Overview of Micronutrients
greater than 100 milligrams per day
requirements for major minerals are
Vitamin A, E, K, D
fat-soluble vitamins include
phytic
A constituent of plant fibers that binds some minerals and inhibits their absorption is called _______ acid.
amino
A constituent of plant fibers that binds some minerals and inhibits their absorption is called _________ acid.
use of mineral oil as a laxative, use of weight-loss medications that interfere with fat absorption, cystic fibrosis
A deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins may result from
Niacin
A unique vitamin because it can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan
decrease mineral absorption
A very high fiber diet may have what impact on mineral absorption?
research on choline is limited
Choline has not been classified as a vitamin because
have the same health benefits as synthetic forms (made in a lab)
For most vitamins, the natural forms (isolated from foods)
brain development
Increases in the Al for choline during pregnancy and lactation are related to choline's role in
they are readily excreted from the body via urine, most are not stored in the body to any great extent
It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because
selenium
Name a mineral that helps protect the body's cells from oxidative damage
vitamin K
Of the fat-soluble vitamins, a deficiency of _____ is most likely because body stores are low.
fiber
Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as _____ are not present to hinder absorption.
fluid balance in the body
Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus work together to maintain
oxalic acid
Spinach contains plenty of calcium, but only about 5% of it can be absorbed because of the vegetable's high concentration of what calcium binder?
acting as coenzymes
The B vitamins play a role in metabolism by
iron
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?
by the skin
Vitamin D can be synthesized
vitamin C
What is an example of a micronutrient?
since they are stored, they can reach toxic levels
What is the danger associated with consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins?
vitamin K and calcium
Which micronutrients are important for blood clotting?
Vitamin A
Which of the fat-soluble vitamins is most often associated with toxicity?
the body is unable to synthesize enough of the substance to maintain health, prolonged absence of the compound from the diet produces deficiency symptoms
Which of the following are defining characteristics of vitamins?
potassium, sodium, and chloride
Which of the following micronutrients participate in fluid and electrolyte balance?
potassium and sodium
Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?
use of weight-loss medications that interfere with fat absorption, cystic fibrosis, use of mineral oil as a laxative
a deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins may result from
vitamin A
a toxicity of _____ can result from intakes of as little as 2 times human needs
zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C
along with protein and essential fatty acids, which of the following macronutrients are implicated in optimal immune function?
vitamin
an organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body
acetylcholine and lecithin
choline functions as a part of
pellagra and scurvy
examples of a vitamin deficiency include
exposure to light, improper storage, and heating
examples of processes that can cause a loss of certain vitamins include
bones
forming and maintaining _______ are calcium's major roles in the body
requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
how are trace minerals different from major minerals?
red blood cells
iron is an important component of
fat-soluble vitamins
more readily stored in the body than water-soluble vitamins
eggs
most nutrient-dense food source of choline
calcium
name a mineral that influences the health of blood cells
Niacin, Vitamin A, Vitamin D
our bodies are able to synthesize which of the following vitamins?
low BP and fishy body odor
side effects of excessive intake of choline include
cofactors
some minerals, such as copper and selenium, work as _______, enabling various proteins, such as enzymes, to function
calcium
the active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral
bioavailability
the degree to which a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body is known as
the mineral concentrations of the soil in which they are grown
the mineral content of plants greatly depends on which of the following factors?
iron
the mineral that influences the health of blood cells
less potent than
the natural form of folate is ________ the synthetic form of folate.
folic acid or folate or vitamin B9
the synthetic form used in supplements and fortified food, critical in the metabolism of nucleic acid precursors and several amino acids
the body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health, over time a lack produces deficiency symptoms
to be classified as a vitamin, a substance should meet which criteria?
immune function
vitamin A and vitamin C work together to maintain
micronutrients
vitamins are considered
essential
vitamins are considered to be _______ nutrients
natural
vitamins isolated from foods are classified as
B vitamins
vitamins that are used by your body to turn food into energy
vitamin C and the B vitamins
water-soluble vitamins include
riboflavin or vitamin B2
what functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism?
iron
what is the only mineral added during the enrichment of refined grain products?
niacin or vitamin B3
what vitamin helps keep your nervous system and can cause people to flush?
increases
when we are more active, our need for the B vitamins
iodide
which is a trace mineral?
Sodium, iron, and calcium
which of the following are examples of micronutrients?
magnesium
which of the following is considered a major mineral (needed in quantities of greater than 100mg)?
thiamin or vitamin B1
which vitamin is involved in the nervous system and muscle function, the flow of electrolytes in and out of nerve and muscle cells, digestion, and carb metabolism?
folate
which vitamin is more potent in the synthetic form than the natural form?
vitamin D, C, K
which vitamins are implicated in bone health?