Overview of Micronutrients

greater than 100 milligrams per day

requirements for major minerals are

Vitamin A, E, K, D

fat-soluble vitamins include

phytic

A constituent of plant fibers that binds some minerals and inhibits their absorption is called _______ acid.

amino

A constituent of plant fibers that binds some minerals and inhibits their absorption is called _________ acid.

use of mineral oil as a laxative, use of weight-loss medications that interfere with fat absorption, cystic fibrosis

A deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins may result from

Niacin

A unique vitamin because it can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan

decrease mineral absorption

A very high fiber diet may have what impact on mineral absorption?

research on choline is limited

Choline has not been classified as a vitamin because

have the same health benefits as synthetic forms (made in a lab)

For most vitamins, the natural forms (isolated from foods)

brain development

Increases in the Al for choline during pregnancy and lactation are related to choline's role in

they are readily excreted from the body via urine, most are not stored in the body to any great extent

It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because

selenium

Name a mineral that helps protect the body's cells from oxidative damage

vitamin K

Of the fat-soluble vitamins, a deficiency of _____ is most likely because body stores are low.

fiber

Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as _____ are not present to hinder absorption.

fluid balance in the body

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus work together to maintain

oxalic acid

Spinach contains plenty of calcium, but only about 5% of it can be absorbed because of the vegetable's high concentration of what calcium binder?

acting as coenzymes

The B vitamins play a role in metabolism by

iron

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

by the skin

Vitamin D can be synthesized

vitamin C

What is an example of a micronutrient?

since they are stored, they can reach toxic levels

What is the danger associated with consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins?

vitamin K and calcium

Which micronutrients are important for blood clotting?

Vitamin A

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins is most often associated with toxicity?

the body is unable to synthesize enough of the substance to maintain health, prolonged absence of the compound from the diet produces deficiency symptoms

Which of the following are defining characteristics of vitamins?

potassium, sodium, and chloride

Which of the following micronutrients participate in fluid and electrolyte balance?

potassium and sodium

Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?

use of weight-loss medications that interfere with fat absorption, cystic fibrosis, use of mineral oil as a laxative

a deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins may result from

vitamin A

a toxicity of _____ can result from intakes of as little as 2 times human needs

zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C

along with protein and essential fatty acids, which of the following macronutrients are implicated in optimal immune function?

vitamin

an organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body

acetylcholine and lecithin

choline functions as a part of

pellagra and scurvy

examples of a vitamin deficiency include

exposure to light, improper storage, and heating

examples of processes that can cause a loss of certain vitamins include

bones

forming and maintaining _______ are calcium's major roles in the body

requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more

how are trace minerals different from major minerals?

red blood cells

iron is an important component of

fat-soluble vitamins

more readily stored in the body than water-soluble vitamins

eggs

most nutrient-dense food source of choline

calcium

name a mineral that influences the health of blood cells

Niacin, Vitamin A, Vitamin D

our bodies are able to synthesize which of the following vitamins?

low BP and fishy body odor

side effects of excessive intake of choline include

cofactors

some minerals, such as copper and selenium, work as _______, enabling various proteins, such as enzymes, to function

calcium

the active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral

bioavailability

the degree to which a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body is known as

the mineral concentrations of the soil in which they are grown

the mineral content of plants greatly depends on which of the following factors?

iron

the mineral that influences the health of blood cells

less potent than

the natural form of folate is ________ the synthetic form of folate.

folic acid or folate or vitamin B9

the synthetic form used in supplements and fortified food, critical in the metabolism of nucleic acid precursors and several amino acids

the body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health, over time a lack produces deficiency symptoms

to be classified as a vitamin, a substance should meet which criteria?

immune function

vitamin A and vitamin C work together to maintain

micronutrients

vitamins are considered

essential

vitamins are considered to be _______ nutrients

natural

vitamins isolated from foods are classified as

B vitamins

vitamins that are used by your body to turn food into energy

vitamin C and the B vitamins

water-soluble vitamins include

riboflavin or vitamin B2

what functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism?

iron

what is the only mineral added during the enrichment of refined grain products?

niacin or vitamin B3

what vitamin helps keep your nervous system and can cause people to flush?

increases

when we are more active, our need for the B vitamins

iodide

which is a trace mineral?

Sodium, iron, and calcium

which of the following are examples of micronutrients?

magnesium

which of the following is considered a major mineral (needed in quantities of greater than 100mg)?

thiamin or vitamin B1

which vitamin is involved in the nervous system and muscle function, the flow of electrolytes in and out of nerve and muscle cells, digestion, and carb metabolism?

folate

which vitamin is more potent in the synthetic form than the natural form?

vitamin D, C, K

which vitamins are implicated in bone health?