OTDV514 - Exam 1 Review
Which muscle originates on the anterior surface of the scapula and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus? Serratus Anterior Teres Minor Teres Major Subscapularis
Subscapularis
Neurons that connect only with other neurons are called ___________
Interneurons
If a person had pressure on a nerve root, what bony area is likely to be involved?
Intervertebral foramen made up of the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above and the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below
Name the 2 types of bone development
Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondrial Ossification
large, rounded projection
tuberosity ex) ischial tuberosity.
movement of a bone or part around it's longitudinal axis... anterior surface rolls inward toward midline vs. anterior surface rolls outward away from midline.
rotation Medial (Internal) Rotation vs. Lateral (External) Rotation
A ______ _______ is a bursae that completely surround a tendon, with thin layer of fluid that acts as a lubricant allowing frictionless movement of tendon. especially numerous at wrist and ankle.
synovial sheath
Inflammation of the tendon sheath
tenosynovitis
a force with a direction and magnitude
vector
Law of Action and Reaction - 3rd Law (equal and opposite reaction)
which law of motion does this describe?
If a person throws a frisbee with wrist radial deviation, which muscle group would be the antagonist? Wrist radial deviators wrist ulnar deviators wrist extensors wrist flexors
wrist ulnar deviators
Afferent vs. Efferent
Afferent - sensory, periphery to brain, pseudounipolar efferent - motor, brain or spinal cord back to periphery; multipolar
When a muscle is left in a shortened position for a prolonged period of time without moving through its full excursion, resulting in a decrease in extensibility (stretch). resting length decreases and muscles can feel tight.
Adaptive Shortening
The pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major have which of the following shoulder motions in common? Horizontal Abduction Flexion Adduction Lateral Rotation
Adduction
The spinal cord extends to about What vertebral level?
L2
Chapter 4 STARTS HERE Joint Motion; causing such motions as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, or rotation.
Osteokinematics
The surfaces of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint are what shape?
Ovoid (cmc of thumb is sellar)!!
Joint surface where two bones form a convex-concave relationship
Ovoid Joint (most synovial joints are ovoid) (one bone end usually larger than other) ex) THUMB mcp joint
Why are rubber tips put on the ends of crutches?
To increase the amount of friction between the crutch tip and the ground to prevent slippage
___________ forces involve a twisting motion, trying to turn one end or part about a longitudinal axis while the other force is fixed or turning in the opposite direction.
Torsion/Rotary
Sitting in a chair, a man turns around to look behind him. what type of force is being applied to the vertebral column?
Torsional force
___________ forces cause JOINT DISTRACTION, in which the joint surfaces pull apart from one another. ex) carrying a heavy suitcase causes distraction at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints.
Traction Forces
Name the 5 types of Accessory Motion Forces
Traction Forces, Compression Forces, Shearing Forces, Bending Rotary/Torsional Forces
Which type of force causes joint distraction? traction forces shearing forces compression forces
Traction forces
Forearm pronation occurs in which plane? Frontal Plane Saggital Plane Transverse Plane
Transverse Plane
Horizontal ABduction of the shoulder occurs in which plane? Saggital Coronal Frontal Transverse
Transverse Plane
Plane passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts. Motions occurring in this plane are...
Transverse/Horizontal Plane Medial & Lateral Rotation, Supination and Pronation, Left and Right Rotation, Horizontal Abduction and Adduction
Single joint muscles are capable of moving the joint through its full R.O.M. and is not subject to active/passive insufficiency. True or False?
True
T or F? "Imagined" exercises have even been shown to increase muscular neural adaptations
True
T or F? When origin and insertion move closer together, muscles can be shortened, but when origin and insertion move farther apart, muscles lengthen.
True
The Parasymapthetic NS acts to PRESERVE THE BODY (decrease heart rate, constrict bronchioles, promote digestive function) REST & DIGEST - T or F?
True
The reason that a large-handled object is easier to turn is that the mechanical advantage is large. T or F?
True (increase in force arm length or decrease in resistance arm length) = increase in mechanical advantage
Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system? Protects vital organs manufactures blood cells gives shape and support all of the above
all of the above
Joints serve which of the following functions? all of the options bear weight and provide stability contain fluid that lubricates and nourishes the cartilage allow motion
all of the options
most body weight is _________ to the vertebral column (directional term) and for this reason, many strong muscles attached to the spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae are necessary to support and move the vertebral column. Name the 2 major groups of muscles in the back.
anterior Extrinsic and Intrinsic Muscles
extension at the wrist and ankle
dorsiflexion
The ability of a muscle to recoil or return to normal resting length after a stretching or shortening force is removed is called.. contracility extensibility irritability elasticity
elasticity
projecting, prominent part of bone
eminence; ex) intercondylar eminence of tibia
prominence above or on a condyle
epicondyle; ex) medial epicondyle of humerus
the structure of bone where growth occurs is the endosteum diaphysis epiphyseal plate medullary cavity
epiphyseal plate
flat or shallow articular surface
facet ex) articular facet of rib
When can using momentum be helpful? hazardous?
helpful during wheelchair transfers hazardous to people with parkinsons who cannot control their momentum if they are walking and they freeze.
List the steps of repair of bone fractures
hematoma internal callus bony callus of spongy bone healed fracture
found in thighs of horseback riders, growth of bone in soft tissues of muscles, tendons, and fascia.
heterotopic ossification.
flexion at the wrist
palmar flexion
Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?
Eccentric - doing with gravity.
A ___________ contraction is the lengthening of a muscle (movement is usually occurring with gravity) (lowering motion)
Eccentric Contraction
Which of the following is not true (FALSE) of eccentric contraction? Eccentric Contraction is used as an acceleration activity Movement occurs within gravity Eccentric Contraction produces greater force than concentric forces Muscle attachments move farther apart in eccentric contraction
Eccentric Contraction is used as an acceleration activity
What type of cartilage helps maintain a structure's shape? found in eustachian tubes and larynx.
Elastic Cartilage
boutonniere deformity
Hyperextends DIP joint and flexed PIP joint
Analyze motion at the elbow joint. a) name the joint surfaces and identify whether each surface is concave or convex b) identify the more movable bony segment. c) is this motion concave-on-convex or convex-on-concave? d) will the more movable bony segment glide in the same or opposite direction as the rest of the bone?
A) proximal radial-ulnar joint and distal humeral joint. B) proximal radial-ulnar joint c) concave motion -on convex surface d) same direction
The point at which muscles cannot shorten any farther is known as......... this always occurs to the agonist
Active Insufficiency
Function of Transversospinalis?
Acts bilaterally (both sides) to EXTEND VERTEBRAL COLUMN Acts Unilaterally (one sided) to ROTATE VERTEBRAL COLUMN toward contralateral (opposite) side.
Trapezius function? What cranial nerve innervates the upper, middle, and lower portions of the trapezius?
Acts to suspend the shoulder girdle, elevate & depress & retract the scapula, rotate the glenoid cavity upward. Cranial nerve 11 (Spinal Accessory Nerve)
Name of membrane that lines medullary cavity?
Endosteum
The Deltoid and Teres Minor are innervated by the ______ nerve The Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus are innervated by the _______ nerve The subscapularis and teres major are innervated by the ______________ nerves
Axillary Nerve Suprascapular Nerve Upper/Lower Subscapular Nerves
Point where three cardinal planes intersect
Center of Gravity
Two or Both Sides of body vs. Opposite Sides of body vs. Same side of body
Bilateral vs. Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral
Back injury in which only ligamentous tissue, or the attachment of ligament to bone, is involved without dislocation or fracture.
Back SPRAIN
Area beneath a person that includes every point of contact with the supporting surface (includes durable medical equipment)
Base of Support (BOS)
Point of the body at which the entire weight of the body is concentrated (S1 or S2) (aka point at which the planes of the body intersect
Center of Gravity (COG)
Special cervical vertebrae consist of C1 (_______), C2 (________), and C7 (_________ __________-)
C1 Atlas C2 Axis C7 Vertebral Prominens
Porous and spongy interior of bone made up of trabeculae (little beams filled with marrow to make bone lighter)
Cancellous Bone
the second layer of intrinsic back muscles is the _________ ________ , which consists of THREE LONGITUDINAL Columns of muscle composed of fasicles 6-10 segments long (span about 6 ribs)
Erector Spinae
_________ systems break down to form Kinetics, which are the forces causing movement, and Kinematics, which is time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system
Dynamic
Overstretching of Ligaments
Sprain
A _______ connects muscles to bones
Tendon
flexion at the ankle
plantar flexion
How many pairs of CRANIAL nerves are there
12
CRANIAL NERVES CHAPTER STARTS HERE. There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves, which supply most of the peripheral nerve functions (sensory and motor) associated with the head. Which two CN's are not considered "true" because they do not connect with the brain stem. T or F? Most cranial nerves produce ipsilateral signs and symptoms.
12 Olfactory (CN 1) & Optic (CN 2) T
How many tarsals in lower extremity? How many metatarsals? How many phalanges?
14 10 28
How many carpals total in upper extremity? How many metacarpals? How many phalanges
16 10 28
Lumbarization of Sv1 occurs when..
1st sacral vertebra isn't fused fully with the lower 4.
A Biaxial joint allows motion in how many directions? 3 2 1 none of the above
2
Have an action opposite that of the prime mover.
Antagonists
Front of the body vs. back of the body
Anterior vs. Posterior
Blood supply to the spinal cord is carried by one _____________ SPINAL ARTERY (supplies 2/3 of spinal cord) and two ____________ SPINAL ARTIERIES (supply 1/3 of cord)
Anterior Spinal Artery Posterior Spinal Arteries
In an individual who has lost the ability to oppose the thumb, what nerve is involved? what is a common term for this condition?
Ape Hand, Median Nerve
When a patient using a walker bears weight through the wrists, what type of accessory motion force is occurring at the wrist joints? Shear Rotation Forces Traction Approximation
Approximation (joint surfaces are pushed together) (compression force)
Describe the Components of the Upper Extremity
Arm (Humerus) Forearm (Radius and Ulna) Hand
__________________ motion is Joint surface motion, whereas _____________ motion is just joint motion.
Arthrokinematic Motion Osteokinematic Motion
When the joint surface of the first metacarpal glides posteriorly on the trapezium during thumb abduction, is this considered an osteokinematic or arthrokinematic movement?
Arthrokinematic because the question references joint surface! (and gliding)
For CN II - Optic Nerve - If there is a unilateral lesion, the client would have blindness in one eye, this would impair depth perception, visual acuity, and could impact balance, coordination, self-confidence, and dafety with all ADL/IADL's
As an OT, i could provide graded activities to help the client learn to compensate for the missing visual input and modify environment to compensate for impaired depth perception and unilateral blindness.
Identify the following in terms of open- or closed-kinetic chain activities. Wheelchair Push Ups Exercises with Weight Cuffs Overhead wall pulleys
Closed (Distal fixed) Open (Distal free) Open (Distal free)
Describe a closed kinetic chain and provide an example
Closed Chain - requires the distal segment is fixed (closed) and the proximal segment can move (ex) push ups, getting up from a chair
The ________ is the tailbone and consists of 4 small fused vertebrae.
Coccyx
The axillary vein is the continuation of the ________ vein and becomes the ________ vein at the lateral border of the first rib, which is why the axillary vein may be used to enter the (same vein as 2nd blank) for clinical procedures.
Basilic Vein Subclavian Vein
The type of arthrokinematic motion characterized by linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface is which of the following? Glide Roll Spin Traction
Glide
What makes up gray matter? White Matter?
Gray matter is unmyelinated tissue, and white matter is myelinated tissue
The Anterior spinal artery that supplies 2/3rds of the blood to the spinal cord is known as the _______ ________ __________ __________ Artery. It's blockage can result in what?
Great Anterior Segmental Medullary Artery Paraplegia
Ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel
Groove Ex) bicipital (intercondylar) groove of humerus
high velocity, low amplitude - moving the joint with high speed through a very slight and calculated range just past where joint play ends (just past where sliding, rolling, spinning, or compressing stops)
HVLA Thrust Manipulation
Function of Splenius Cervicis?
Head AND NECK Rotation; flexes toward same (ipsilateral) side.
Function of Splenius Capitis?
Head Rotation; Ipsilateral (same side) Head & Neck Flexion
Provide an example of a Component Movement of arthrokinematic (joint surface motion) and osteokinematic (joint motion) motions
Head of Humerus must glide inferiorly (arthrokinematic motion) in order for shoulder joint (osteokinematic motion) to perform full flexion.
dense, fibrous, connective tissue that can handle a lot of pressure and tension.
cartilage
states Order of muscle fiber recruitment occurs from smaller/slow twitch motor neurons to larger (fast twitch) motor neurons explains why when you pick up a pencil you have more control (slow twitch, less muscle fibers per unit) vs picking up a suitcase where you have less control (fast twitch, more muscle fibers per unit, fatigue faster)
Hennemann Size Principle (smaller size motor neurons vs. larger size motor neuron recruitment)
Neer and Hawkins Kennedy are two test that can be used for people suspected to have what?
Impingement Syndrome
bone forms directly within a connective tissue membrane, occurs mainly in the head
Intramembranous Ossificiation
__________ vertebrae have larger bodies than cervical and thoracic, with thick, hatchet shaped spinous processes, and small mammillary processes on the back of each superior articular process.
Lumbar Vertebrae
__________ is the flared part of long bones that serves as a transition from the end of each diaphysis to each epiphysis - mostly made of cancellous bone; functions to support epiphysis
Metaphysis
The _________ of the transversospinalis muscles takes origin from the sacrum and transverse processes of lumbar through lower cervical vertebrae; has fasicles that span 2-4 SEGMENTS to insert on spinous procceses of Lv5-Cv2 Best developed in the lumbar region
Multifidus
Which type of equilibrium? Ball on ground? Reaching up high on your tip toes? Person squatting in preparation for a transfer? Standing on one leg?
Neutral EQ unstable EQ stable EQ (disturbing cog would require raising) unstable EQ
tend to have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width - cube shaped, usually articulate with more than one bone. thin compact layer covers cancellous ex) carpals of wrist and tarsals of ankle
Short bones
Identify the 11 degrees of freedom of the upper extremity.
Shoulder = 3 Elbow = 1 Radioulnar = 1 Wrist = 2 DIP, MIP, and PIP = 3 (1 each) (all parts of the finger)
T or F? the COG and LOG must remain within the base of support for an object to remain stable.
True (outside BOS there is not as good support!)
T of F? The majority of the lower extremity functional activity occurs in a closed chain manner? (distal fixed)
True - think about walking - distal feet are fixed and proximal while proximal joints require movement
what two factors influence how much torque can be produced?
strength of force (magnitude) & perpendicular distance (moment arm) from force's line of pull to axis of rotation magnitude & moment arm
the force or load the body or its parts resist the amount of deformation it is able to tolerate before it succumbs to the stress.
stress strain
Define Kinesiology
study of human movement
an impingement syndrome where the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space.
subacromial bursitis
A dorsal surface on the scapula with a spine separates the __________ and _____________ _________; the spine is continuous laterally with the acromion. 2/3rds of the __________ border is located inferior to the level of the spine. the shallow glenoid cavity on the ___________ angle exists for articulation with the head of the humerus at the ____________ joint.
supraspinous infraspinous fossa medial border lateral angle glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
Name the 4 ligaments that strengthen the SC joint
- Ant. and Post. SC Ligaments -Interclavicular Ligament Costoclavicular Ligament
Name and describe the 3 SPINAL MENINGES
- Dura Mater - continuous with dura around brain, continued as coccygeal ligament/filum of the dura BELOW S2 - Arachnoid Mater - pressed against the internal surface of the dura o The SUBARACHNOID SPACE is between the arachnoid and pia mater, and contains CSF § Enlarged inferior to conus medullaris in area known as LUMBAR CISTERN, where people tend to inject anesthesia. - Pia Mater - vascular CT membrane inseparable from spinal cord o Has filum terminale continuing inferiorly from conus medullaris (L2 - end of spinal cord) o Form deticulate ligaments - tooth like processes that attach to dura and provide stability for spinal cord.
The somatic nervous system has ______ neuron passing between the CNS and effector (skeletal muscle); the autonomic nervous system has _______ neurons in series - preganglionic (inside CNS) and postganglionic (outside cns) neurons, between the CNS and effector.
1 neuron 2 neurons
Name the 3 muscles that form the suboccipital triangle.
1) Rectus Capitis Posterior Major 2) Obliquus Capitis Inferior 3) Obliquus Capitis Superior
Muscles can be subdivided into 3 categories. Name and describe the 3 types of Muscles
1) Smooth Muscles - form the muscular layers of hollow organs; involuntary 2) Cardiac Muscles - form the muscular layer of the heart; involuntary; striated 3) Skeletal Muscles - attaches to bones across joints to move them; voluntary; striated.
Name and provide an example of the 3 types of Fibrous Joints
1) Synarthrosis - suture joint, ex) skull - no motion, provides shape and strength 2) Syndesmosis - Ligamentous Joint - distal tibiofibular joint at ankle - fibrous tissue such as ligaments hold joint together 3) Gomphosis - peg and socket - ex) tooth and wall of dental socket of mandible and maxilla
What are the three features that describe diarthrodial (synovial) joints?
1) The # of axes ex) nonaxial, triaxial 2) the shape of the joint ex) plane, ball in socket 3) the joint motion allowed ex) gliding, flexion/extension; abduction/adduction; rotation.
List the steps to perform a clinical motion analysis. (osteokinematics)
1) select an osteokinematic (joint motion) motion through which the joint is able to move. ex) glenohumeral joint - shoulder abduction ex2) mcp joint - mcp flexion 2) identify the actual direction in which the BONE moves when the osteokinematic motion occurs. ex) glenohumeral joint - superior movement of humerus ex2) mcp joint - anterior movement of proximal phalanx 3) Identify the arthrokinematic (joint surface) motion that occurs by describing the actual direction in which the joint surface is gliding (anterior, posterior, lateral, or medial glide) ex) inferior glide head of humerus ex2) anterior glide of proximal end of proximal phalanx
Name the steps to perform a conceptual motion analysis (arthrokinematics)
1. Name the joint surfaces and identify which is convex and which is concave ex) glenoid fossa - concave, head of humerus - convex. ex2) metacarpal - convex, proximal phalanx - concave 2. Identify the more movable bony segment (Insertion) (usually more distal one) ex) head of humerus ex2) proximal phalanx 3. Identify if the motion is convex on concave or concave on convex ex) convex head of humerus is moving ON concave glenoid fossa surface (convex on concave) ex2) concave proximal phalanx is moving on convex metacarpal (concave-on-convex) 4. Determine if the more movable joint surface will glide in the same or opposite direction as the rest of that bone. ex) head of humerus glides in OPPOSITE direction from distal end of humerus ex2) proximal phalanx glides in SAME direction as distal end of proximal phalanx.
Spinal nerves C1-C7 exit the vertebral canal ________ the vertebra of the same # Spinal Nerve C8 enters _________ Vertebrae T1 Spinal Nerve's T1 to Co1 exit the vertebral canal _____ the vertebra of the same #
ABOVE (ex), Spinal Nerve C6 exits above C6 vertebrae. Above Below (ex) spinal nerve T7 exits below T7 vertebrae
movement away from the midline vs. movement toward the midline
ABduction vs. ADduction
what two muscle movements are most susceptible to dislocations of the GH joint? (think - throwing a football) T or F? Glenohumeral subluxation is reported in up to 81% of stroke victims
ABduction & External Rotation T
the _______ has two lateral masses with SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS for articulation with OCCIPITAL CONDYLES of the skull, and INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES for articulation with the AXIS (atlanto-axial joints) (no body). it also has a DENS/ODONTOID PROCESS rising from upper surface of the body, 2 medial tubercles, and transverse foramen.
AXIS (C2)
Function of the Deltoid?
Abducts arm after the first 15 degrees; Flex and medial rotation of arm; extend and laterally rotate arm
Present when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement. from reaching full PROM.
Abnormal End Feel
________ _________ __________ consist of four main types, and are forces used to create movement between the joint surfaces when performing joint mobilizations.
Accessory Motion Forces
Motions occurring within the joint that are necessary for joint motion but are not under voluntary control are called Accessory Movements Springy Block Manipulation Osteokinematic Movements
Accessory Movements (shearing, traction, compression, bending, rotary)
The __________ joint is a plane synovial joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the medial margin of the acromion. INCOMPLETELY divided into two joint cavities by an ARTICULAR DISC. (clavicle tends to override the acromion due to inferomedial articular surfaces)
Acromioclavicular Joint
A person experiencing pain on the superior lateral aspect of the scapula may have pathology involving which of the following structures? Deltoid tubercle glenoid fossa coracoid process acromion process
Acromion Process
Function of Erector Spinae muscles?
Act Bilaterally (both sides) to EXTEND vertebral column Contract Unilaterally (On one side) to BEND vertebral column to same side (lateral flexion) Acting Unilaterally, bends head and rotates the face to the CONTRACTING SIDE (via longissimus capitis)
Osteokinematics (Joint Motion) can occur actively or passively. _________ range of motion (_______) occurs when muscles contract to move joints through their range of motion (you yourself are moving the joint); while ________ range of motion (_______-) occurs when a clinician wants to restore R.O.M. and had to move the joint themselves.
Action AROM Passive PROM
You can make a tighter fist with your wrist extended than with your wrist flexed because Passive Insufficiency of finger extensors Active Insufficiency of Finger extensors Passive Insufficiency of finger flexors Active Insufficiency of finger flexors (shortening of finger flexors) THINK... to make fist, what is happening (fingers are flexing and shortening)
Active Insufficiency of finger flexors
___________ ____________ of the muscle occurs when poor posture leads muscle tissue to be in a chronically overstretched state. The muscles adopt an abnormally long resting length.
Adaptive Lengthening
Your next client has shoulder pain and loss of motion due to inflammation and fibrosis of the shoulder joint. The most likely diagnosis is which of the following? Impingement Syndrome Adhesive Capsulitis
Adhesive Capsulitis - "Frozen Shoulder" is the result of inflammation, scarring, thickening, and shrinkage of the capsule that surrounds the joint
Neurons that convey information to the CNS are called sensory, or ______, neurons.
Afferent Neurons
Afferent (________) neurons are __________ (type of polarity) neurons with one process leaving the cell body and dividing into a peripheral process and a central process.
Afferent Sensory Pseudounipolar
The Flexor Carpi Radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. In what wrist action do the two muscles act as agonists? In what wrist action do the two muscles act as antagonists? (FCR is antagonist in ulnar deviation, FCU is antagonist in radial deviation)
Agonists in Wrist Flexion Antagonists in both Ulnar and Radial Deviation.
Types of Motion: movement around a fixed point. all parts of object move through same angle, in same direction, at same time, BUT travel different distances. ex) flexing the knee - foot travels farther through space then ankle or leg.
Angular/Rotary Motion
which joint permits NECK FLEXION AND EXTENSION (yes motion)? which joint permits ROTATION OF THE HEAD SIDE TO SIDE (no motion)?
Atlanto-Occipital Joint = Yes motion Atlanto-Axial Joint = No motion
List some of the characteristics that influence the naming of muscles
Attachment; Ex) Sternocleidomastoid Action; Ex) Levator Scapulae Shape; Ex) Trapezius Muscle Number of Heads/Divisions; Ex) Quadriceps Size; Ex) Gluteus Maximus & Gluteus Minimus Location; Ex) Tibialis Anterior Fiber Orientation; Ex) Rectus Abdominis (rectus means "straight" in latin)
Points that run through the center of a joint around which part it rotates
Axes
________ Skeleton - 80 bones; head, thorax, and trunk ________ Skeleton - 126 bones; extremities
Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
the _________ is a pyramidal-shaped region at the junction of the upper extremity and thorax that transmits nerves and vessels between the upper extremity distally and the neck and thorax proximally.
Axilla
the axilla contains the _______ _______ and branches, axillary vein and tributaries, axillary _______ _______ and lymph vessels, parts of the brachial plexus of nerves, and the _______ _______ of fascia enclosing major nerves and blood vessels
Axillary Artery Axillary Lymph Nodes Axillary Sheath
Damage to which of the following nerves could result in weakness of the deltoid muscle? Axillary Nerve Radial Nerve Musculocutaneous Nerve Suprascapular Nerve
Axillary Nerve
Name the bony, membranous, and fluid features that protect the brain from trauma.
Bone - Skull Membranous - Meninges Fluid - Cerebrospinal Fluid
Some degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers, typically the erector spinae, causing lower back pain. (as protective mechanism, the back muscles go into spasm after an injury or in response to inflammation)
Back STRAIN
____________ forces occur when any other-than vertical force is applied, resulting in compression (joint approximation) on the concave side and distraction on the convex side.
Bending Forces
The wrist is an example of which type of joint? triaxial Uniaxial biaxial nonaxial
Biaxial
When a condition involves both of the legs, which of the following terms best describes this situation? Unilateral Ipsilateral Bilateral Contralateral
Bilateral
Function/Action of the Sternocleidomastoid? What nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid?
Bilateral Contraction: extends neck at the atlanto-occipital joints, flexes cervical vertebrae so the chin approaches the manubrium. Unilateral Contraction: laterally bends the neck to the same side, rotates the face to the opposite side Innervated by the Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN 11) and Cv2, Cv3 for Pain and Proprioception (body awareness)
Function/Action of Scalene muscles?
Bilaterally (both sides) assits in NECK FLEXION Unilaterally (one side) perform LATERAL FLEXION ELEVATE RIB ATTACHMENTS and act as compensatory muscles with inefficient breathing patterns.
Chapter 8 Begins HERE the application of mechanics to the analysis of biological and physiological systems with forces related TO THE BODY and their effect on body movement, size, shape, and structure.
Biomechanics
The type of abnormal end feel characterized by the presence of soft tissue edema is which of the following? Boggy End Feel Empty End Feel Capsular End Feel Spring Block End Feel
Boggy End Feel
Name and describe 4 types of abnormal end feel.
Boggy End Feel- often found in acute conditions where soft tissue edema is present. has a "wet sponge" feel. ex) synovitis - joint lining inflammation Muscle Spasm-protective response seen with acute (severe) injury, reflexive muscle guarding. (palpation will reveal spasm) Empty End Feel- movement produces PAIN and patient stops clinician from moving joint beyond painful point. (no way of knowing tissue type that could be cause of limitation) Springy Block End Feel- rebound movement felt at end of ROM, usually occurs with internal derangement of a joint (ex) torn cartilage; torn meniscus tissue limiting knee extension.
The nerve plexus formed by the Rami of C5 through T1 is called the Lumbosacral plexus Brachial Plexus Thoracic Plexus Cervical Plexus
Brachial Plexus
The __________ _________ is the nerve plexus that supplies the upper extremity, formed by the _______ ________ of spinal nerves ______-_______ Formed in 5 Stages. Name them
Brachial Plexus Anterior Rami C5-T1 Roots -> Trunks -> Divisions -> Cords -> Branches (rob taylor drinks cold beer)
What type of structure is located where tendons pass over a bone or joint and serves to decrease friction? Bursa Fat Pad Cartilage Fibrocartilage
Bursa
Inflammation of the bursae - caused by blow or injury
Bursitis
The anterior rami of spinal nerves _________ and _______ join to form the superior trunk The anterior ramus of _____ forms the middle trunk The anterior rami of ______ and _____ form the inferior trunk
C5 & C6 C7 C8
The nervous system is subdivided into the Central Nervous System, consisting of.....
CNS = brain and spinal cord PNS - 12 pairs of cranial nerves attached to brain 31 pairs of spinal nerves that come off of spinal cord
Inflammation of the joint capsule (can cause decreased ability to stretch overtime)
Capsulitis
Plane divides body into equal parts, occurs whenever a plane passes through midline of a part, whether saggital, frontal, or horizontal.
Cardinal Plane
Name the origins of the 12 cranial nerves
Cerebrum - Olfactory (1) and Optic (2) Midbrain-pontine Junction - Oculomotor (3) Midbrain - Trochlear (4) Pons - Trigeminal (5) Pontine-Medulla Junction - Abducens (6) , Facial (7), and Vestibulocochlear (8) Medulla (Posterior to Olive) - Glossopharyngeal (9), Vagus (10), and Spinal Accessory (11) Medulla (Anterior to Olive) - Hypoglossal (12)
Cervical ________ involves extension of the atlanto-occipital joint, and flexion of C2-C7, while Cervical ________ involves flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint and extension of C2-C7
Cervical Protraction Cervical Retraction
A typical __________ vertebrae is small in size, has a short bifid spinous process (2 projections) to allow for neck extension, and transverse foramen are present to allow for vertebral arteries to pass through.
Cervical Vertebrae
Motion that describes circular, cone shaped pattern involving... flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
Circumduction
A person experiencing "foot drop" has damage to which of the following nerves? Radial Nerve Femoral Nerve Common Peroneal Nerve Median Nerve
Common Peroneal Nerve
Where is compact bone found? Where is cancellous bone found?
Compact bone is found in the diaphysis of long bones Cancellous bone is found in the metaphysis and epiphysis of long bones
A person bends down to touch the floor in the saggital plane. What type of force is applied to the anterior part of the vertebra? What type of force is applied to the posterior part of the vertebra?
Compression Traction (so together it is a bending force)
a _______ joint surface will glide on a fixed ________ surface in the SAME DIRECTION as the distal end of the moving bone. EX) distal metacarpal is convex, proximal phalanax is concave; during finger extension, concave proximal phalax moves in same direction as distal end of proximal phalax while moving over fixed convex metacarpal surface.
Concave Joint Convex Surface
A ____________ contraction is the shortening of a muscle. Movement is usually occurring against gravity (raising motion)
Concentric Contraction
Name the 3 ways in which muscles can contract
Concentric Contraction Isometric Contraction Eccentric Contraction
a ________ joint surface will glide on a fixed _________ surface in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION as the distal end of the moving bones Ex) glenoid fossa on scapula is concave, head of humerus is convex, as head of humerus moves inferiorly, distal portion of humerus will move in opposite direction (superiorly) while moving over a fixed concave surface of the glenoid fossa.
Convex Joint Concave surface`
describes how shape of joint determines the motion; differences in shape of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement.
Convex-Concave Rule
with rupture of the _______ ligament, the AC join may dislocated, aka shoulder separation.
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Used to describe locations of extremities... Away from the trunk vs. towards the trunk
Distal vs. Proximal
Position/structure close to head vs. position/structure close to feet
Cranial vs. Caudal
Parasympathetic Div also known as...
Craniosacral division due to the location of its preganglionic Neuron cell bodies within brainstem nuclei or sacral spinal cord segments 2-4
Draw a table of the axial skeleton. How many bones in each of following locations? Cranium? Face? Vertebral Column? Thorax? Other?
Cranium - 8 Face - 14 Vertebral Column - 26 Thorax - 25 Other - 7
You are trying to assist your patient in developing shoulder flexion by using a weighted cuff during activities. which position of the weighted cuff would require the most effort at the shoulder joint to move the cuff through the shoulder ROM? Cuff placed over the forearm Cuff placed at the wrist Cuff placed over the bicep Cuff placed at the elbow
Cuff placed at the wrist (BECAUSE farthest from shoulder, would have to go through most resistance with most force to complete movement)
If a person has a subdural hematoma from a blow to the head, where would the hematoma be located?
Deep to the dura mater, which is the outermost covering of the brain (so arachnoid or pia)
The number of planes a joint passes through can be defined as....
Degrees of freedom
Which of these muscles is multipennate? Deltoid Pec Major - triangular Sternocleidomastoid - strap Brachialis
Deltoid
Neurons consist of a cell body and one or more CELL PROCESSES, usually being... several ___________ , which carry action potentials ______ (away from/toward) the cell body, and one _________ to carry impulses ________ (away from/toward) the cell body
Dendrites Toward Axon Away
GSA nerve fibers in each spinal nerve supply a particular strip of skin (____________); is an areas of the dermatomes are innervated by spinal nerves EXCEPT FOR THE FACE AND ANTERIOR SCALP, which are innervated by cranial nerves __________ (same definition) is the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve. -
Dermatome
Main shaft of bone, walls mostly compact bone.
Diaphysis
Synovial Joints are also called _____________ joints because they allow free motion. typically because of this, synovial joints are less stable.
Diarthrodial Joints
Complete SEPARATION OF THE ARTICULAR SURFACES of a joint
Dislocation
Function/Action of the Platysma?
Draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens mount as it expresses SADNESS AND FRIGHT. draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched indicating tension.
___________ ______________ occurs when a muscle contracts a joint to stabilize it, whereas ___________ ________________ involves passive stabilization, such as a ligament.
Dynamic Stabilization Static Stabilization
the autonomic nervous system carries ________ (efferent/afferent) impulses from the CNS to CARDIAC MUSCLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, or GLANDS, has TWO NEURONS LINED UP END TO END, and joined by the synapse. These neurons are..... (name them) ___________ neurons have cell body in the CNS and an axon leaving it ___________ neurons have cell body in peripheral autonomic ganglion.
Efferent (MOTOR) Preganglionic/Presynaptic Neuron Postganglionic/Postsynaptic Neuron Preganglionic Postganglionic
Efferent (________) neurons are _________ (type of polarity) neurons with one axon and multiple dendrites
Efferent Motor Multipolar
Levator Scapulae function? What nerve innervates the levator scapulae?
Elevates Scapula (trapezius also does this); Downwardly rotates glenoid cavity. Innervated by spinal nerves C3-C4 & dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
Movements of the clavicle at the SC Joint include...
Elevation & Depression Protraction & Retraction Rotation around long axis of clavicle
(review) what movements of the scapula exist?
Elevation/Depression Protraction/Retraction Upward/Downward Rotation
Type of resistance that a clinician feels when bringing a patient's joint to the end of it's passive range of motion.
End Feel
More common; hyaline cartilage first develops and then replaced by bone; mainly occurs in trunk and extremities.
Endochondrial Ossification
The _________ is the membrane that lines medullary canal of diaphysis
Endosteum
Area at each end of a long bone; tending to be wider than the shaft
Epiphysis
The distance from maximum lengthening to maximum shortening
Excursion
Latissimus Dorsi function? What nerve innervates the Lattisimus Dorsi?
Extends, Adducts, and Medially (Internal) rotates the arm, acting via humerus. Depresses shoulder (so does trapezius); Raises body towards arms during climbing. Innervated by the Thoracodorsal nerve of C6,c7, & c8.
Stretch a muscle, and it will lengthen (___________). Remove the stretch, and it will return to its normal resting position (___________). Stimulate a muscle, and it will respond (_____________) by generating force (____________); then remove the stimulus and it will return to its normal resting position (_______________)
Extensibility Elasticity Irritability Contractility Elasticity
In general, a movement of one bone on another bone to cause an increase in joint angle is called.... Flexion Rotation Circumduction Extension
Extension
The posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and teres major have which of the following shoulder motions in common? Flexion Lateral Rotation Extension ABduction
Extension
The intervention of joint mobilization is best performed in the close-packed position at any given joint. T or F?
F
trick to remember 3 types of levers?
FRE 123 First class lever has fulcrum in middle Second class lever has resistance in middle Third class lever has effort in middle
SFT: muscles comprised of groups of muscle fibers are bound together into bundles called ____________. Each individual muscle fiber is composed of smaller bundles called )_____________, which are divided into functional divisions called ____________, capable of shortening when stimulated. For that reason, a _________ is defined as the most basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber. Sarcomeres are separated by Z-Lines, and comprise a network of contractile proteins - ___________ (thinner) and _________ (thicker) _________ heads reach out of the muscle when a muscle receives a stimulus to contact, and binds to _________ filaments. This binding force is what shortens the sarcomere.
Fascicles Myofibrils Sarcomeres Sarcomere Actin Myosin Myosin Actin
Small muscles that perform movement have ____________ (fewer/more) muscle fibers per unit, resulting in _______ (more/less) control and precision. Large muscles that do gross movements have thousands of muscle fibers for one neuron, resulting in ______ (more/less) control
Fewer More less
What type of cartilage is a shock absorber, present in synovial and cartilaginous joints, filling the gap between bones. examples include the meniscus, intervertebral discs, and the labrum of the shoulder.
Fibrocartilage
joint with thin layer of periosteum between the two bones; 3 types
Fibrous Joint
Provide an example of active and passive sufficiency using the wrist as an example. (flexed and extended)
Flexed Wrist Agonist - Active Insufficiency - what cannot shorten any further...... When a wrist is flexed, the finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus) cannot shorten any further Antagonist (what is doing opposite)- Passive Insufficiency (what cannot lengthen any futher....) When the wrist is flexed, the extensors on top of the wrist cannot lengthen any more. Extended Wrist Agonist - Active Insufficiency - what cannot shorten any further.... when a wrist is extended, the finger extensors cannot shorten any further Antagonist - Passive Insufficiency - what cannot lengthen any further.... when a wrist is extended, the finger flexors cannot extend any further.
The total R.O.M. for the entire vertebral column includes.....
Flexion Extension Lateral Bending/Flexion Rotation Circumduction
Osteokinematic movements include....
Flexion Palmar Flexion Plantar Flexion Extension Hyperextension Dorsiflexion ABduction ADduction
Hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass;
Foramen ex) vertebral foramen of cervical vertebrae
Scapular Upward rotation is an example of what type of force? Concurrent forces Parallel forces Ground Reaction forces Force Couple
Force Couple
Two forces acting in equal but opposite directions and resulting in a turning effect is called... Force Couple Stabilizing Force Moment of Force Dislocating Force
Force Couple
Hollow or depression
Fossa ex) glenoid fossa of scapula
Does a motor nerve send impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord or from the spinal cord to the periphery?
From Spinal Cord to Periphery
Point that runs through a joint from side to side
Frontal Axis
Shoulder abduction occurs in which plane? Frontal Plane Transverse Plane Saggital Plane
Frontal Plane
Most commonly dislocated joint in the body? where does it usually dislocate
GH Joint inferior part of the capsule (anterior dislocation) POSSIBLE AXILLARY NERVE DAMAGE
Sensory (Afferent) Modalities include... ______ - general sensation from skin ______ - general sensation from viscera _______ -senses derived from ectoderm (sight, sound, balance) ______ -senses derived from endoderm (taste and smell) Motor (Efferent) Modalities include... _______ - general motor body movements (skeletal muscles) _______ - Smooth muscles of gut and autonomic motor _______ - muscles derived from pharyngeal arches
GSS - GEN SOMATIC SENSORY GVS - GEN VISCERAL SENSORY SSS - SPEC SOMATIC SENSORY SVS - SPEC VISCERAL SENSORY GSM - GEN SOMATIC MOTOR GVM - GEN VISCERAL MOTOR SVM - SPEC VISCERAL MOTOR
___________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS.
Ganglion
_______________ _____________ ________________ (______) nerve fibers carry sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch from the skin and position sense (proprioception) from muscles and joints. Some proprioceptive impulses reach the level of consciousness (ex) close eyes - move arm and still know it's position
General Somatic Afferent (GSA) nerve fibers
_________ ____________ _____________ (________) are nerve fibers that control the contractions of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS.
General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
___________ ___________ _____________ (____) fibers carry afferent information from GLANDS, BLOOD VESSELS, and INTERNAL ORGANS; most of this fails to reach consciousness.
General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
____________ __________ __________ (_____) fibers innervate SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE, or GLANDS; this is the ____________ nervous system
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Autonomic Nervous System
When a person abducts the shoulder to 90 degrees, then moves the arm backward, what is that motion called? Horizontal ABduction Medial Rotation Horizontal ADduction Lateral Rotation
Horizontal ABduction
The following motions cannot occur in anatomical position - must be proceeded by flexion or abduction of shoulder joint.. moves arm backward vs. moves arm forward
Horizontal ABduction vs. Horizontal ADduction
Describe Anatomical Position
Human body standing upright, palms facing forward, arms at the sides, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together.
How does hyaline cartilage differ from fibrocartilage?
Hyaline cartilage is located on the ends of bones. it is avascular and anueral Fibrocartilage is located in the gaps between bones. it is designed to absorb shock.
what type of cartilage covers the ends of opposing bones in a synovial/diarthrotic joint? This type of cartilage is avascular and aneural
Hyaline/Articular Cartilage
What are the 3 basic types of cartilage?
Hyaline/Articular Cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage
Shannon is experiencing tongue deviation to the right, atrophy and paralysis of the tongue, and dysphagia secondary to impaired tongue musculature. her OT immediately suspects impairment to which cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal Nerve - motor input to tongue and muscle movement.
The lateral column of the erector spinae; runs along angles of ribs and to transverse processes of cervical vertebrae.
Iliocostalis
The erector spinae can be broken into parts known as the ____________, ____________, and __________.
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
To adapt to chronic stretch, in a lengthened position, sarcomeres _______ in series, and in a shortened position, sarcomeres ________ in series. Patients experience less atrophy (muscle loss) in a lengthened position than a shortened position (important for learning how to splint a patient - always splint in a neutral position, not a flexed position.
Increase Decrease
What nerve innervates suboccipital muscles?
Innervated by the posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (Suboccipital nerve)
The more movable bone which moves toward the more stable bone (the origin), usually more distal
Insertion
Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment. What is another name for the DISTAL attachment? What is another name for the PROXIMAL attachment?
Insertion Origin
The _____________ back muscles consist of the _________ ______ _________ & the _____________ ____________ ___________. they are considered to be RESPIRATORY in function, and innervated by segmental anterior rami of spinal nerves.
Intermediate Back Muscles Serratus Posterior Superior Serratus Posterior Inferior
__________ __________ are formed between inferior vertebral notches of the vertebra above and superior notches of the vertebra below. this is where a SPINAL NERVE exits the VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Intervertebral Foramen
Form cartilaginous joints between bodies of adjacent vertebrae from C2 to S1 (25% of vertebral column)
Intervertebral discs
_______________ back muscles are innervated by segmental POSTERIOR RAMI of Spinal nerves (vs intermediate which is innervated by anterior rami) These back muscles consist of three layers from superficial to deep, name them.
Intrinsic/Deep Splenius Muscles (most superficial.) Erector Spinae - mainly vertical in orientation Transversospinalis - run superomedially
______________ back muscles are the "true back muscles" and are innervated by POSTERIOR RAMI of spinal nerves; act to maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column.
Intrinsic/Deep Muscles
What type of bones are facial bones?
Irregular bones
Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue: Muscles can experience ____________, the ability to respond to a stimulus, ______________, the ability to contract and generate force when stimulated, _____________, the ability to stretch, and _________, the ability to recoil or return to resting length when force is removed
Irritability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity
Chapter 3 begins - a connection between two bones; allows motion, helps bear body weight, and provides stability.
Joint
Technique that applies an external force to a patient's joint to generate a passive, repeating motion or sustained stretch between JOINT SURFACES (arthrokinematic)
Joint Mobilization
________ ________ is an Arthrokinemtic (joint surface motion) movement where an EXTERNAL FORCE creates PASSIVE motion at the joint. (motion of one articular surface over another) (sliding, rolling, spinning, or compressing motion occurring between bony surfaces within a joint as it progresses through ROM)
Joint Play
Increased anterior concavity of thoracic region Anterior convexity of the Lumbar Spine
Kyphosis Lordosis
The spinal cord ends at _____ and is known as _____ _________, nerves continue after the spinal cord ends and are known as ________ _________
L2 Conus Medularis Filum Terminale
Each trunk divides into anterior and posterior divisions, with the anterior division of the superior and middle trunk joining to form the ________ cord. The anterior division of the inferior trunk forms the _________ cord. The posterior division of the superior, middle, and inferior trunk forms the ________ cord.
Lateral Cord Medial Cord Posterior Cord
The lateral cord divides into the _______ root of the _______ and _________ nerve (C5,6,&7)
Lateral root musculocutaneous and median nerve
Describe and give examples of newtons 3 laws of motion
Law of Inertia - object at rest stays at rest; object in motion stays in motion Law of Acceleration - acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the forces acting on that object and inversely proportionate to its mass. Law of Action and Reaction - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
when blood supply is interrupted to the femoral head causing necrosis of the bone at the pressure epiphysis in growing children.
Legg-Calve Perthes Disease
An example of a muscle group that forms a force couple is which of the following? Rhomboids, Upper Trapezius, Levator Scapula Upper Trapezius, Lower Trapezius, Levator Scapula Serratus Anterior and Pectoralis Minor Levator Scapula, Rhomboids, Pectoralis Minor
Levator Scapula, Rhomboids, Pectoralis Minor (downward rotation and depression)
Identify the different types of simple machines both within the body and used in clinical practice.
Levers are simple machines that can amplify an applied force (effort) converting it into torque. There are 4 requirements for levers. 1) axis (fulcrum or core) 2) effort (force) 3) resistance (load) 4) (rigid bar) - lever rigid bar pivots around the axis, the effort moves the lever, and the resistance (the load) is moved by the lever. 3 Types of levers: FRE 123 1st class lever - fulcrum in middle 2nd class lever - resistance in middle 3rd class lever - effort in middle
Lines that passes vertically through the C.O.G.)
Line of Gravity (L.O.G.)
Name and describe the three main types of forces
Linear - when all forces occur along the same line of action ex) compression - together traction - apart Parallel - forces act on the same plane and are aligned with each other ex) force couple - when parallel forces move in opposite directions, producing rotary force shearing - parallel to the surface in contact torsion/rotary - twisting force EX) body brace Concurrent - when two or more forces connect at a common point, but pull in divergent directions. (forces result in object going in different direction) ex) resultant force - the net result of two or more different forces.
Types of Motion: Occurs in more or less straight line. All parts of object travel same distance, same direction, same time. (mostly movement outside of body)
Linear Motion
When person steps forward to release a bowling ball, what type of motion of the body is occurring? Angular Linear Torque Kinematic
Linear Motion (body moving in a straight line, like walking)
Two people are standing on the SAME side of a patient's bed. they plan to move the patient toward them by pulling on the draw sheet. this move would be what type of force? Linear, parallel, concurrent, or force couple?
Linear, concurrent is differing directions
bones greater in width; largest bones in body, makes up most of appendicular skeleton
Long bones
The intermediate column of the erector spinae; runs along the tips of the transverse processes of vertebrae Capitis part inserts into mastoid process of temporal bone.
Longissimus
In children, cervical _________ develops when infants attempt to lift their heads, while lumbar __________ (same term) occurs when a child starts crawling, sitting, standing, and walking upright.
Lordosis
Chapters 9 & 10 Starts HERE - Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder Joint Features of Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral Region include Palpable bony landmarks such as the Jugular Notch, the ________ Joint (Sternal Angle) at the junction of the manubrium and body of sternum, indicating the level of the second ___________ ____________. The Xiphisternal Junction and Xiphoid process of the sternum, and the _______ costal cartilage, the most inferior one to articulate with the sternum.
Manubriosternal Joint 2nd costal cartilage Seventh costal cartilage
Canal or tubelike opening in a bone
Meatus ex) external auditory meatus
Toward the Midline vs. Farther from the Midline
Medial vs. Lateral
The latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, and the anterior deltoid have which of the following shoulder motions in common? ADduction Lateral Rotation Medial Rotation Flexion
Medial Rotation
putting your hand in your back pocket involves what shoulder joint rotation? (glenohumeral joint)
Medial Rotation of glenohumeral joint; also downward rotation
Nerve that results in Ape Hand
Median Nerve
the medial cord divides into the _______ root of the _________ and _________ nerve (C8,T1)
Median Root Median Nerve Ulnar Nerve
The center of the Diaphysis is called the _________ _________ , which is hollow, decreases bone weight, contains marrow, and provides a passage for nutrient arteries.
Medullary Canal
Would the spinal cord injury at L4 show clinical signs more like a spinal cord lesion or a peripheral nerve lesion?
More like a peripheral nerve lesion bc the SPINAL CORD ENDS AT L2. below that, the cord is made up of a collection of nerve roots.
_______ __________ consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates *the number of muscle fibers a single alpha motor neuron innervates varies *the size of the motor units vary
Motor Unit
Chapter 5 begins bundle of ELASTIC tissue that is specialized for contraction, producing movement or maintaining the position of a body part
Muscle
The point where muscle meets tendon
Musculotendinous Junction
The white fatty substance present in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system that serves to increase speed of impulse conduction is called... myelin the node of ranvier a tract a neuron
Myelin
group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates is known as a ____________ and this is present in GSE nerve fibers. Each skeletal muscle is usually innervated by the somatic motor fibers of several spinal nerves, therefore the muscle myotome will consist of several segments.
Myotome.
Chapter 6 begins HERE one of two major control systems; provides rapid and precise control (vs endocrine system which has slower and wider control) controls, stimulates, and coordinates all other body systems
Nervous System
The __________ system acts through the release (secretion) of a chemical ___________, at a specialized intercellular junction (_________) with another cell.
Nervous System Neurotransmitter Synapse
The Nervous System contains two basic types of cells. Name and describe them
Neurons & Glial Cells Neurons (nerve cells) - are the fundamental unit of the nervous system, capable of developing and transmitting waves of membrane excitation (ACTION POTENTIALS/nerve impulses) Glial (neuroglia) Cells - support nerve cells and provide the extracellular environment required for them to function.
Features of Surface anatomy of the pectoral region also include the _______ at the level of the fourth intercostal space in the male and young female, and the anterior axillary fold (chicken wing) formed mainly by the pec major muscle
Nipple
Classify the number of axes a diarthrodial (synovial) joint can have, as well as the shape of the joint, and joint motion and an example
Nonaxial - Plane (irregular) - Gliding Motion - ex) intercarpals Uniaxial - hinge or pivot - Flexion/Extension (hinge) & Rotation (pivot) - ex) elbow and knee flexion/extension (hinge) , atlas/axis and radius/ulna rotation (pivot) Biaxial - condyloid (looks like a suction cup) or saddle - flexion/extension, abduction, adduction & rotation (saddle only) - ex) condyloid - wrist; saddle - thumb Triaxial - ball and socket - flexion/extension, abduction & adduction, rotation - ex) shoulder, hip
________ end feel occurs when there is full joint PROM, and motion is limited by expected anatomical structure. (ex) bone, capsule, ligament
Normal End Feel
A collection of nerve cell bodies INSIDE the central nervous system is called a __________.
Nucleus
Draw a typical neuron/nerve cell
ON PAPER
You are assigning extraocular eye movements on a new client. which cranial nerves are being assessed?
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerve.
Describe an open kinetic chain and provide an example
Open Chain - requires the distal segment is free to move (open) and the proximal segment remains stationary. (ex) dumbbell overhead press, swinging leg up from seated position
Name the two types of Kinetic Chains
Open and Closed Kinetic Chains
In what position are joint mobilization techniques best applied? (open packed or close packed)
Open packed - they allow for roll, spin and glide to occur necessary for normal joint motion.
According to the convex-concave law, the convex femoral head during hip flexion moves in which direction in relation to the direction the femur moves? First same, then opposite same direction opposite direction
Opposite Direction (ANYTIME CONVEX MOVES ON CONCAVE, OPPOSITE DIRECTION)
The more stable bone, with lesser movement, usually more proximal
Origin
____________ are located in the endosteum and responsible for bone resorption
Osteoclasts
__________ fibers provide a good range of motion but weaker contraction as opposed to _________ fibers which provide small range of motion but strong contraction
Parallel Fibers Oblique/Pennate Fibers
Name the Two main types of muscle fiber arrangements
Parallel Muscle Fibers - longer; have greater potential for shortening and producing more R.O.M. (Long, Flexible, Large R.O.M.) Oblique Muscle Fibers - shorter; greater strength potential but produce smaller R.O.M. more numerous per given area than parallel fibers (Short, Strong, Small R.O.M.)
If you wanted a muscle to contract through a very great range, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?
Parallel fiber muscle arrangement
The _________________ NS supplies only viscera of the trunk and head and neck. it DOES NOT supply the extremities or the body wall.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Subluxation refers to Partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers Complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint Partial or complete tearing of muscle fibers Partial dislocation of a joint
Partial dislocation of a joint
____________ ____________ occurs when a multijoint muscle cannot be lengthened any father without damage to it's fibers (occurs to the antagonist) ex) this of the hamstrings limits hip flexion (standing with fingers pointed inferiorly towards ground) when lengthened at the hip and the knee. (AKA why some people cannot touch their toes!) since hamstring cannot lengthen anymore, hip flexion is limited.
Passive Insufficiency
Personality, Vision, Sensation, Behavior & Hearing Match to the lobes of brain
Personality - frontal Vision - Occipital Sensation - Parietal Behavior & Hearing - Temporal
A Client who needs scapular depressor strengthening would need attention to which of the following muscles? Rhomboids and middle trapezius pec minor and lower trap pec minor and pectoralis major Serratus Anterior and Pectoralis Minor
Pec Minor and Lower Trapezius
_______ ________ muscle - enclosed within pectoral fascia attaches to the clavicle and sternum as well as the fascia of abdomen, leaving the lateral border of the muscle to form axillary fascia
Pectoralis Major
_________ __________ is enclosed by clavi-pectoral fascia. draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
Pectoralis Minor
Thin, fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces, which are covered by hyaline cartilage. CONTAINS NERVES AND BV'S. pain sensitive when overstressed
Periosteum
the membrane that surrounds the bone and contains nerves and blood vessels is the... metaphysis meduallary canal epiphysis periosteum
Periosteum
The __________ process of a psuedounipolar sensory neuron carries action potentials from sensory receptors TOWARD THE CELL BODY, while the __________ process carries action potentials AWAY FROM THE CELL BODY, towards the CNS.
Peripheral Process Central Process
The innermost layer of the protective membrane that contains the blood vessels to the brain is the Dura Mater Pia Mater Ventricular Mater Subarachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Fixed Lines that reference along where the body is divided
Planes of Actionx
_________ is a muscle of facial expression and is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)
Platysma
The posterior root of a spinal nerve is formed by ____________ sensory neurons The posterior root ganglion (cell bodies outside CNS) is a collection of psuedounipolar neuron cell bodies The anterior root of a spinal nerve is formed by the ___________ of lower motor neurons with cell bodies within anterior gray horn matter of the spinal cord.
Posterior Root - Psuedounipolar Sensory Axons of lower motor neurons
Muscles of Neck & Back Chapter starts HERE The ___________ is a flat, triangular bone overlying the thorax posterolaterally. together with the ________, this forms the pectoral girdle.
Scapula/Shoulder Blade Clavicle
Posterior root of spinal cord has _____________ _________ ____________ (collection of nerve cell bodies of psuedounipolar sensory neurons), and then divide into anterior and posterior________ (branches) _____________ rami of spinal nerves innervate INTRINSIC BACK MUSCLES, while ___________ rami innervate all other muscles of the trunk and extremities
Posterior Root Ganglion Rami (branches) Posterior Rami - intrinsic deep back muscles Anterior Rami - all other muscles of the trunk and extremities.
The IV disc usually herniates in what direction and where?
Posterolateral direction, lateral to the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)
2 types of epiphysis in children
Pressure Epiphysis (end of long bones where pressure occurs) and Traction Epiphysis (where tendons attach)
____________ Muscles are located deep and run along the anterior portion of the cervical vertebrae. They either FLEX THE NECK OR HEAD (including lateral flexion) and MAINTAIN POSTURAL CONTROL, and THICK CHIN. Name 4 prevertebral muscles
Prevertebral Muscles Longus Colli Longus Capitis (moves head) Rectus Capitis Anterior Rectus Capitis Lateralis
Directly responsible for the movement under consideration
Prime Mover/Agonist
Rotation of the Forearm involves _______ and ________ movements
Pronation and Supination
What joint motions are involved in turning the palm of the hand down and up? In what plane and around what axis does that joint motion occur?
Pronation and Supination; Transverse Plane; Vertical Axis
Motions specific to certain joints... mostly linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground, away from posterior midline vs. mostly linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground, toward posterior midline
Protraction vs. Retraction Ex) protraction of shoulder girdle moves scapula away from posterior midline, whereas retraction of shoulder girdle moves scapula towards posterior midline, aka back to anatomical position.
Answer: a) Force- person pulling luggage Resistance - luggage Axis (the fixed point around which the bar pivots ) - wheels of luggage b) already marked on image FA =the part of the lever to which force is applied RA = the part that bears the load to be moved. c) FA (force arm) = marked on image, RA (Resistance Arm) = marked on image d) figure A e) both equally long force arms f) Luggage in image B because resistance arm is shorter, and anytime the resistance arm is shorter, less resistance is required.
Question
Answer: parallel bc the two people exert an upward force on the mats while the mats (and gravity) exert a downward force. The upward and downward forces are parallel
Question: does this figure represent forces that are linear, parallel, or concurrent? why?
A ____________ is an involuntary motor response to a particular sensory stimulus, mediated by chains of neurons called ________ ________. Ex) tendon (STRETCH) reflexes elicited by tapping the tendon of a muscle with a reflex hammer; tapping the patellar tendon causes a knee jerk)
Reflex Reflex Arcs
A ________ __________ consists of an Afferent (Sensory) Limb, an Efferent (Motor) Limb, and usually one or more interneurons.
Reflex Arc
Types of Motion: movement that occurs in a straight line
Rectilinear Motion
In the suboccipital triangle; which muscle runs from spinous process of Cv2 (Axis) to the occipital bone and EXTENDS THE HEAD? Which muscle runs from spinous process of Cv2(Axis) to the transverse process of Cv1 (Atlas); and LATERALLY ROTATES THE HEAD? Which muscle runs from the transverse process of C1 to the occipital bone; EXTENDS AND LATERALLY BENDS THE HEAD?
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Obliquus Capitis Inferior Obliquus Capitis Superior
Medial to the suboccipital triangle is the small __________ ________ ___________ _________; which runs from the posterior tubercle of Cv1 to the occipital bone and EXTENDS THE HEAD.
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Rhomboid Minor and Major Function? (hint: both have same function) What nerve innervates the rhomboid minor and major?
Retract, Adduct, and slightly elevate scapula; downward rotation of scapula (fixates scapula to thoracic wall) Innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
What is the term that describes a muscle contraction in which the proximal end moves toward the distal end?
Reversal of Muscle Action
Occurs when the origin moves toward the insertion. ex) using a pull up bar - the origin (humerus) moves toward the insertion (forearm)
Reverse Muscle Action
Rhomboid Minor & Major Origin & Insertion?
Rhomboid Minor: Origin (more stable; usually more proximal) - Lower Nuchal Ligament & Cv7-Tv1 Insertion (more movable; usually more distal) - Medial border of the scapula at level of spine Rhomboid Major: Origin (more stable, usually more proximal) - Lower Nuchal Ligament & Tv2-5 Insertion (more movable, usually more distal) - medial border at the scapula below the level of the spine.
Which muscle originates from the spinous processes of C7-T5 and inserts on the vertebral (medial) border of the scapula between the inferior angle and the spine of the scapula? Rhomboids Serratus Anterior Teres Major Middle Trapezius
Rhomboids
__________ forces cause a GLIDING MOTION in which the joint surfaces move parallel to one another. Ex) skin shearing in older adults from rehab
Shearing Forces
The rotator cuff muscles serve to hold the humeral head against the glenoid fossa and best serve to facilitate which arthrokinematic motion of the shoulder joint? Shear Roll Spin Glide
Roll (on canvas it says spin but everything else i am reading says roll)
Arthrokinematic motions can involve... the rotary movement of one joint surface on another, ex) ball rolling across the ground, ex) head of humerus rolling on glenoid fossa the linear/translatory movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface ex) ice skater's blade gliding across ice surface the rotary movement of the moveable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface. ex) top spinning on table
Roll arthrokinematic motion Glide arthrokinematic motion Spin arthrokinematic motion
Name the 3 types of Arthrokinematic (Joint Surface Motion) motions T or F? most joint motion involves a combo of all 3 types of arthrokinematic motions
Roll, Glide, and Spin T
The _________ are the deepest layer of transversospinal muscles; present from the sacrum to Cv2; span 1 (ROTATORES BREVIS) oR 2(ROTATORES LONGUS) Segments
Rotatores
The combination of movements at the ____________, _________, ___________ and scapular movement permit dynamic movement.
SC (Sternoclavicular) AC (Acromioclavicular) GH (Glenohumeral)
The _______ has 5 vertebrae fused together with a CONCAVE anterior (pelvic) surface and a sacral promontory and anterior sacral foramen. A ________ ________ is the midline defect that opens into the sacral canal.
Sacrum Sacral Hiatus
Lateral Curvature of the thoracic and or lumbar regions Name 2 types Lateral curvature of structural scoliosis is accompanied by ROTATION OF VERTEBRAL BODIES, producing a ______ _______ when the patient bends forward
Scoliosis Structural (born) and functional scoliosis (ex - bad posture) Rib Hump
If the forces are on the same side of the axis and the external force (resistance/load) is closer to the axis than the muscle force (effort), it is a __________ __________ lever )very few examples in the body
Second class lever
opposing joint surfaces resemble the shape of a saddle - with opposing surfaces reciprocally concave-convex
Sellar/Saddle-Shaped Joint ex) CMC joint of thumb
the three layers of the transversospinal muscles are the....
Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatores
Which muscle is responsible for scapular protraction? Middle trapezius Coracobrachialis pectoralis major serratus anterior
Serratus Anterior
Winging of the scapula is caused by weakness of which shoulder girdle muscle? pectoralis minor middle trap levator scapula serratus anterior
Serratus Anterior
the _________ ___________ muscle keeps the scapula closely applied to the chest wall; draws the scapula forward (protraction) and rotates glenoid cavity upward; ABduction of arm
Serratus Anterior
This intermediate back muscle passes from Tv11-Lv2 to Ribs 9-12; it's function is to DEPRESS the LOWER RIBS.
Serratus Posterior Inferior
This intermediate back muscle passes from the nuchal ligament and Tv1-3 to ribs 2-5; it's function is to ELEVATE the UPPER RIBS
Serratus Posterior Superior
resemble shape of sesame seed; small located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in extremities. purpose is to protect tendons from wear and tear. ex) patella, flexor hallucis longus of plantar foot.
Sesamoid Bone
Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it. What is the joint motion at the shoulder? Is an isometric, concentric, or eccentric muscle contraction occurring at the shoulder? What type of muscle group is contracting at the shoulder? What type of muscle contraction is occurring at the elbow?
Shoulder ABDuction Concentric Contraction (raising muscle, going against gravity, shortening muscle) Shoulder Abductors Isometric Contraction Elbow Extensors
While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. What is the joint motion at the shoulder? Is the muscle action during the first 90 degrees of motion concentric or eccentric? Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action? Is the muscle action during the second 90 degrees of motion concentric or eccentric? Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action?
Shoulder Flexion Concentric Shoulder Flexors Eccentric Shoulder Extensors
Explain what happens to each joint when capsular patterns of motion restriction are present.. (aka when joint capsules get tight) Shoulder Joint Wrist Joint Knee Joint
Shoulder Joint (triaxial) - severe loss of lateral rotation; moderate loss of abduction, slight loss of medial rotation. Wrist Joint - equal loss of flexion and extension Knee Joint - more loss of flexion than extension
Chapter 2 begins - The __________ system gives support and shape, protects vital organs, and assists in movement
Skeletal System
______________ ______________ ____________ describes the interaction between actin and myosin, explains how force is produced during a muscle contraction, and how the sarcomere is shortened.
Sliding Filament Theory
head of femur displaced due to separation at the growth plate.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Name and describe the three types of normal end feel.
Soft End Feel - soft tissue approximation - occurs when muscle bulk is compressed. ex) elbow flexion, knee flexion Firm End Feel - results from tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsule, and or muscles, most common end feel. ex) hip flexion w knee straight, extension of MCP, forearm supination, shoulder lateral and medial rotation, hip and knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion. Hard End Feel (Bony End Feel) - Type of "Bone-to-Bone" stiff sensation that is painless. An example elbow extension
Claw Hand involves the loss of what muscle group? What nerve is primarily involved?
The intrinsic muscle group. The Ulnar nerve
when a vertebral canal is abnormally constricted from birth or due to degenerative change; spinal nerve roots can be compressed
Stenosis
Connection of the upper limb to axial skeleton is at what joint? T or F? Generally, muscles of the back will move the scapula
Sternoclavicular T
Formed between the sternal end of the clavicle laterally and the manubrium and first costal cartilage medially. Has its synovial cavity divided into two compartments by an _________ ________ which facilitates movement by compensating for incongruity of articular surfaces and helps strengthen joint through attachments
Sternoclavicular Joint articular disc
Joints of the shoulder girdle include....
Sternoclavicular Joint Acromioclavicular Joint, (stabilized by the coracoclavicular ligaments)
The cervical flexor that originates as two heads from the medial aspect of the clavicle and superior end of the sternum and inserts on the MASTOID PROCESS.
Sternocleidomastoid
the _________________ muscle may be CONGENITALLY SHORTENED or SPASMODICALLY CONTRACTED - influenced by strong unilateral contractions, known as......
Sternocleidomastoid Congenital and Spasmodic Torticollis.
Overstretching of Muscle Fiber
Strain
Parallel Fibered Muscle Types & example of each
Strap - Sartorius, Rectus Abdominis, Sternocleidomastoid Fusiform - Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis Rhomboidal (Rectangular) - Triangular - Pectoralis Major, Trapezius
The posterior scapular muscles consist of..... anterior scapular muscles consist of...
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Teres Major Subscapularis
what structures are at risk of getting impingement syndrome? (Can be at first from repetitive tennis playing) what can be the result of impingement?
Supraspinatus Subacromial Bursa Tendon of long head of bicep. Degenerative tendonitis and or/bursitis
Supraspinatus Origin and Insertion and Innervation and Function? Infraspinatus ""
Supraspinatus Origin (more stable, usually more proximal) - Supraspinous Fossa Insertion (more moveable, usually more distal) - Greater Tubercle of Humerus Innervation - Suprascapular Nerve Function - Abduction 15 degrees Infraspinatus Origin (more stable, usually more proximal) - Infraspinous Fossa Insertion (more moveable, usually more distal) - greater tubercle of humerus Innervation - Suprascapular Nerve Function - lateral rotation at GH joint
The ____________ ligament connects tips of spinous processes from Cv7 (cervical prominens) to the sacrum, it expands in the neck as the NUCHAL LIGAMENT to provide muscle attachment
Supraspinous
The female breast overlies pec major on the anterior surface of the thorax, and consists of the mammary gland, and variable amounts of fat and fibrous connective tissue, as well as _________ ____________ which provide support
Suspensory Ligaments
Give an example of a synarthrodial joint in the axial skeleton
Sutures of Skull
Autonomic NS divided into.....
Sympathetc and Parasympathetic NS
The ________________ NS supplies ALL BODY REGIONS including the body wall and the extremities, as well as the viscera of the trunk and the head and neck
Sympathetic Nervous System
provide an example of a cartilaginous joint
Symphysis pubis, vertebrae
T or F: A greenstick (incomplete) fractures tend to occur in children at epiphysis and hip fractures most common in elderly
T
T or F? A particular nerve does NOT always contain nerve fibers from all of the anterior rami that contribute to the cord of the brachial plexus from which it branches. (ex) axillary nerve contains only fibers from C5,C6
T
T or F? Capitis moves the head; Cervicis moves the neck, and almost all "true" (intrinsic/deep) muscles of the back, when acting bilaterally (both sides) EXTEND THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN OR HEAD.
T
T or F? Distraction, Gliding, and Bending forces often assist in restoring a joint's mobility, whereas approximation can assist in promoting joint stability.
T
T or F? IV discs most commonly protrude in the lumbar region, L4/L5 or L5/S1, and the IV disc usually spares the spinal nerve exiting the intervertebral foramen at that level (exiting root) and COMPRESSES THE NERVE TRAVERSING TO EXIT AT THE NEXT INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN BELOW (traversing root)
T
T or F? Shorten resistance arm = use less force lengthen resistance arm = use more force
T
T or F? The "stress-response" and stimulation part of the autonomic nervous system is the sympathetic nervous system
T
T or F? The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery emerge between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?
T
T or F? When a joint is congruent, the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed, and are difficult to distract (separate)
T
T or F? muscles can shorten to half their length, muscles can lengthen to 1.5 times their length, if muscle resting length is 6 inches, it can shorten to 3 and lengthen to 9.
T
T or F? reflexes are present in both the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
T
T or F? the bigger the moment arm, the more torque you can produce.
T
T or F? the synovial membrane of the shoulder joint normally does not communicate superiorly with the subacromial bursa, but does communicate anteriorly with the subscapular bursa.
T
T or F? torque is greatest when the angle of pull is at 90 degrees and it decreases as angle of pull either decreases or increases from the moment arm lading to stabilizing or dislocating force.
T
T or F? types of motion occurring at the joint depends on the shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones.
T
The atlantoaxial joint has one median atlantoaxial joints with dens as a pivot between the anterior arch of the atlas and the transverse ligament, and two lateral atlantoaxial joints (zygapophyseal) between articular processes. T or F?
T
T or F? The lower the cog, the more stable the object stability _________ as B.O.S. is widened in direction of the force People have better balance while moving if the focus on a stationary object rather than a moving object. T or F?
T increases T
While it is common for IV discs to protrude posterolaterally, it is RARE for them to herniate posteriorly, t or f?
T, (posterior herniation can cause paralysis)
The nervous system is classified according to the degree of voluntary control and arrangement of neurons into the.... _____________ __________ __________, which has both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons. Which neurons (afferent or efferent) use voluntary control of skeletal muscle contractions in the Somatic Nervous System? and the ______________ ____________ ____________, which involuntarily controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Sometimes this is also called the VISCERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Somatic Nervous System Efferent (Motor) Neurons Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System: contains affarent psuedounipolar sensory neurons, each with a cell body within a ___________ (_________ ___________) ganglion. contains efferent multipolar (lower motor neurons) each with a cell body with gray matter of the CNS and an axon that leaves the CNS to form neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle fibers.
Spinal (Posterior Root) Ganglion
What are paired structures leaving each segment of the spinal cord?
Spinal Nerves
the medial column of the erector spinae; smallest and least developed part; spinalis capitis and semispinalis capitis blend together and cannot be distinguished.
Spinalis
object is in a position where disturbing it would require COG to be raised
Stable Equilibrium
the _______-________ curve describes how all structures natural and man-made, have their own specific relationship between stress and strain.
Stress-Strain Curve
the _________ ________ separates the superior surface of the supraspinatus tendon from the acromion, the coracoid, the coraco-acromial ligament, and the deltoid.
Subacromial Busrae
The axillary artery is the continuation of the __________ artery and becomes the _______ artery at the inferior border of the teres major muscle.
Subclavian Artery Brachial Artery
PARTIAL DISLOCATION OF A JOINT occurring over time, ex) shoulder ________ occurring post stroke due to muscle paralysis and weight of the arm
Subluxation
These muscles are small, intrinsic back muscles in the upper neck; mainly postural muscles; function in proprioception (body awareness)
Suboccipital Muscles
Closer to Surface vs. Further from Surface
Superficial vs. Deep
Neurons form specialized intercellular junctions with other cells including..... __________ with other nerve cells, which occur when action potentials are transmitted from one neuron (presynaptic) to another neuron (postsynaptic) at a synapse. ______________ ______________/_________ ___________ ___________ with skeletal muscle cells; the action potential is transmitted from the nerve cell to a muscle cell.
Synapses Neuromuscular Junction/Motor End Plates
Assist prime mover or complement their actions; aka fixator or stabilizer
Synergist
joint with no direct union between the bone ends, but cavity filled with fluid in a sleevelike capsule
Synovial Joint
Bone is 1/3 organic (Living) and 2/3 inorganic (non-living) T or F?
T
Sympathetic Div mobilizes the body for fight or flight (dialates brochioles, dialtes pupils, increases heart rate).... T or F
T
T of F? for the convex-concave rule, one must observe the motion occurring at two locations - joint surface of the moving bone (arthrokinematics) and the distal/opposite end of the moving bone (osteokinematics)
T
Inflammation of a Tendon
Tendonitis
Occurs when fingers extend and wrist flexes in pronate position OR when finger flex and wrist extends in supine position. (Utilize this action to increase functional performance in clients with spinal cord injuries)
Tenodesis
The point where tendon meets bone
Tenoperiosteal Junction
The force built up within a muscle 2 types of tension - describe
Tension Active tension -- force generated passive tension -- stretching
Teres Minor Origin and Insertion and Innervation and Function? Teres Major ""
Teres Minor Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): posterior scapula, lateral border Insertion (more moveable, usally more distal): greater tubercle of humerus Innervation: Axillary Nerve Function: Lateral Rotation at GH Joint & horizontal ABduction Teres Major Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): posterior inferior scapula Insertion (more moveable, usually more distal): intertubercular sulcus and medial lip Innervation: Lower Subscapular Nerve Function: ADduction, Medial Rotation, Extension at GH joint
Describe components of the lower extremity
Thigh (Femur) Leg (Tibia & Fibula) Foot
The __________ vertebrae have long spinous processes directed DOWNWARD/INFERIOR and have COSTAL FACETS at the junction of body and vertebral arch for articulation with heads of ribs (2 on each) Each vertebrae also has _______ on each transverse process for articulation with the tubercle of a rib.
Thoracic Vertebrae Facet
How do thoracic nerves differ from cervical or lumbar nerves?
Thoracic nerves DIRECTLY INNERVATE the muscles near where they area from the spinal cord; cervical and lumbar nerves brach or divide forming a plexus and innervate muscle quite distal to the level of the cord from which they originate.
Sympathetic Nervous system is also known as .......
Thoracolumbar division due to location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies within spinal cord segments T1-L2
Describe aspects of the trunk
Thorax (chest) - ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae Abdomen - pelvis, stomach, lumbar vertebrae
The vertebral arch has PROCESSES projecting from it for muscle and ligament attachment or articulation with other bones. _________ processes on each side project laterally from the junction of pedicle and lamina. __________ process project dorsally from the junction of the two lamina. __________ and ___________ __________ processes (Zygapopysial processes) project on each side from the junction of the pedicle and lamina
Transverse Processes Spinous Process Superior and Inferior Articular Processes
THIRD LAYER (most deep) OF INTRINSIC/DEEP BACK MUSCLES is the _________ muscles, which consist of three layers of muscles; running mainly from transverse processes superomedially to the spinous processes of higher vertebrae.
Transversospinalis
Name 4 major extrinsic muscle types
Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids
The hip is an example of which type of joint? Uniaxial Nonaxial Triaxial Biaxial
Triaxial
Hyperirritable points within a tight band of muscle that refer pain to other areas of the body when they are active or palpated.
Trigger Points
Nerve that results in Claw Hand
Ulnar Nerve
___________ processes extend SUPERIORLY from the bodies of Cv3-Cv6 to form uncovertebral Joints, which are a common area where bone spurs (osteophytes) form, causing neck pain.
Uncinate Processes
Oblique-fibered muscle types (feather arrangement)...
Unipennate - Tibialis Posterior; Semimembranosus - Flexor Pollicis Longus Bipennate - Rectus Femoris, Doral Interossei Multipennate - Deltoids, Subscapularis
Differences between Upper and Lower Motor Neurons?
Upper Motor Neurons - motor neurons that snyapse above the level of the spinal cord's anterior horn Lower Motor Neurons - synapsing at cell bodies or axons
The upper trapezius, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius all have which of the following actions in common? Upward rotation of the scapula Downward rotation of the scapula Retraction of the scapula Protraction of the scapula
Upward rotation of the scapula
synonym of anterior vs. synonym of posterior
Ventral vs. Dorsal
___________ consist of a vertebral body and a posterior vertebral arch, which encloses vertebral foramen.
Vertebra
__________ ____________ (c7) has the longest spinous process (can palpate yourself) and is MISSING TRANSVERSE FORAMEN.
Vertebra Prominens
VERTEBRAL COLUMN CHAPTER NOTES STARTS HERE the spine is also known as the ____________ _________, which is the main portion of the axial skeleton that protect the spinal cord and supports the body
Vertebral Column
Point that runs through a joint from top to bottom, longitudinally
Vertical Axis
The resistance to an external force that causes a permanent deformation.
Viscosity
Provide an example of angular and linear motion working together.
Walking -(whole body exhibits linear motion when walking from point A to B, whereas the hips, knees, and ankles exhibit angular motion) Also.... A person throwing a ball uses the upper extremity joints in an angular fashion, while the ball itself travels curvilinearly.
Describe the optimal length of a muscle
When a muscle is on a slight stretch, but not overstretched. Every myosin head has an actin filament to bind to.
Bone is added where there is demand for it, and removed where there is not.
Wolff's Law
Inferior articular processes of vertebrae above articulate with superior articular processes of vertebrae below at ____________ (FACET) Joints. these joints often develop OSTEOARTHRITIS
Zygapophyseal Joints
_______ joint has a WEAK capsule strengthened superiorly by the _____________ ligament and ______________ ligament, which has a posteromedial conoid ligament and an anterolateral trapezoid ligament.
acromioclavicular acromioclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament
Classify the bone markings... bicipital groove humeral head acetabulum (socket of hip bone) (depression & opening, fits into a joint, or attach to CT (tendons, ligaments, fascia))
bicipital groove - ditchlike depression humeral head - fits into a joint Acetabulum - deep depression
T or F? MUSCLES CONNECTING THE UPPER EXTREMITY TO THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN migrate into the back during embryonic development, carrying their innervation from _________ ____________ of spinal nerves and divide into two layers, the first layer consisting of the __________ & ____________ ____________, while the second layers consists of the ___________ ____________, __________ __________, and __________ ___________.
anterior rami trapezius latissimus dorsi levator scapulae rhomboid minor rhomboid major T
A broad, flat, tendinous sheet is called.. elastic cartilage labrum aponeurosis linea alba
aponeurosis
Is shoulder distraction an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?
arthrokinematic
The suboccipital triangle also contains the..... posterior arch of the _______ (c1) ___________ artery in the sulcus for the vertebral artery on the atlas, and the _________ nerve (C1) emerging between the posterior arch and the vertebral artery.
atlas (c1); vertebral artery; suboccipital nerve
Where does the long head of triceps brachii attach/insert and what is it's innervation?
attaches/inserts at infraglenoid tubercle innervation = radial nerve
death of bone tissue due to interrupted blood supply
avascular necrosis
Small pad-like sacs found around most joints, located in areas of excessive friction, like bony prominences
bursae
The difference in the force and precision of skeletal muscle movement is varied primarily by...... this allows for a graded muscle contraction, so we know the difference in strength necessary to pick up a pencil vs. pick up a heavy suitcase.
changing the number of motor units that are activated
Ligaments and capsules that hold joints together are taut, known as _____________-___________ position; often in this position when a joint is injured. ex) place knee in fully extended position, and manually move the patella from side to side, BUT if you flex your knee, such patellar movement is not possible, therefore, close packed position of patellofemoral joint is knee flexion.
close packed position
What is heavier and why? compact or spongy bone
compact bc less porous
Which type of bones make up the dense, hard, outer shell? compact bone cancellous bone periosteum marrow
compact bone
hard and dense, outer layer of bone
compact bone
Which of the following is NOT true (FALSE) of a concentric contraction muscle attachments move closer together concentric contraction is an acceleration activity concentric produces more force than eccentric Movement occurs against gravity
concentric produces more of a force than eccentric FALSE, bc ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS PRODUCE MORE FORCE THAN CONCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS
rounded knuckle-like projection
condyle; ex) medial condyle of femur
In terms of muscle tissue characteristics, what can a muscle do that a rubber band cannot? what characteristics does a rubber band have that chewing gum does not?
contractility elasticity
You are asked to palpate for tenderness at the coracoid process of the scapula. If you locate tenderness at this spot, the patient may have soft tissue inflammation at the origin of which of the following muscles? teres major coracobrachialis long head of the biceps brachii pectoralis major
coracobrachialis
elongation of tissue from the application of a low-level load over time
creep
a bone marking that consists of a sharp ridge or border is called a head fossa crest foramen
crest
sharp ridge or border
crest ex) iliac crest
Types of Motion: movement in a curved path, not necessarily circular
curvilinear motion
When might an OT want to decrease friction? Increase friction?
decrease friction if client states they are having issues moving wheelchair on carpet increase friction so client does not fall when walking, give them grip socks or grip tape.
Reference point for fingers and toes?
fingers - middle finger; movement away from middle finger is ABduction, movement towards middle finger is ADduction toes -second toe (next to big toe)
If the forces are on different sides of the axis, the system is considered a ___________ ___________ lever
first class lever
The scapula is an example of which type of bone? short irregular flat sesamoid
flat bone
Very broad surface but not very thick; has curved surface rather than flat one - two layers of compact bone with cancellous and marrow in between ex) ilium, scapula
flat bones
Sliding your foot under your chair to prepare to stand involves knee: extension inversion flexion abduction
flexion
decreasing the angle of a joint vs. increasing the angle of a joint
flexion vs. extension
a bone marking that consists of a hole through which vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass is called a head crest fossa foramen
foramen
Define a force couple and identify examples in the body.
force couple - occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect. ex) children pushing a merry go round ex2) upper trap pulls up and in while lower trap pulls down, and serratus anterior pulls out, resulting in the scapula rotating.
a bone marking that consist of a hollow or depression is called a protuberance fossa head foramen
fossa
A typical spinal nerve has _______ functional components (different types of nerve fibers) please name them
four GSA - general somatic afferent GVA- general visceral afferent GSE- general somatic efferent GVE - general visceral efferent somatic - soma - body visceral - internal organs efferent - motor affarent -sensory
a force that resists the relative motion of two surfaces
friction
the glenoid cavity is deepend by a ring-like, fibrocartilaginous _______ _________ . __________ tears include drop arm test, full can test, and empty can test
glenoid labrum Supraspinatus tear
The reason you have your client laterally (EXTERNALLY) rotate his shoulder when moving between 90 and 180 degrees of shoulder abduction is to prevent what structure from hitting the acromion process? deltoid tuberosity greater tubercle adductor tubercle lesser tubercle
greater tubercle
rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone
head; ex) femoral head
extension beyond anatomical position. (possible in shoulder, hip, wrist, neck, and trunk)
hyperextension
Muscle recruitment follows an "all or none" principle. explain
if a muscle fiber contracts in response to stimulation, it will contract completely or it will not contract at all.
Variety of mixed shapes that do not fit into the other categories ex) sacrum thin compact layer covers cancellous
irregular bones
The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus is referred to as which of the following contractility irritability extensibility elasticity
irritability
_______ ________ is defined as how well joint surfaces match or fit
joint congruency
forces acting in and on the body to produce stability (friction, gravity, pressure) vs. the effect of motion disregarding the forces that produce motion. (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) divided into osteokinematics and arthrokinematics.
kinetics kinematics
The law of motion best demonstrated when a person in a wheelchair gains speed when they push on the rims is... Law of action-reaction law of physics law of acceleration law of inertia
law of acceleration (acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the forces acting on that object and inversely proportionate to its mass. )
Turning your head to look over your left shoulder involves cervical.... right rotation right lateral bend/flexion left lateral bend/flexion left rotation
left rotation
A _______ is a rigid bar with three parts: the fixed point around which the bar pivots is the __________; the ______ _______ (in-lever arm) is the part of the lever to which force is applied; the ________ ________ (out-lever arm) is the part that bears the load to be moved.
lever fulcrom effort arm/force arm resistance arm
The two bones of a joint are held together and supported by which of the following structures? ligament tendon bursa fibrocartilage
ligament
_________ hold two together two bones of a joint; provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscles in some cases
ligaments
less prominent ridge
line ex) linea aspera of femur
The type of bone that makes up most of the appendicular skeleton is the long bone sesamoid bone irregular bone flat bone
long bone
an increase in the force arm length or a decrease in the resistance arm length results in great ____________ ____________ (force arm length/resistance arm length)
mechanical advantage
What is mainly found in the vertebral canal?
meninges, CSF, spinal cord and nerve roots, epidural fat
the product of mass * velocity
momentum
A smaller motor unit has __________ (more/less) control than a larger motor unit
more control = small motor unit less control = larger motor unit
A delivery person has several boxes stacked on a hand truck. would the person have to use more force to push the hand truck when the hand truck is more horizontal or more vertical? why?
more horizontal. the force arm remains constant, while changing the angle of the hand truck lengthens or shortens the resistance arm. Lowering the load (angle becomes more horizontal) in effect lengthens the resistance arm and requires the person to exert more force. raising the load (angle becomes more vertical) shortens the resistance arm and allows the person to use less force to move the hand truck.
Define osteokinematics
movement of bones around a joint axis
Initially, muscle strength changes due to _________ ___________ (neurological changes) and then changes in the muscle themselves occur as humans experience hypertrophy (growth)
muscle activation
Name the two types of bursae
natural bursae and acquired bursae (develop where friction occurs frequently)
Grey Matter contains.... Ascending and descending fiber pathways Cerebrospinal fluid nerve roots neuronal cell bodies and synapses
neuronal cell bodies and synapses
Exists when an objects COG is neither raised nor lowered when it is disturbed
neutral equilibrium
Which of the following muscles function to extend and laterally rotate the head? rectus capitis posterior major rectus capitis posterior minor obliquus capitis inferior obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior
What is the maximum position of incongruence?
open packed/resting position for joints.
infection in bone usually caused by bacteria
osteomyelitis
loss of normal bone density or bone mass
osteoporosis
In an adult bone, the epiphysis is ________, meaning it has stopped growing and hardened, while in growing bone Epiphysis is ______________ material called the epiphyseal plate where bones widen.
osseous cartilaginous
The _____ capsule of a synovial joint is made of strong fibrous tissue, and the ______ capsule is lined with synovial membrane that contains synovial fluid the ______ surface is smooth and touches the bone itself, covered with articular cartilage
outer capsule inner capsule articular surface
All joint surfaces are either _______ or _______.
ovoid or sellar
The anterior wall of the axilla consists of..... "" posterior wall... ""base... "" medial wall... "" lateral wall... "apex"
pec major and minor scapula and scapular muscles axillary fascia chest wall covered by serratus anterior intertubercular groove of humerus convergance of clavicle, scapula, and first rib
A typical spinal nerve is formed by the union of a ________ (dorsal) root, which is sensory, and an ________ (ventral) root, which is motor. The short spinal nerve divides into a _________ (dorsal) primary ramus to supply structures of the back and an __________ (ventral) primary ramus to supply structures of the anterolateral body wall and the extremities.
posterior anterior
If SC joint dislocates ______, it may compress the trachea, esophagus, or blood vessels to neck
posteriorly
In children, does long bone growth occur at a traction epiphysis or pressure epiphysis?
pressure epiphysis
Since the quadriceps femoris extends the leg at the knee joint, is it the ______ _______ of the knee joint, directly responsible for the movement under consideration, (knee extension)
prime mover
If the forces are on the same side of the axis and the muscle force (effort) is closer to the axis than the external force (resistance/load), it is a _______ ________ lever (most levers in body)
third class lever
In order to increase the challenge of a person working on balance, you could do which of the following raise the center of gravity and increase the base of support raise the center of gravity and decrease the base of support lower the center of gravity and decrease the base of support lower the center of gravity and increase the base of support
raise the center of gravity and decrease the base of support. (raising cog loses stability, as does decreasing bos)
A client who needs to stretch the middle trapezius and rhomboids must position the scapula in which of the following positions? Scapular depression Scapular retraction Scapular downward rotation scapular protraction
scapular protaction
________ degrees of arm flexion or abduction is a measure of the angle between the arm and trunk, not between humerus and scapula, and is known as the _______________ ____________. this motion includes _____ degrees of upward rotation of the glenoid cavity, 90-120 degrees of glenohumeral joint motion, and in some, 20-30 degrees of trunk extension or lateral flexion. in full ABduction or flexion, there is a 1:2 ratio of movement between the __________ and ___________
scapulohumeral rhythm, scapula humerus
The _______ is the most superficial of the transversospinalis muscles; it is located along the upper half of the vertebral column and has fasicles that span 4-6 SEGMENTS. Semispinalis Capitis inserts on the ___________ bone, while semispinalis cervicis inserts on the __________ process of the Axis (Cv2)
semispinalis Occipital Bone Spinous Process of Axis.
The cell body of a psuedounipolar, _________ neuron in a peripheral nerve is located within a sensory ganglion.
sensory neuron
A ________ is a fibrous sleeve that surrounds the tendon when it is subject to pressure or friction
sheath
After contraction, the distance between actin and myosin filaments ____________ (lengthens/shortens)
shortens
What movements does the glenohumeral joint make?
shoulder flexion shoulder ABduction circumduction external rotation
air-filled cavity within a bone
sinus ex) frontal sinus in frontal bone
You would feel what type of end feel at the end of the knee flexion range?
soft end feel
long, thin projection (spinous process)
spine ex) scapular spine
A muscle that generates most of it's force directed back into the joint is producing which type of force? Angular force force couple dislocating force stabilizing force
stabilizing force
Types of equilibrium
stable, unstable, neutral
Inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis/tendinosis - degeneration of tendon
What example in rehab would describe the type of force experienced by radial head dislocation?
tension forces
Most concentric (shortening of muscle) exercises done in the body are considered to be which type of lever? 1st class 2nd class 3rd class 4th class
third class lever (forces on same side of axis and muscle force (effort) is closer to axis than external force (resistance/load)
Overstretching of muscle fibers
to strain
the slight tension that is present in a muscle to act more easily and quickly when needed
tone
a force that involves rotation of an object about (around) axis
torque
(review) the 4 posterior axioappendicular muscles are...
trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboids levator scapulae
very large prominence for muscle attachment
trochanter ex) greater trochanter of femur
T of F? Body Segments are RARELY used to describe joint motion
true
t or f? joint w good motion has bad stability, joint w bad motion has good stability
true
small rounded projection
tubercle ex) greater tubercle of humerus
A uniaxial joint has how many degrees of freedom? biaxial? triaxial?
uniaxial - 1 biaxial - 2 triaxial - 3
Occurs when only a slight force is needed to disturb an object
unstable equilibrium
- __________ _________ ________ - motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum - ________ _________ ________- motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the anterior gray horn. (if lesion occurs proximal to anterior horn, it is considered upper motor neuron) Has an axon within a peripheral nerve and a cell body located within gray matter of the CNS
upper motor neurons lower motor neurons
an objects rate of change of position
velocity
consists of two pedicles, each indented above and below by vertebral notches, and two laminae, that join the midline posteriorly
vertebral arch
short cylinder, covered superiorly and inferiorly by thin cartilaginous vertebral end plates, bound to adjacent intervertebral discs and anterior and posterior LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENTS (ALL AND PLL)
vertebral body
Compare push rims of a standard wheelchair and a racing wheelchair. note that the racing wheelchair has much smaller push rims. what is the advantage of smaller push rims to a wheelchair racer?
wheel and axle - smaller push rim will require more force, but the distance the wheelchair will travel with a single push is greater.
Law of Acceleration - 2nd Law (acceleration produced by object is = to magnitude/size of net force) (that is why you accelerate when going down a hill - the net force gets stronger)
which law of motion does this describe?
___________ of the scapula occurs when there is damage to what nerve? (medial border and inferior angle of scapula move away from the thoracic wall), the arms cannot be ____________ above 90 degrees
winging long thoracic nerve ABducted
T or F? Joint movement always occurs in a plane, and around an axis.
True
T or F? Quadriceps are used to extend the knee and flex the hip
True
Name the type of CN if it is Sensory, Motor, or both
1)Olfactory; S - Smell 2)Optic; S - Vision 3)Oculomotor; M - Eye Movement/Pupil Reflex 4)Trochlear; M - Eye Movement 5)Trigeminal; B - Face Sensation and Chewing 6)Abducens; M - Eye Movement 7)Facial; B - Face Movement and Taste 8)Vestibulocochlear - S - hearing and balance (vestibular sensation = position and movement of the head) 9)Glossopharyngeal - B -throat sensation, taste, and swallowing. 10)Vagus - B - general sensation, movement, and abdominal organs. 11)Spinal Accessory - M - head and shoulder movement 12)Hypoglossal - M - tongue movement
In the human body, the center of gravity is located in the midline at about the level of, though slightly anterior to, the _________ vertebra of an adult. Coccyx 1st sacral 12th thoracic 2nd sacral
2nd sacral
Name the 3 ligaments that support the GH Joint, and the 3 GH ligaments themselves, which can be seen only on the internal surface of the anterior capsule
3 Supporting ligaments of GH joint - coracohumeral ligament (from base to coracoid process) glenohumeral ligaments anteriorly (3 of them) transverse humeral ligament - across the intertubercular groove. gh ligaments are known as superior gh ligament, middle gh ligament, and inferior gh ligament (stabilizer of arm when ABducted)
The scapular plane or scaption is approximately __________ degrees forward of the frontal plane.
30 degrees
The plane of the scapula isn't in the frontal plane, but rather it is ____ to ______ degrees anterior to the frontal plane, and arm movement in the plane of the scapula is called _________
30-40 degrees anterior scaption
How many pairs of SPINAL nerves are there?
31
How many pairs of Spinal Nerves? Name and explain
31 Pairs 8 Cranial 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal
How many vertebrae vs how many spinal neves?
33 Vertebrae 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 4 Coccygeal 31 Spinal Nerves 8 Cervical Nerves 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal
There are _____ curvatures in the vertebral column. The primary curvatures are _________ anteriorly (concave/convex) and in the (same/different) direction as the fetal curve. Examples include the _________ & ___________ curvatures. The secondary curvatures are ___________ anteriorly (concave/convex) and in the (same/different) direction of the fetal curve. Examples include the __________ and __________ curvatures.
4 curvatures Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Concave Same Thoracic & Sacral Convex Different Cervical & Lumbar
Draw a table of the appendicular skeleton. How many bones in each of the following locations? Upper Extremity? Lower Extremity?
64 = upper extremity 62 = lower extremity
The lymphatic drainage of the breast is mainly _____% to axillary lymph nodes, which if palpable can be a sign of breast cancer.
75%
when arm is internally rotated, it can only abduct/flex to about ______ degrees because the greater tubercle of the humerus strikes the coracoacromial arch, and arm must be externally rotated 180 degrees.
90 degrees
Name the bone markings that can be classified as.... A) Depressions and Openings B) Projections of Processes that fit into joints C) Projections or processes that attach connective tissue such as tendons, ligaments, and fascia.
A) Fossa, Foramen, Meatus, GROOVE, SINUS B) Condyle, Eminence, Facet, Head C) Tubercle, Tuberosity, Trochanter, Crest, Line, Spine, Epicondyle
In the cervical region, mainly what types of motion are permitted at the atlanto-occipital joints? At the atlanto-axial joints? at the rest of the cervical vertebrae joints" at the thoracic region? at the lumbar region?
A-O Joint - flexion and extension A-A Joint - rotation Cervical Region - all types of motion Thoracic Region - limited movement, lateral bending Lumbar Region - flexion and extension
the _______ has an ANTERIOR ARCH and POSTERIOR ARCH, both with TUBERCLES on the end (no body)
ATLAS (c1)
The outer portion of an intervertebral disc is known as the ____________ ___________ (outer fibrocartilaginous portion, thinner posteriorly, predisposes people to herniation) The central, jelly-like portion of the intervertebral discs, mostly water; loses water during the day and with age.
Anulus Fibrosis Nucleus Pulposus
__________ found where muscles attach to bones (like tendons) but provide base of muscular attachment where no bone is present but great strength is needed. It is sheetlike, ex) linea alba in abdominal muscles or lattismus dorsi in back or upper body
Aponeurosis
Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular
When dealing with the ___________ skeleton, origins tend to be closer to the trunk, and insertions tend to be closer to the distal ends of the extremity
Appendicular Skeleton
joint that contains either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between bones, aka amphiarthrodial joints; small motion, lots of stability
Cartilaginous Joint
What are two joint terms that could be used to describe the symphysis pubis?
Cartilaginous, Amphiarthrotic
__________ forces cause JOINT APPROXIMATION in which the joint surfaces are pushed closer together. Ex) Doing chair or floor push ups causes the joint surfaces of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints to be approximated.
Compression Forces
The glenoid fossa is what kind of surface? Convex Concave
Concave
The ulna is where in relation to the humerus Lateral Distal Proximal Medial
Distal
The neurons that transmit information from the CNS to peripheral structures are called motor, or __________, neurons
Efferent Neurons
The typical end feel that is defined by lack of a normal (ABNORMAL) mechanical limitation of joint ROM is.... Bony Empty Capsular Soft
Empty
Ligaments that bind vertebrae together include the ALL (which limits __________), and the PLL, which limits __________. ________ ___________ connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae, and may BUCKLE INWARD DURING FORCED HYPEREXTENSION OF THE NECK
Extension Flexion Lamina Flava
_________ muscles produce and control limb and respiratory movements. (Include both superficial and intermediate muscles). They connect the upper extremity to the vertebral column (which is innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves) Extrinsic back muscles also include __________ back muscles, which are respiratory muscles innervated by anterior rami (serratus posterior, superior, and inferior)
Extrinsic Muscles Intermediate Back muscles
T or F? Anatomically, the hip is normally extended and the knee is normally flexed.
F, knee is normally extended as well.
The acromioclavicular joint and the sternoclavicular joint contribute to scapular motions. T or F?
F, they just focus on keeping the clavicle in place.
Sensory Impulses from the peripheral nervous system enter the spinal cord through the anterior horn.
FALSE - the posterior horn
What joint structure surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surface?
Fibrous Joint Capsule
In an individual who has lost the ability to pick up the toes (ankle dorsiflexion) what nerve is involved? what is a common term for this condition?
Fibular Nerve, Foot Drop
What joint motion is involved in returning the fingers to anatomical position from the fully spread position? In what plane and around what axis does the joint motion occur?
Finger (MP) Adduction; frontal plane; saggital axis
Plane that passes through the body side to side and divides the body into front and back parts Motions occurring in this plane are...
Frontal/Coronal Plane ABduction and ADduction, radial & ulnar deviation, eversion & inversion
A contraction that causes no joint movement while producing muscle fiber tension is eccentric isotonic isometric concentric
Isometric
A __________ contraction maintains a constant length and the joint angle does not change
Isometric Contraction
In Anatomical Position, the thumb is located where in relation to the fingers? Lateral Proximal Medial Distal
Lateral
The Fibula is on which side of the lower leg? Distal Medial Proximal Lateral
Lateral
When the Scapula moves into a protracted position, it moves in what direction in relation to the spine? Superior Inferior Medial Lateral
Lateral
term used when trunk moves sideways... right side of body moves right shoulder toward right hip. vs. left side of body moves left shoulder toward left hip.
Lateral Bending Right Lateral Bend vs. Left Lateral Bend
A ________ motor neuron has an axon within a peripheral nerve and a cell body located within __________ matter of the CNS.
Lower Motor Neuron Gray Matter
If a person has a spinal cord injury at L4, would it be considered an upper or lower motor neuron lesion?
Lower Motor Neuron Lesion
Which muscle originates from the spinous processes of T4-T12 and inserts at the base of the scapular spine?
Lower Trapezius
Area where people tend to inject anesthesia in the spinal meninges
Lumbar Cistern
Origin and Insertion of Deltoid? Innervation?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal) - lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula Insertion (more moveable, usually more stable) - deltoid tuberosity of humerus Innervated by the axillary nerve
Pec Major Origin & Insertion? Innervation?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal) = Clavicular Head from medial 1/3rd of clavicle and Sternocostal head from the sternum, costal cartilages 2-6, and the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis. Insertion (more moveable, usually more distal) = crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus. Pec Major is innervated by the lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Trapezius Origin & Insertion?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): Occipital Bones, Nuchal Ligament, and Cv7-Tv12 spinous processes. Insertion (more movable, usually more distal): Lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
Levator Scapulae Origin & Insertion?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): Transverse processes of Cv1-Cv4 Insertion (more movable, usually more distal): Medial border of the scapula above the spine.
Origin & Insertion of Splenius Cervicis?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): Tv3-6 Insertion (more movable, usually more distal): Transverse processes of Cv1-3
Origin and Insertion of the Platysma?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): fascia covering superior parts of pectoralis major and deltoid. Insertion (more movable, usually more stable): inferior border of the mandible, skin, and subcutaneous tissue of lower face
Origin of Erector Spinae?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): iliac crest, posterior sacrum, lumbar spinous processes, supraspinous ligament.
Latissmus Dorsi Origin & Insertion?
Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): spinous processes of Tv6-sacral vertebrae via THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA, the posterior 1/3rd of the iliac crest, and the last 3-4 ribs. Insertion (more movable, usually more distal): intertubercular groove of the humerus
Origin, Insertion, and Innervation of Serratus Anterior Muscle?
Origin (more stable; usually more proximal) - 8th and 9th ribs Insertion (more movable; usually more distal) - ventral side of medial (vertebral) border of scapula Innervated by Long Thoracic Nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Origin & Insertion of Splenius Capitis?
Origin (more stable; usually more proximal): nuchal ligament and spinous processes Cv7-Tv3 Insertion (more movable, usually more distal): mastoid process of temporal bone; occipital bone.
Pectoralis Minor Origin, Insertion, and Innervation
Origin - Ribs 3-5 Insertion - Coracoid Process of Scapula Innervation = Medial Pectoral Nerve
Type of Arthritis caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints
Osteoarthritis
_________ break down bone and ____________ form bone
Osteoclasts Osteoblasts
Is shoulder flexion and extension an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?
Osteokinematic
Hip Abduction is an example of which type of motion? Angular Osteokinematic (bone moving around a joint) Torque Arthrokinematic (joint surface motion)
Osteokinematic (Joint Movement)
Point that runs through a joint from front to back
Saggital Axis
Plane that passes through body from front to back, divides body into right and left parts Motions occurring in this plane are....
Saggital Plane Flexion and Extension
Deep to the sternocleidomastoid there are 3 _________ muscles that attach on the ____________ processes of Cv3-Cv6 and the 1st and 2nd rbs.
Scalene Muscles
FIRST LAYER (most superficial) OF INTRINSIC/DEEP BACK MUSCLES in the neck is the _________ muscles, breaking down to the _________ ____________ and _________ ______________sp
Splenius Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis
forward slippage of one vertebrae onto the vertebrae below it. Occurs most commonly when Lv5 slips onto Sv1 due to bilateral fractures of the vertebral arch Bilateral fractures of the vertebral arch are known as _____________.
Spondyloithesis Spondololysis
The GH joint is reinforced by the tendons of the _________ anteriorly, __________ superiorly, and __________ and ______ _______ posteriorly. GH joint is weakest inferiorly (loose capsule, no reinforcement)
Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor
The single anterior scapular muscle is known as the __________. What is its origin, insertion, innervation, and function?
Subscapularis Origin (more stable, usually more proximal): Subscapular Fossa of scapula Insertion (more moveable, usually more distal): lesser tubercle of humerus Innervation: Upper and Lower Subscapular nerves Function: Medial Rotation of Humerus
Location of a body part above another vs. location of a body part below another
Superior vs. Inferior
what does SLAP lesion stand for?
Superior labrum anterior to posterior lesion
palms of hand faces forward, or anteriorly, post motion (anatomically) vs. palms of hands faces backwards, or posteriorly, post motion (anatomically)
Supination Pronation
Terms to describe when body position is lying flat lying straight with face up (anatomically normal) vs. lying horizontal with face down (anatomically different)
Supine vs. Prone
Origin of the tendon of long head of biceps brachii? (which traverses the GH joint cavity
Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
responsible for the initiation of arm abduction and is in control of the motion up to the first 15 degrees of abduction.
Supraspinatus
SITS stands for the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff. Name them. Rotator cuff muscles compress and depress the humeral head within the glenoid fossa, to prevent it from spinning, sliding, and rolling off the top of the glenoid fossa and striking up on the undersurface of the acromion process.
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
T or F? Syndesmosis can slightly move, while synarthrosis and gomphosis cannot move at all. Amphiarthrotic (Cartiliganous) joints move a little, and diarthrotic (synovial) joints are free moving.
True
Identify the accessory motion forces occurring in the following activities: A) At the shoulder when leaning on a table with your elbows extended. B) at the knee when a football player is hit on the front of the shin C) at the elbow when picking up one end of a table D) at the wrist when opening a jar E) to the shoulders of a child when they are being swung around by their arms.
a) Compression B) Shearing C) Traction D) Torsion E) Traction
For the following two steps, select elbow flexion as the motion to analyze: a) identify the direction in which the bone moves during elbow flexion. b) identify the arthrokinematic motion that occurs by describing the direction in which the joint surface is gliding.
a) upwards b) Anterior glide of proximal end of radius and ulna (concave motion on a convex surface)
a _______ ________ is the specific name for ligaments that surround a synovial joint.
capsular ligament
"frozen shoulder"/Adhesive Capsulitis is the result of inflammation, scarring, thickening, and shrinkage of the capsule surround what joint? R.O.M. is lost in all directions and treatment requires combo of anti-inflammatory medication and therapy.
capsule surrounding the glenohumeral joint
The spinal cord is continuous with the brainstem at the _________ ___________ of the skull and extends inferiorly within the __________ ___________ to the intervertebral discs, between L1 & L2
foramen magnum Vertebral Canal
any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change. may be internal or external
force
bony landmarks of the _________ ________ include the greater tubercle and crest of the greater tubercle, lesser tubercle and crest of the lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity
proximal humerus
when hand moves laterally from anatomical position, toward thumb side vs. when hand moves medially from anatomical position, toward little finger side at the wrist.
radial deviation vs. ulnar deviation
A person with "wrist drop" has damage to which of the following nerves? radial nerve ulnar nerve median nerve femoral nerve
radial nerve
the posterior cord divides into the _________ nerve and _________ nerve
radial nerve axillary nerve
When the muscle is at it's ________ length. its ability to produce physiologic force is minimal. Ex) the hamstrings can either perform hip extension (standing upright) or knee flexion (lift knee posteriorly) but cannot shorten enough to perform both simultaneously. Although the muscle has run out of the ability to shorten, the joint has not run out of range of motion, which is why you can still move your knee back even more posteriorly without damage, by manually grabbing your knee.
shortest
Which of these bones are included in the axial skeleton? scapula sternum femur clavicle
sternum (rest are part of appendicular)
Please perform an analysis of what is happening to the length of the rectus femoris muscle at both the hip and the knee when an individual moves from a seated position to a standing position
the rectus femoris is lengthening over the anterior aspect of the hip and contracting (shortening) over the anterior aspect of the knee.
Partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers.
to Sprain
Law of Inertia - 1st Law
which law of motion does this image describe?
