stand up to scrutiny by those affected? - Cost-benefit test: Does a benefit for some cause unacceptable harm to others? How critical is the benefit? Can the harmful effects be mitigated? - Good night's sleep test: Whether or not anyone else knows about my action, will it produce a good night's sleep? - Virtuousness test: Does this represent the best of the human condition or the highest aspirations to which human beings aspire?

Give an example of a situation that would likely reach or cross this "sensitive line":

- Having a coworker judge you as incompetent may cross your sensitive line if you think of yourself as an effective and productive employee - This would be especially true if the coworker was an influential person. - Your response would probably be to defend yourself against the information in order to protect the image you hold of yourself.

Describe the difference between an internal and external locus of control:

- Internal: I control what happens to me - External: People and circumstances control my fate

Based on the 3 dimensions of cognitive style, what are typical occupations of each style?

- Knowing: finance, auditing, technology, engineering, law - Planning: accounting, operations, engineering, information and science - Creating: sales, marketing, human resources, social services, arts and communications

Your tolerance of ambiguity refers to your ability to cope with what?

- New and uncertain situations = Situations without complete information

What are some examples of unethical behavior?

- Volkswagen - Lance Armstrong - BP Oil Spill - Enron

Describe individuals that have an external locus of control:

- believe that their fate is controlled by others or circumstances beyond their control. - more likely to be managers in Asian cultures - use coercive power more than internals - prefer a structured work setting - less likely to participate in decision making - are more likely to get depressed and have other - health problems - perform poorly in stressful situations

Describe individuals that have an internal locus of control:

- believe they control their own fate - higher job satisfaction and motivation - more likely to be successful managers in North America - prefer participative management styles - are healthier and display less stress - don't like to be told what to do - less likely to comply with leader directions - less accurate in processing feedback about success and failure

Name some core self-evaluations that are associated with a positive self-regard and what they lead to:

- self-esteem - self-efficacy - emotional stability - locus on control leads to .... - personality uniqueness - job satisfaction - job performance - life happiness

Third is the postconventional or principled level. It includes the final two stages of maturity and represents the most advanced level of moral reasoning and the most mature set of instrumental values; right and wrong are judged on the basis of what? Judgments are made on what?

- the internalized principles of the individual. -the basis of a set of core values that take precedence.

What are the 4 components of emotional intelligence?

1. Awareness - the ability to diagnose and recognize your own emotions. 2. Control - the ability to control your own emotions. 3. Diagnosis - the ability to recognize and diagnose the emotions of others. 4. Response - the ability to respond appropriately to emotional cues.

Emotional intelligence is a measure of emotional and social skills that influence your ability to cope with what 4 environmental demands?

1. Handling anger 2. Dealing with anxiety 3. Identifying non-verbal cues 4. Delaying gratification

Name and describe the 3 dimensions of cognitive style:

1. Knowing Style: emphasize facts, details, data; focus on logic 2. Planning Style: emphasize structure, preparation, planning; focus on rules and procedures 3. Creating Style: emphasize experimentation, non-rational thinking, creativity; focus on brainstorming and spontaneity

In light of this defensiveness, then, how can increased self-knowledge and personal change ever occur? Outline the two answers to this question:

1. One is that information that is verifiable, predictable, and controllable is less likely to cross the sensitive line than information without those characteristics. That is, if an individual can test the validity of the discrepant information (for example, if some objective standard exists for evaluating the accuracy of the information), if the information is not unexpected or "out-of-the-blue" (for example, if it is received at regular intervals), and if there is some control over what, when, and how much information is received (for example, if it is requested), the feedback is more likely to be heard and accepted. 2. A second answer to the problem of overcoming resistance to self-examination lies in the role other people can play in helping us gain self-understanding. It is almost impossible to increase self-awareness unless we interact with and disclose ourselves to others. Unless we are willing to open up to others, to discuss aspects of ourselves that seem ambiguous or unknown, little growth can ever occur.

What are the three phases of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?

1. Pre-conventional: Self Centered- Moral value resides in external factors, and consequences, not persons or relationships. 2. Conventional: Conformity- Moral value resides in duty, maintaining social contracts, keeping commitments. 3. Post-conventional: Principled- Moral value resides in commitment to freely selected standards, rights, and duties.

According to chapter one, what are five of the most critical areas of self-awareness that have been found in research (found to be key in producing successful management)?

1. emotional intelligence 2. personal values 3. cognitive style 4. orientation toward change 5. core self-evaluation.

A McBer study comparing outstanding managers with average managers found that _____ percent of the difference was accounted for by emotional intelligence.

90

Describe what ethical behavior is:

Acting in ways consistent with one's own personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society.

_______________ ___________ ___________: Graduates of management schools today will face an environment unlike any person has ever experienced before.

Attitudes towards change

________ ____________ (1961) later proposed that self-awareness and self-acceptance are prerequisites for psychological health, personal growth, and the ability to know and accept others.

Carl Rogers

___________ _______________: An individual's inclination to perceive, interpret, and respond to information in a certain way

Cognitive Style

____________ _______________: the ability to manage oneself emotionally and to manage relationships with others

Emotional intelligence

______________ _______________ refers to the ability to diagnose, understand, and manage emotional cues; ____________ ________________ refers to the noncognitive capabilities and skills—including social skills—that affect human functioning.

Emotional intelligence; emotional competence

____________ refers to the ability to understand and connect with others' feelings. It does not mean sympathizing or adopting others' feelings, and it is not based on a memory of having experienced the same emotions.

Empathy

_________ _________ (1939) was one of the first behavioral scientists to observe the close connection between self-concept and our feelings about others

Erich Fromm

Which countries are known for emphasizing particularism?

Korea, China, Indonesia, and Singapore

___________ ___________: the way in which individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to information. Four main learning styles exist.

Learning style

The first level of maturity, the preconventional or self-centered level, includes the first two stages of values development; what are moral reasoning and instrumental values based on?

Moral reasoning and instrumental values; which are based on personal needs or wants and on the consequences of an act.

___________ ______________: an individual's standards that define what is good/bad, worthwhile/worthless, desirable/undesirable, true/false, moral/immoral

Personal Values

One suggestion for successfully managing, valuing, and capitalizing individual differences is to focus on differences—not distinctions; elaborate on what this means:

Recognizing differences is not the same as evaluating distinctions. One is helpful. The other is hurtful. We observe differences. We create distinctions. Recognizing differences allows us to take advantage of others' unique contributions. Creating distinctions creates social barriers between people for the express purpose of reinforcing advantages and disadvantages.

_________ _______________: a knowledge of one's own personality and individuality

Self awareness

_________-______________ has been identified as a crucial aspect of emotional intelligence, and it is more powerful than IQ in predicting success in life

Self-awareness

___________ __________: an invisible boundary around one's self-image, which, if threatened, will evoke a strong defensive reaction

Sensitive Line

A concept related to change orientation is locus of control, define what this is:

The attitude people develop regarding the extent to which they control their own destiny.

Emotionally intelligent people also respond appropriately to the emotions of others- describe what this implies:

Their responses match the intensity of the emotions other people feel, and they support and encourage emotional expressions.

It is important to note that cognitive styles are not the same as personality types- elaborate on what this means:

They are not inherent attributes. Rather, they are inclinations toward information and learning that we have developed over time. Hence, cognitive styles can be altered and changed through practice and conscious development

__________-___________ ____________: the tendency of almost all individuals, groups, and organizations to become rigid, meaning conservative and self-protective, when faced with a threat.

Threat-rigidity response

T/F: Although emotional intelligence (EQ) is hard to measure, it appears that over the last 100 years the average IQ has increased and the average EQ has decreased.

True

T/F: Considerable empirical evidence suggests that individuals who are self-aware are healthier, perform better in managerial and leadership roles, and are more productive at work

True

T/F: Considerable evidence shows that an individual's effectiveness as a manager is closely related to his or her ability to recognize, appreciate, and capitalize on fundamental differences among others. This topic is commonly discussed in the management literature under the subject of "managing diversity."

True

T/F: EI is considered to be an important measure of managerial success.

True

T/F: Emotionally intelligent people are less likely to blow up and lose control, less likely to experience debilitating depression and anxiety, and more likely to manage their own emotional states than those with less emotional intelligence.

True

T/F: Organizational failure has been shown to occur frequently because of a lack of diversity in the composition of key decision-making bodies

True

T/F: Research has found that employees who hold values congruent with their organization's values are more productive and satisfied

True

T/F: Research has found that people who are more tolerant of ambiguity and cognitively complex are better transmitters of information, more sensitive to internal (nonsuperficial) characteristics of others when evaluating their performance at work, and more behaviorally adaptive and flexible under ambiguous and overloaded conditions than less tolerant and less cognitively complex individuals.

True

T/F: Researchers have found that individual differences in cognitive style influence perception, learning, problem solving, decision making, communication, and creativity.

True

T/F: Several studies have shown that low self-disclosers are less healthy and more self-alienated than high self-disclosers.

True

T/F: Some values differ systematically across national cultures, and at least some of our values are affected significantly by the country and culture in which we are raised.

True

T/F: all other attitudes, orientations, and behaviors arise out of an individual's values

True

T/F: you can change your level of EI.

True

T/F: you can change your locus of control.

True

T/F: you can change your tolerance level for ambiguity.

True

T/F: Most managers feel they are under pressure to compromise standards to meet company goals- why or why not?

True- Conflict between maximizing economic and social performance

Which countries are known for emphasizing universalism?

United States, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland

__________ are among the most stable and enduring characteristics of individuals.

Values

_____________ ______________: an emphasis on personal accomplishment and merit as the basis for getting ahead, used in contrast to an ascription orientation. One of the key dimensions that identifies international culture differences.

achievement orientation

A fifth value dimension differentiates cultures that emphasize an _____________ orientation versus an ____________ culture

achievement; ascription

_____________ ______________: an emphasis on open displays of emotion and feeling as being acceptable, used in contrast to a neutral orientation. One of the key dimensions that identifies international culture differences.

affective orientation

A third value dimension refers to the display of feelings in public; it identifies an ____________ versus ___________ orientation.

affective; neutral

_____________ _______________: an emphasis on attributes such as age, gender, or family background as the basis for getting ahead, used in contrast to achievement orientation. One of the key dimensions that identifies international culture differences.

ascription orientation

____________ ______________: an emphasis on the predominance of groups, families, or collectives over individuals, used in contrast to individualism orientation. One of the key dimensions that identifies international culture differences. Also referred to as communitarianism

collectivism orientation

In the highest stage of maturity, this set of principles is _______________ (it covers all contingencies), ____________ (it is never violated), and _____________ (it does not change with the situation or circumstance).

comprehensive; consistent; universal

Essentially, what does the sensitive line refer to?

concept refers to the point at which individuals become defensive or protective when encountering information about themselves that is inconsistent with their self-concept or when encountering pressure to alter their behavior

The second level, the conventional or conformity level, includes stages 3 and 4; moral reasoning is based on what? This level is sometimes referred to as the "______ _____ _________" level because the emphasis is on adherence to laws and norms.

conforming to and upholding the conventions and expectations of society; law and order

Tim Judge and his colleagues have found that differences in the Big Five personality attributes can be explained by a more foundational personality factor; it is referred to as ___________ ________-____________, or the fundamental evaluation each person has developed about himself or herself.

core self-evaluation

__________ _________-_____________: a concept that captures the essential aspects of personality; it accounts for the five personality dimensions (neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness).

core self-evaluation

Research confirms the fact that _____________ also enhances creativity, complex problem solving, and success in conditions that are changing or ambiguous.

diversity

Emotional intelligence is ________ times more important than IQ in accounting for success.

four

Universalism and particularism relate to what?

how individuals relate to other people

More than 50,000 studies have been conducted on what has been referred to as "the Big Five" personality dimensions—neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness—but an underlying factor has been found to account for the effects of these personality dimensions: core self-evaluation -- By analyzing your scores on the assessment instrument, you not only learn about your underlying personality dimensions, but you also will learn what?

how they are associated with outcomes such as motivation, problem solving, creativity, life satisfaction, and work performance

Another important reason for focusing on self-awareness is to help you develop the ability to diagnose what?

important differences among others with whom you interact.

________________ _______________: an emphasis on the self, uniqueness, and individuality, used in contrast to collectivism orientation. One of the key dimensions that identifies international cultural differences

individualism orientation

Two major types of values mentioned in chapter one are what?

instrumental and terminal

_____________ __________: those values that prescribe desirable standards of conduct or methods to reach a goal.

instrumental values

The seventh and final value dimension focuses on ______________ and ____________ control.

internal and external

A study of leadership and group performance found that ___________ were more likely to be leaders and that groups led by internals were more effective than those led by ___________.

internals; externals

What have these 5 critical areas of self-awareness been shown to predict?

life success, performing effectively in teams, competent decision making, life-long learning and development, creativity, communication competency, job satisfaction, and job performance

People often have a tendency to interact with individuals who are ________ themselves, choose ___________ people to work with, and ___________ others who seem to be different.

like, similar, exclude

What 2 concepts are related to a person's orientation towards change?

locus of control and intolerance of ambiguity

____________ _______________: an emphasis on rational and stoic approaches to problem solving, used in contrast to an affective orientation. One of the key dimensions that identifies international cultural differences

neutral orientation

Like countries, organizations, too, have value systems, referred to as an ___________________ ___________.

organizational culture

_______________ ___________ ___________: an individual's adaptability to ever-increasing levels of ambiguity and turbulence

orientation toward change

Emotionally intelligent people are also able to accurately diagnose and empathize with the feelings of __________.

others

What we value, how we feel about ourselves, how we behave toward others, what we want to achieve, and what we are attracted to all are strongly influenced by what?

our emotional intelligence, values, cognitive style, orientation toward change, and core self-evaluation

___________________ : an emphasis on relationships and close personal connections to govern behavior, used in contrast to universalism orientation. One of the key dimensions that identifies international cultural differences (e.g., is the other person a friend, a family member, a relative?)

particularism

Emotionally intelligent people are able to accurately what?

recognize and label the emotions they are experiencing as well as to regulate and control them

Self-disclosure is a key to improvement in self-awareness; define what self-disclosure is:

revealing to others ambiguous or inconsistent aspects of oneself, a process necessary for growth.

These five areas of self-awareness—emotional intelligence, personal values, learning style, orientation toward change, and core self-evaluation—constitute important aspects of the _________-___________.

self-concept

A fourth dimension—_____________ versus __________—describes the difference between cultures that segregate the different roles in life to maintain privacy and personal autonomy compared to cultures that integrate and merge their roles.

specificity versus diffusion

_____________ ________: those values that designate desirable ends or goals for an individual

terminal values

A sixth value dimension relates to how people interpret and manage time; it distinguishes the emphasis placed on what?

the past, present, or future in various cultures.

Describe the managerial implications that the core aspects of self-awareness have:

they can lead to self and management understanding --which leads to managerial effectiveness, job satisfaction, and job performance-- which can lead to understanding the differences in others

______________: the ethical decision principle that a decision is right and proper if everyone would be expected to behave in the same way under the same circumstances (e.g., do not lie, do not cheat, do not run a red light).

universalism

Several authors have argued that the behavior displayed by individuals (that is, the means used to achieve their valued ends) is a product of their level of __________ _____________.

values maturity

_________ ___________: the level of moral development displayed by individuals

values maturity