Organizations and Management Final
________ is a process that involves an individual comparing perceptions of his or her of performance with those of managers, subordinates, and peers.
360-degree feedback
Maria needs to talk to her coworker, Wayne, about his offensive behavior at the group dinner. To discuss this effectively, which of the following should Maria avoid?
Accuse Wayne of improper actions.
________ is a process that focuses on improving an individual's behavior and performance to resolve work issues or handle specific aspects of the job and may be short term.
Coaching
Jane hates the idea of child labor. She works for a company that claims that it doesn't employ children. However, news reports accuse the company of employing young children overseas. ________ is the psychological discomfort that Jane is experiencing since she heard this news.
Cognitive dissonance
________ is defined by restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.
Conformity
Mario is setting up an after-school program for inner-city youth. The population is a mix of white, African American and Latino, with Latinos comprising the majority of participants. Which of the following would help the group overcome stereotypes?
Create project opportunities using a mix of populations with equal status.
________ teams are created with members from different disciplines within an organization, such as finance, operations, and R&D.
Cross-functional
________ is the first step on the three-step journey (or approach) of the Organizing Framework.
Defining the problem
Which of the following statements about leadership effectiveness is false?
Demographic characteristics such as gender have no effect on leadership behaviors.
________ occurs when employment decisions about an individual are based on reasons not associated with performance or related to the job.
Discrimination
________ is the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions.
Emotional intelligence
________ leads to more effective communication and interaction because people feel heard. It also sends the message that we care about others.
Empathy
________ is the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles.
Employee engagement
________ values are the explicitly stated values and norms that are preferred by an organization.
Espoused
________ includes communicating ethical values to others, rewarding ethical behavior, and treating followers with care and concern.
Ethical leadership
Problem solving is a systematic process for closing the gap between an actual and a desired outcome.
False
Southwest Airlines mechanics created widespread slowdowns in flights to pressure their company in negotiations with their union. This was illegal.
False
Unethical behavior erodes trust, but has no effect on cooperation in organizations.
False
Building stereotypes involves inferencing. Which of the following is not an inference?
Gen Xers were born between 1965 and 1996.
Which of the following statements about goals and goal setting is not true?
Goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable "stretch" goals.
________ are powerful forms of social control that influence group and member behavior.
Group roles and norms
Ali's team recently completed a project, and Ali has to provide feedback to the different team members. He is nervous about doing this the right way. Which of the following should Ali avoid?
He should use the feedback to punish ineffective team members.
________ is reflected in this statement: "I feel I am a person of worth, as good as other people."
High self-esteem
________ are goals and incentives set to promote a desired behavior, but instead encourage a negative one.
Ill-conceived goals
________ is(are) when we hold others less accountable for unethical behavior that is carried out through third parties.
Indirect blindness
________ is(are) conscious efforts to affect and change a specific behavior in others.
Influence tactics
________ are the key links between ________ in Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior.
Intentions; attitudes and planned behavior
________ results when an individual gains satisfaction and self-praise from an assignment.
Intrinsic motivation
Why is it critical for managers to develop policies and procedures governing the appropriate use of social media?
It can create many legal, financial, and personnel risks.
Brenda is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Brenda meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7 percent of her annual salary. Brenda is working hard to meet the sales goal so that she can buy a new car. Which of the following is true regarding Brenda's motivation?
It is extrinsically motivated.
Which of the following is not a tip for increasing goal commitment and success?
Keep your goals to yourself.
________ intelligence will be most closely related to a performance on tests like the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Management Admissions Test.
Logical-mathematical
________ is the use of manipulation, a cynical view of human nature, and a moral code that puts results over principles.
Machiavellianism
Which of the following is not one of the recommendations to managers about reducing stereotypes?
Managers should actively ignore stereotypes.
________ states that motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially.
Maslow's need hierarchy theory
________ is the process of forming and maintaining intensive and lasting developmental relationships between a variety of developers and a junior person.
Mentoring
What generation prefers instant messaging and texting over phone calls, letters, and reports?
Millennial
________ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.
Needs
Nora wants to be a buyer for Marstons Stores. She knows that they are looking for outgoing, social people. She purposely tries to present herself as an extrovert on the personality test that she takes even though she is shy and retiring. What is the likely result of this?
Nora might get the job, but find she is unhappy in the role.
Which of the following statements about norms is not true?
Norms are typically written down and discussed openly by groups.
________ is the interdisciplinary field dedicated to understanding and managing people at work.
Organizational behavior
________ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals.
Organizational commitment
________ is the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments.
Organizational culture
________ are intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed by or aligned with those of the organization.
Organizational politics
Angela works for a company that does not provide good health benefits or career opportunities. Her ________ is most likely to be negative.
POS
________ is the set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations.
Performance management
________ power is the type of influence a person exercises because of the job he or she holds.
Position
________ skills are increasingly needed in today's complex world in order to achieve superior performance where workers at all levels of the organization are called upon to think critically, take ownership of problems, and make real-time decisions.
Problem-solving
________ is a lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior, and a lack of remorse or guilt when one's actions harm others.
Psychopathy
Which of the following is not a technique by which managers can reduce the effect of implicit cognition in hiring?
Rely on stereotypes.
________ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being.
Self-determination
________ can be developed because it involves a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.
Self-efficacy
________ leadership focuses on increased benefit to others rather than to oneself.
Servant
Individual issues such as "What's my role here?" and group issues such as "Why are we fighting over who is in charge and who does what?" are part of which stage of group development?
Storming
Papa Bill's, a local pizza chain, institutes a new compensation policy to increase the on-time delivery of its pizzas. Drivers are paid an extra $1.00 for each on-time delivery, payable at the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers increased by 50 percent since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected?
The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior.
According to ________, the typical perspective held by managers is that employees dislike work, must be monitored, and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks").
Theory X
At Regal Company, employees and teams had higher performance, greater job satisfaction, and increased organizational commitment when their managers showed ________ behaviors.
Theory Y
In order to go on spring break in March, Michelle must have $2,000 in her savings account by February 1 at 5:00 p.m. in order to purchase the plane ticket. Which type of SMART goal is this?
Time-bound
________ focuses on clarifying employees' role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.
Transactional leadership
An organization can have the best vision and strategy in the world, but it won't be able to execute them unless its culture is aligned with its strategy.
True
Based on Schwartz's Value Theory, if you value achievement over universalism, you will spend your evening working hard on your term paper so that you can get a good grade, rather than volunteering at the soup kitchen.
True
Functional conflict is also known as constructive or cooperative conflict.
True
Knowledge and consideration of both personal and situation factors and the interplay between the two are equally important.
True
One effective use of virtual teams is in brainstorming ideas or solutions to problems.
True
The hindsight bias can lead to overconfidence about our foresight which can lead to bad decisions.
True
Treating employees fairly, avoiding political behavior, providing job security, empowering employees, and reducing stressors in the work environment are all ways to foster Perceived Organizational Support.
True
When major league baseball officials failed to notice they had created conditions that encouraged players to use steroids, this was an example of "motivated blindness."
True
________ are relatively stable and can stem from our parents' beliefs, our experiences in childhood and throughout our life, and from our religious or spiritual beliefs.
Values
________ are the most effective schedules of reinforcement.
Variable ratio and variable interval
________ is an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting.
Withdrawal cognitions
Why are ethics considered so important when studying organizational behavior?
You will be confronted with ethical challenges at all levels of organizations and throughout your career.
Chris has studied for his mathematics test and his English test. He expects to do moderately well in both subjects. He gets an "A" in English, but fails mathematics. While Chris feels that the grade he got for English was well-deserved, he blames his failure in mathematics on the fact that his teacher, Mr. Wallace, does not like him. In this situation, Chris is exhibiting
a self-serving bias.
Criticizing subordinates in front of colleagues and other managers and telling them that their ideas are stupid is referred to as ________ supervision.
abusive
Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors ________; attitudes relate to behavior ________.
across all situations; toward specific targets
Eileen is on a five-person team in her business strategy class. The team is responsible for participating in a 10-week simulation of a firm in the airline industry. Eileen contributes frequently in discussions in the twice-weekly team meetings. She is exhibiting the ________ style of listening.
active
The president of American Systems announces that all employees will be going on a trip to San Francisco. Some employees like the idea and some don't. According to the ________ component of attitudes, these evaluations reflect the feelings of the employees.
affective
Petra made a large mistake on a report she submitted to her boss, and it ended up costing the company a significant amount of money. When asked why this had occurred, she blamed one of her coworkers for giving her erroneous information for the report. Petra is expressing
an external locus of control.
Communication competence is
an individual's ability to effectively use communication behaviors in a given context.
People with ________ see themselves as masters of their own fate.
an internal locus of control
Jolene is a mathematics major. She has a high tolerance for ambiguity and tends to overanalyze many situations. What style does Jolene represent?
analytical
Identifying and modeling appropriate ways for people to interact with colleagues is a(n) ________ strategy.
antibullying
Which of these would you not see from an inspiring transformational leader?
authoritarian leadership
An example of the ________ heuristic occurs when you see news reports about people losing their jobs, and then start believing that you are in danger of being laid off. You start lying awake in bed each night worrying that you are about to be fired.
availability
The ________ approach attempts to identify the unique ways of acting displayed by effective leaders.
behavior styles
A person with a low tolerance for ambiguity who is oriented toward people and social concerns when making a decision portrays which style?
behavioral
The head of ABC Company announces that the company is going to start a weekend project teaching self-defense techniques to underprivileged kids in the neighborhood. Thomas decides to register for the project, as he is a trained kickboxer. This action of Thomas reflects the ________ component of his attitude.
behavioral
The manager of the Oasis Casino notices that the security employees at the casino are treating customers impersonally. He sets a goal that they should make better eye contact and treat customers in a friendlier manner. This is a(n) ________ goal.
behavioral
Federico loves to spend his free time helping coach a youth soccer team. He not only volunteers his time, but also actively fundraises to support the team with equipment and uniforms. This reflects the ________ value in Schwartz's model.
benevolence
After a recent visit to the grocery store Emily received an email for an optional survey to rate her customer experience during that visit. She didn't really have too much of an opinion and wanted the $5 coupon to be used toward her next visit if she completed the survey. She rushed through the survey and rated all categories as average. This can be described as which perpetual error related to performance evaluation?
central tendency
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a servant-leader?
charisma
A(n) ________ helps guide behavior as well as avoid and overcome conflict.
charter
A(n) ________ culture encourages collaboration, trust, and mutual support among employees.
clan
When couriers at UberEats of London and employees of McDonald's teamed up to demand higher pay, they were part of a(n) ________.
coalition
Alexa, a manager, explains to Harvey that if he is late to work one more time in the next six weeks he will be suspended without pay for a day. Alexa is exercising ________ power.
coercion
Tony believes that cell phone use—even in restaurants—helps people manage their busy lives. Tony's belief reflects the ________ component of his attitude.
cognitive
Reilly is the team lead for a project that is developing a new cell phone application. At the very first meeting, a list of roles and responsibilities for each of the 12 team members has been outlined. The list also identifies individual and team accountability roles. This is an example of which factor to foster collaboration?
communicate expectations
The ________ style of decision making can foster an idealistic and indecisive approach to decision making.
conceptual
Roger runs a small nonprofit group. He wants to buy a copier, because he knows it will be cheaper than going to the copy store. One of the other employees remarks that they should make do with an inexpensive copier from Walmart or Staples, but Roger wants one that will copy legal documents and collate reports. Roger may be impacted by ________ bias.
confirmation
Nathan is dependable, responsible, and achievement-oriented, while Martin is relaxed and unworried. Nathan is likely to score high on
conscientiousness.
The annual budget was due today and Mary's section of the report is not finished so Cary cannot turn it in on time to her manager. This is typical of the employees in the department; many don't observe deadlines. This is an example of what type of causal attribution?
consensus
Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
Alexis, a customer service supervisor at ABC Airlines, typically seeks the full participation of her team members when planning, making important decisions, and implementing changes. Which one of the nine generic influence tactics is she using?
consultation
"What are the different needs that activate motivation's direction, intensity, and persistence?" This statement reflects which theories of motivation?
content
There are two key situational characteristics that affect perception: the ________ of the interaction, and the culture and race ________ between perceivers and targets.
context; consistency
Luis's Ice Cream Store sales were down 15 percent this summer. The owner, Luis, says that in his experience rainy summers mean lower ice cream sales. Johanna, his assistant, notices the staff at Luis's appear uninterested and slow to serve customers. He would like to replace at least one of them with a younger college student for the rest of the summer. Johanna is using a(n) ________ perspective.
contingency
Barbara is training her new puppy to sit on command. Every time the puppy responds correctly, he receives a treat. Barbara is using a ________ reinforcement schedule.
continuous
If every instance of a target behavior is reinforced, a(n) ________ schedule is in effect.
continuous
Managers should attempt to raise subordinates' self-efficacy by all of the following except
creating routine jobs that are boring but easy to perform.
Jamie is in the process of writing her doctoral thesis. She gets frequent guidance and advice from her thesis advisor whom she considers a close friend as well as a mentor. Jamie frequently seeks the help and advice of another professor at the same time, who also closely oversees her work. In what stage of the mentoring process is Jamie working?
cultivation
People who are high on openness to experience are likely to demonstrate
curiosity and broad-mindedness.
Some organizations block employees' access to social media sites. This can
damage employee morale and loyalty.
Charlie is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a coworker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Charlie has decided to
decrease his inputs.
The dean of Roan College is looking for a new head of admissions. She wants to be sure that Roan College has an admissions program with the highest standards. As the committee interviews various candidates, the dean tries to point out potential flaws in each person. She is playing the role of
devil's advocate.
Clan organizations
devote considerable resources to hiring and developing employees.
Which of the following causes is most likely to result in workplace conflict?
differences in methods for doing work
Marvin is a medical technician who administers stress tests. He has a low tolerance for ambiguity and is oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions. The ________ style is well suited for this position.
directive
In some cases, coworkers or friends remain satisfied in situations where others always seem dissatisfied. This is a reflection of the ________ model.
dispositional/genetic
Carlos, a manager, is looking at records of Mary's work performance. He notes that she performed very well on task A, but poorly on task B. He is observing
distinctiveness.
Professor Barnes learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree, years of teaching experience, and publication record are making significantly more money than he is. He considers this unfair. He is reacting to ________ justice.
distributive
An expectancy of zero means that the person
does not feel confident in his or her ability to do the job.
A low valence means that the person
does not value the outcomes.
Market cultures
drive toward productivity, profit, and customer satisfaction.
Which of the following is not a benefit of virtual teams?
easier to establish team cohesion
Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence?
emotional stability
Owen leads a team tasked with developing a client tracking system. He is nervous and worried, afraid that if this assignment doesn't go well, he won't be promoted. Jack, a team member, is relaxed, unworried, and secure in the feeling that they have all the necessary resources and talents to make this work. Jack is likely to score high on
emotional stability.
Research shows that when an organization breaches a psychological contract,
employees are likely to be less committed and satisfied and more likely to quit, and their performance is likely to be lower.
Adhocracy cultures
empower employees to take risks.
Perception is the process that
enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.
The idea underlying the ________ model is that satisfaction is tied to how fairly an individual is treated at work.
equity
You are late in the preparation of the computer graphics for your final report and presentation. You run into a friend who is great at computer graphics just as he is heading out of the office at the end of the day and say, "I need your help for my project. If you could come back for two or three hours tonight and help me with these graphics, I will complete those spreadsheets you have been complaining about." Which influence tactic are you using with your friend?
exchange
If a manager wants to reduce the chances of an employee becoming defensive, he or she should
exhibit empathy.
Michael wants to be president of his division. Everything he does is geared to that objective. He pushes his employees to meet higher quotas, criticizes anyone who doesn't put in 10 to 12 hour days, and demands results before the due date. He is arrogant and dominant. Michael is
exhibiting narcissism.
Carlos believes that if he works hard and attends every class, he will get an A in his OB course. This belief is called a(n)
expectancy.
Jeff has been a project assistant for XYZ Corporation for five years. Recently he was asked to train Harriet, a new employee. He suggests that she use an Excel worksheet to lay out the projects she is currently working on, and she complies. He is using ________ power.
expert
Which forms of consequences weaken an undesirable behavior?
extinction and punishment
René works as a bartender. A few people wave money at her so that she will serve them first. She finds this to be rude and, so, either ignores them or serves them last. People realize that René serves the people who wait politely first, and much of the rude behavior stops. René used the model of
extinction.
People who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive are likely to score high on
extraversion.
In your job search you have narrowed it down to two companies. One job offer is from a company that is offering great benefits in a town you'd like to live in and the other job offer is from a company that is offering a salary one and a half times as much as the other company along with a sign-on bonus. You decide to take the second job offer based on the financial rewards. What type of reward system do you value?
extrinsic
When Jackson exceeds his sales goal for the month he will get a 20 percent bonus along with recognition in the monthly corporate newsletter. This is an example of which type of motivation?
extrinsic motivation
Karen, the team captain of her high school soccer team, is very sociable and assertive. She never is at a loss for words and feels comfortable interacting will all teammates and coaches. Karen is likely to score high on
extroversion.
Organizations typically rely on ________ schedules, such as hourly wages and annual reviews and raises.
fixed interval and fixed ratio
You cannot lead without having ________ and you cannot follow without having ________.
followers, leaders
Group members tend to be uncertain and anxious about such unknowns as their roles, the people in charge, and the group's goals during the ________ stage.
forming
A decision maker is influenced by the manner in which a problem or question is stated. This represents the ________ bias.
framing
Harry, Marsha, Eve, and Don are discussing ways to increase sales. Harry and Eve want to stick with the current sales promotion plan created four months ago. They say it needs more time to show results. Marsha and Don disagree; they feel sales have continued to decline and will not turn around. As the discussion progresses, various alternatives are proposed. Harry then suggests a modification to the current sales promotion plan that meets with everyone's approval. This is an example of the benefits of ________ conflict.
functional
Carol works as a dishwasher at a restaurant. She comes across as a fun-loving, party-going person. One day her dog falls sick and Carol has to take him to the vet. She calls her boss and tells him that she won't be coming in to work. Her boss thinks that Carol is missing work intentionally, so that she can go out and party. Which of the following best describes the boss's perception of the situation?
fundamental attribution bias
Characterized as an assessment of how confident you are in your own abilities, which CSE trait can be improved via job design, self-management, and creativity?
generalized self-efficacy
Belinda takes on the role of ________; she tends to mediate conflict through humor.
harmonizer
Gannet Publishers has traditional layers of management and emphasis is placed on following the chain of command. Power, status, and position help the leaders within a hierarchy culture manage their employees. Gannett appears to have a(n) ________ culture.
hierarchical
A(n) ________ culture develops reliable internal processes, extensive measurement, and a variety of control mechanisms.
hierarchy
Marisa is the office manager in a small company. Her employees find that they can often come late to work and leave early, and Marisa will cover their work for them. Marisa is likely to score
high on agreeableness.
Conflict is considered to be dysfunctional when it
hinders organizational performance.
People with high levels of positive psychological capital tend to display
hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism.
Yuki was dissatisfied with his job. He said that the company policy, supervision, and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction. According to Frederick Herzberg's theory, ________ are the extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction.
hygiene factors
When a leader is trying to instill pride, respect, and trust within employees, he or she is engaging in
idealized influence.
Pietro is assigned to a team in his environmental science class. He is not comfortable with Sam, the team leader, but is not completely sure why. Which of the following behaviors would not build trust?
if Sam keeps information to himself
Eco Landscaping Company minimizes attention to a price increase by selling lawn care treatments to a subsidiary, Grow It, Inc. Grow It then increases the price of the specific treatments. The manager of Grow It wants to notify customers that they are a subsidiary of Eco Landscaping and that the increase has come from the parent company. This is an example of a remedy for
indirect blindness.
Alana says to her subordinates, in essence, "Let me provide tangible support to help you reach your goals." Alana is engaging in
individualized consideration.
It's Monday morning and you know by the end of the week that the performance reviews are going to be given out. You tell your manager that she looks really nice today and want to know where she got her shoes. You also offer to pick her up a cup of coffee during the next break. This is a soft influence tactic, known as
ingratiation
OB is important in all facets of school and work because
it helps us to understand and manage people.
A firm trained its customer service representatives who handled telephone inquiries to handle walk-in customers as well. The firm engaged in
job enlargement.
Tanmay is bored in his current role as a barista at Rose Gold Coffee Co. Sometimes, he desires a different specialized job and would like to prepare the food that is offered at this location. This desire is an example of
job rotation.
By ________, a person can develop self-awareness.
knowing his or her own strengths and limits
In Fiedler's model, ________ refers to the extent that a leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group.
leader-member relations
Reinforcement schedules are particularly useful when an employee is
learning a new skill.
Dewey, a manager at the Busy Bee Restaurant, gives Alice her schedule for the next week. Alice knows she must follow that schedule. What kind of power is Dewey exercising?
legitimate
Ethan tried to convince his subordinates to accept a new policy by showing them that the policy is consistent with the organizational rules and policies. He also showed them that the people above him had already supported and sanctioned the policy. What influence tactic was Ethan using?
legitimating tactics
Sofia has been putting in a lot of overtime. Her supervisor keeps telling her that she will be rewarded. To date, Sofia has seen no change in her status or pay. This reflects a
low instrumentality.
In regard to differences in how men and women communicate, in general
males are expected to hide their emotions.
In the ________ culture, employees are encouraged to set difficult goals and strive to achieve them. Employee performance is closely monitored and often directly rewarded or punished.
market
Which of the following is not one of the key leader behaviors that are part of transformational leadership?
matching the behavior to the situation
Leaders increase psychological empowerment by engaging in behaviors that enhance perceptions of
meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and impact.
Troy starts a job right out of college. He feels lucky to have found a position in the financial industry. Troy knows that he needs help to form and maintain the lasting developmental relationships that will further his career. Troy should first establish a(n)
mentoring plan.
Carlos works at Tyner Construction Company as an assistant project manager. His manager assured him that if his projects came in on time and under budget, he would be promoted within a year. At nine months, Carlo is promoted to project manager. This is an example of
met expectations.
Which is probably not an attainable goal (SMART goals) for a car salesman?
monthly sales of 150 new cars
Of the following options, which is the best action to address any type of diversity issue?
mutual adaptation
Marianna is in her business statistics class, sitting by Darren. Darren is holding his cell phone under the desk, texting someone, and it is distracting Marianna from listening to the professor's lecture. This is an example of
noise.
Jennie and Lacey are having an argument. As Lacey speaks, Jennie crosses her arms and looks at the ground. Lacey gets the message even though Jennie isn't saying anything. Jennie is using ________ in the conversation with Lacey.
nonverbal communication
A feeling of team spirit is sometimes experienced during the ________ stage because members believe they have found their proper roles. Group cohesiveness, defined as the "we feeling" that binds members of a group together, is the principal by-product of Stage 3.
norming
Halim, one of your employees, always seems to be "taking it easy," often ignores problems that arise, and rarely takes action on his own. It is likely that Halim is
not a proactive personality.
Anna works as a cashier at Raney's Pet Supply. Her manager has set the daily sales quota at $3,000 which includes upselling their grooming services. This is an example of which type of goal?
objective
The levels of organizational culture are
observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions.
A(n) ________ helps new recruits integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics and by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities.
onboarding program
In the Framework of POB,________ is/are a key input to positivity from situation factors.
organizational culture and climate
"How much do I value the rewards I receive?" This question addresses
our valence.
The ________ stage is often characterized by a climate of open communication, strong cooperation, and lots of helping behavior. Cohesiveness and personal commitment to group goals help the group achieve more than could any one individual acting alone.
performing
Benny seems to want to control others and often manipulates people for his own gratification. He exhibits the need for
personal power.
Melissa has been out of work for eight months and is worried about providing for her family. She takes a job at a fast-food restaurant, even though the position is a step down from her previous job. According to Maslow's theory, Melissa is motivated by ________ needs.
physiological
What type of power tends to produce commitment?
positive legitimate, expert, and referent
After a series of train incidents, NS&Q offered employee bonuses based on safety for the first quarter of this year. This is an example of
positive reinforcement.
Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) harms other employees, the organization as a whole, and/or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders. Which of the following is not an example of CWB?
presenting poor financial results at the quarterly meeting
Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all of the following except
proactivity.
A(n) ________ theory attempts to describe how various person and environmental factors affect motivation.
process
When a receiver expresses a reaction to the sender's message, he or she is
providing feedback.
An example of a surface-level characteristic is
race.
The ________ model of decision making assumes that managers are completely objective and possess all information for their decisions. In this model, decisions demonstrate excellent logic.
rational
Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor?
recognition
Cara, a shift supervisor, is keeping a performance diary for each of her employees. This mechanism can ________ performance appraisals.
reduce bias in
Therese is a charismatic person who is often able to get other employees to work late on special projects by being very friendly and fun to be around. She is exercising her ________ power.
referent
Lack of interpersonal and face-to-face interactions make building trust relationships difficult. What type of challenge is this for a virtual team?
relationships
Leader-member exchange theory focuses on the leader's
relationships with followers.
The Smith family decided that their annual spring break trip would be to Disney World. For the past two visits there, it was enjoyable for the whole family, easy to plan, and they've had a "magical" experience each time. This is an example of ________ bias.
representativeness
In his annual performance review meeting with Eileen, who has been working at the company for two years, Ruben suggests that if she keeps up her good work she is likely to be offered a promotion within the next year. Ruben is exercising his ________ power.
reward
Trevor is an overachiever. His brother calls him ambitious and power hungry. Trevor exemplifies the ________ dimension.
self-enhancement
Downsizing at a company where everyone laid off had the same job and qualifications is a type of ________ factor.
situation
Person factors and ________ are the two broad categories of OB concepts and theories.
situation factors
Contingency theories propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the
situation.
After a year of mentoring, Andrew is starting his own bakery. He has listened to all of his mentor's advice, especially about developing networks. To help him out, his father's friend, who owns a supermarket, offers him a supply of flour and sugar at discount prices. Andrew's close friend, who is a real estate agent, gives him advice on how to get a large loft in the downtown area at a reasonable price. His mother, who has strong political ties in the community, uses her contacts with locals to spread the word about Andrew's new business. Andrew now possesses high level of ________ capital.
social
Janell is having an argument with her father. He believes that focusing on her computer knowledge (hard skills) is the most important of Janell's college experience. Janell disagrees, arguing that ________ is/are the more critical and will help her in the hiring process.
soft skills
Vance and Donal were hired by the same network support firm. One year later, Donal receives a promotion to team leader. Vance believes he has stronger technical skills and asks his supervisor why he did not get the promotion. The supervisor says that Donal has better people skills. Having ________ can enable a person's promotion.
soft skills
One of the benefits of using intuition to make decisions is that it can
speed up the decision-making process.
A(n) ________ is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group.
stereotype
Joyce finds that the members of the project team to which she has been assigned in her management class are all athletes on the college's football and basketball teams. She immediately considers dropping the class because she thinks her experience with that team will be negative. Joyce is likely to be reacting to a
stereotype.
As a manager, Haley has established a new work group to tackle a particular project. She has introduced all the members to each other and the group has elected a leader. However, lately Haley has noticed that some group members are procrastinating on their duties. Two cliques have formed within the group and they are frequently arguing with and challenging the group leader's opinions. Which of the following stages of group development process is Haley observing?
storming
Negative reinforcement is
strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing.
Jack, one of your subordinates, seems to care so much about being liked that he rarely states strong opinions in meetings of your department. Based on this, Jack probably has a
strong need for affiliation.
You are considering donating blood because of an unexpected shortage. You know that it is valuable for society and you have time to participate, but none of your friends want to join you. You are lacking in what intention?
subjective norm
Karrin notices immediately that one of the members assigned to her team in a marketing class is a middle-aged man. This is a(n) ________ characteristic.
surface-level
Jenna and Martin complete their part of Project Zenith. Their progress is best measured against ________ goals.
task
Fiedler's contingency model identifies which leadership styles?
task-motivated or relationship-motivated
The primary purpose of ________ behaviors is to ensure that people, equipment, and other resources are used in an efficient way to accomplish the mission of a group or organization.
task-oriented
A ________ is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
team
In the United States, the judicial system is an example of ________. It is based on hearing directly opposing points of view to establish guilt or innocence.
the dialectic method
Naturalist intelligence is
the potential to live in harmony with one's environment.
An enacted value is
the qualities and norms that are exhibited or converted into employee behavior.
Brad asked Elvira for general advice on homework. Then he asked her to let him see specific problems. Now he wants to copy her assignment, claiming he has no time and the content is too difficult. This is an example of
the slippery slope.
In an ethical dilemma,
there are two choices, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner.
In ________ job design, managers change employees' tasks with the intent of increasing motivation and productivity.
top-down
Camila has a law degree and brings five years of experience to her current job. She bills more client hours than any other associate. Camila receives a salary of $125,000, a bonus, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Camila's perspective, which of the following is an output of the individual-organization exchange relationship?
two weeks paid vacation
Which of the following does not help guard against social loafing?
undesignated roles
The ________ model suggests that managers should structure the work environment and rewards to match employees.
value attainment
Philip got an email from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable interval
Which of the following is not a driver or cause of organizational culture?
work attitudes and behaviors
Teddy is a project manager at a consulting firm. He travels a lot and works very long hours. When he's home, he is always checking email. He has a three-year-old son and a brand-new daughter, and his wife is upset that he doesn't help more. He is experiencing
work-life conflict.