PA Epi UTK Exam 3

inverse

A meta-analysis of 52 observational studies found an overall ____ association between physical activity and the risk of developing colon cancer.

breast, uterine, ovarian

A woman's risk of hip fracture is equal to her combined risk of ____, _____, and _____ cancer.

25%

About what percentage of US adults with diabetes have chronic kidney disease?

- 34% - 19% - 40% - 55%

According to NHANES, what is the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US adults since 2007? How about young adults (20-39)? Middle-aged adults (40-59)? People 60 years or older?

- nearly 2 billion - 650 million

According to WHO, how many people aged 18 or older were overweight in 2016? How many people were obese?

25-33%

According to the Harvard Alumni Health Study, what percentage reduction in all-cause deaths among men who expended at least 2000 kcal/week was still present regardless of smoking, high BMI, or gains in body weight?

8-9%

According to the Swedish Youth study, Bone mineral content, BMD, and volumetric BMD were _% to _% higher among the boys who increased the frequency of their physical education classes compared with the control boys

decreases

After regional metastasis, the 5-year survival rate ___ to 70%.

40-50%

Among US men, low fitness and fatness each increased mortality risks by about what percentage?

- 13.9% - 18.4% - 20.6%

Among youths in the US in 2016, __ % of children aged 2 to 5 years; __ % of children ages 6 to 11, and __ % of youths 12 to 19 years were obese.

metabolic syndrome

An absolute risk for CHD and cardiovascular mortality

white

Are white American women or African American women more likely to develop breast cancer?

- 70% - 130%

Between 1990 and 2017, how much of an increase was there in obesity levels and in disability-adjusted life years worldwide?

5 and 27%

Between __ and ___ % of breast cancer cases are hereditary.

osteoporotic

Bone is considered _______ if it is unable to withstand the stress of normal physical activities or if a person has a history of spontaneous, non- or low-trauma fractures such as compression or crush fractures of the vertebrae

- 40 to 45 - 0.5% - 4%

Bone loss in men is thought to begin at age __ to __ years, proceeds at a rate of about __% per year, then accelerates substantially after age 60 to a rate of up to _% per decade until age 90.

osteopenia

Bone mineral density between 1 and 2.5 standard deviations below that of young adults aged 20 to 29 years indicates what?

support

Both population-based epidemiological studies and clinical trials ______ the claim that regular physical activity and exercise training are useful for reducing the primary and secondary risk of excess weight gain during adulthood and for helping obese or overweight people keep off most of the weight they lose after a weight loss intervention

secondary osteoporosis

Caused by another disease but may not be independent of age or menopause.

oncogenes

Certain genes that promote cell division

tumor suppressor genes

Certain genes that slow down cell division

colorectal cancer

Colon cancer and rectal cancer have common features and often are referred to jointly as what?

- four - twelve

Compared to normal-weight women who were active, those who were overweight and obese had nearly __ times and __times the risk of developing diabetes, respectively, regardless of whether they were active.

overweight

Define the obesity class of the following BMI: - 25.0-29.9

normal

Define the obesity class of the following BMI: - between 18.5 and 24.9

Obesity class 1

Define the obesity class of the following BMI: - between 30.0 and 34.9

obesity class 2

Define the obesity class of the following BMI: - between 35.0 and 39.9

extreme obesity

Define the obesity class of the following BMI: - greater than or equal to 40

underweight

Define the obesity class of the following BMI: - less than 18.5

2 to 4 times each

Diabetes increases the risk of hypertension, stroke, and CHD disease mortality by how many times?

women

Do men or women have higher osteopenia rates in the US for adults 50 years and older?

75

Each year more than __% of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer are over the age of 50.

20 to 25%

Even among normal weight postmenopausal women, those with a risky girth have about what percentage higher risk of dying from cancer or cardiovascular disease?

moderately strong

Evidence is ____ _____ that physical activity after diagnosis of breast, colorectal, or prostate cancers reduces risk of all-cause mortality or cancer-specific deaths by about 40%.

- androidal fat - gynoidal fat

Excess fat above the waist, called what, increases risk for CHD more than does excess fat below the waist, called what?

the elevated risk of death associated with high BMI

Findings of the Nurses' Health Study showed that higher levels of PA reduced, but did not eliminate, what?

50 to 100%

For each standard deviation decrease in bone mass, there is a what increase in the risk of fracture?

102 cm

Girth at the waist greater than __ in men is considered risky

88 cm

Girth at the waist greater than __ in women is considered risky

doubles

Having one first-degree relative with breast cancer ___ a woman's risk of developing breast cancer?

physical inactivity

High BMI and what else are related to elevated risk of CHD, according to the Women's Health Study?

about 340 million

How many children and adolescence between 5 and 19 years were overweight or obese in 2016?

41 million

How many children under the age of five were overweight or obese in 2016?

3.8 million

How many deaths does the WHO estimate from diabetes of high blood glucose each year worldwide?

increases threefold

How much does the risk of fracture increase by for each standard deviation decline in bone mass?

8.6% (21 million)

In 2016, how many American adults say they have been told by a doctor or other health care professional that they have type 2 diabetes?

4.7 million

In 2016, how many deaths worldwide did high BMI account for?

30,000

In 2016, there were an estimated ___ deaths from falls in the United States

- 238,000 - 41%

In 2017, ____ deaths were attributed to falls, which increased __% since 2007

- 327,000 - 33%

In 2017, there were an estimated ____ deaths worldwide attributed to low bone mineral, a __% increase since 2007.

80

In 2019, __% of 143,000 lung cancer deaths in the United States were attributed to smoking tobacco

7th

In the US in 2015, where did diabetes rank on leading causes of death?

72%

In the US in 2016, how many adults 20 years or older were overweight?

- 6% - 10%

In the US in 2016, nearly _ % of men and _ % of women were severely obese.

42,000

In the US, how many women were predicted to die from breast cancer in 2020?

falls

In the US, what is the leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality among older adults?

- 40% - more than 93 million

In the US, what percentage of adults are obese? How many people is this?

- 40 to 50% - 13 to 22%

In the United States and worldwide, the lifetime risk for a fracture of the hip, spine, or forearm that is related to osteoporosis is __% to __% in women and __% to __% in men over age 50.

stronger

In the findings of the Pima Indians, environmental influences on lifestyle behaviors, including PA, were ____ influences on diabetes risk than were genetic factors.

primary osteoporosis

Includes age-related (type I, or senile) bone loss and postmenopausal (type II) bone loss.

20%

It is estimated that __ % of adults worldwide are obese.

computed tomography (CT)

Measures volumetric density (in milligrams per centimeter cubed).

twice

Men have ___ the risk of mortality after a fracture compared to women, even though they have fewer incidents of hip fracture.

- osteopenia - physical inactivity

Name two direct risk factors for osteoporosis

40%

Nearly __% of the estimated 29 million falls needed medical treatment or led to limited physical activity for at least a day

breast cancer

Next to skin cancers, what cancer is the most prevalent among women in 2020?

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Provides area density (in grams per centimeter squared)

increase

Regular exercise combined with calcium supplements ____ bone formation during skeletal growth in children?

9.6

The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated there were about __ million deaths worldwide attributed to cancers in 2017, accounting for 23% of all deaths from noncommunicable diseases

2.5

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined osteoporosis as a bone mineral density (BMD) measurement more than ___ standard deviations below the average in young white adults.

- 5% - 7%

The global burden of disease study estimated that _ % of men and nearly _ % of women worldwide had low bone mineral density.

1.16

The global cost of cancers at ___ trillion in 2010 and estimated there were 17 million new cases and 9.5 million deaths worldwide in 2018 from cancers other than nonmelanoma skin cancer

2.6 times

The risk of hip fracture increases how many times for every standard deviation drop in BMD at the femur neck?

Waist circumference

This is positively correlated with abdominal fat content and provides a clinically acceptable measurement for assessing a patients abdominal fat content before and during weight loss treatment

Set Point Theory

This theory hypothesizes that the body has an internal control mechanism, that is, a set point, located in the lateral hypothalamus of the brain, that regulates metabolism to maintain a certain level of body fat.

Settling Point Theory

This theory is that weight loss and gain in most humans are more related to the patterns of diet and physical activity that people settle into as habits based on the interaction of their genetic dispositions, learning, and environmental cues to behavior.

true

True or false: At all ages, men have more bone mass than women, and men's natural bone loss is more gradual?

true

True or false: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women between the ages of 15 and 54?

true

True or false: Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage kidney failure, and nontraumatic amputations in the United States?

true

True or false: The highest exposure to physical activity lowered the risk of 13 cancers?

false

True or false: There is enough controlled clinical studies to permit a clear consensus about the amount or intensity of physical activity that improves glucose control among people with type 2 diabetes.

true

True or false: There is no evidence regarding whether the effects of physical activity on peak bone mass in youth and young adulthood depend on the type or intensity of physical activity?

true

True or false: about 1/2 of all adults in Western populations who are likely overfat are believed to be defined as nonobese according to BMI?

true

True or false: diabetes is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputation of lower limbs?

false

True or false: obesity is an independent cause of premature death?

carcinogens

What are the cancer causing agents called?

- hypertension - gallbladder disease - hypercholesterolemia - osteoarthritis - type 2 diabetes - cancer - CHD - stroke

What are the health risks of obesity?

- insulin resistance - excess body weight - high BP - high cholesterol - gestational diabetes

What are the modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes bc of PA?

- occult stage - stage 0 - stage 1 - stage 2 - stage 3 - stage 4

What are the stags of lung cancer?

set point and settling point

What are the two common theories about the etiology of overweight and obesity?

- primary osteoporosis - secondary osteoporosis

What are the two main categories of osteoporosis?

- non-small cell - small-cell

What are the two major forms of lung cancer?

- dual energy X_ray absorptiometry - computed tomography (CT)

What are the two most common techniques used to measure bone loss?

initiation and promotion

What are the two phases cancer originates in?

girth

What is another term for waist circumference?

high BMI

What is forecasted as the second leading global risk for premature death, only behind high BP, by 2040?

1.00

What is the American heart associations suggestion for desirable waist-to-hip ratio to be less than what for men?

0.80

What is the American heart associations suggestion for desirable waist-to-hip ratio to be less than what for women?

equal to or greater than 130/85 mmHg

What is the criteria for elevated BP in adults?

equal to or greater than 100 mg/dl

What is the criteria for elevated fasting glucose in adults?

equal to or greater than 150 mg/dl

What is the criteria for elevated triglycerides in adults?

greater than 40 in

What is the criteria for elevated waist circumference in men?

greater than 35 in

What is the criteria for elevated waist circumference in women?

less than 40 mg/dl

What is the criteria for reduced HDL cholesterol in men?

less than 50 mg/dl

What is the criteria for reduced HDL cholesterol in women?

30 to 60 min (combo of bone-loading activities)

What is the duration recommendation for bone health in adults?

17 million

What is the estimated amount of cancer survivors in the US today?

- 3-5 days/wk for endurance - 2-3 days/wk for resistance

What is the frequency recommendation for bone health in adults?

moderate-to-high

What is the intensity recommendation for bone health in adults?

greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2

What is the measure of high BMI?

intermittent weight loading activities and resistance exercise

What is the mode recommendation for bone health in adults?

Endometrial cancer

What is the most common gynecologic cancer and the fourth most commonly occurring cancer in women?

Lung

What is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death?

DXA

What is the most popular technique for measuring bone loss?

sarcoma

What is the name for the site of origin arising from connective tissue called?

carcinoma

What is the name for the site of origin arising from epithelial cells called?

hyperglycemia

What is the result of diabetes, which is excess glucose in the blood, called?

globesity

What is the term coined by WHO that refers to the global epidemic of overweight and obesity?

- 8.8% - 9.9%

What is the world prevalence of diabetes in young adults (20-79 yrs) in 2017? How much is it predicted to increase by 2045?

20%

What percentage of bones mass can women lose up to in the five to seven years after menopause?

50%

What percentage of patients who fracture a hip become dependent on others for care?

20%

What percentage of patients who fracture a hip die in the year following the fracture?

75%

What percentage of people with diabetes use hypertension drugs or have BP of 130/80 or higher?

2 to 3%

What percentage reduction in excess body weight can cause improvements in chronic disease risk factors?

waist-to-hip ratio

What predicts the patterning of visceral fats?

limited and extensive stages

What two ways are small-cell lung cancer classified?

moderate-to-vigorous

What were the dose-response curves for physical activity and relative risk of type 2 diabetes?

Middle East and North Africa, North America and Caribbean, and SE Asia

Where are the age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes highest?

4th

Where does obesity rank in the leading risk factors for death, behind high BP, smoking, and high blood sugar?

US

Which country has the highest prevalence of high BMI?

non-Hispanic blacks

Which ethnicity has highest prevalence of diabetes?

Mauritius

Which individual country has the highest prevalence rates of diabetes?

Quetelet's body mass index (BMI)

Which method of assessment is typically used to estimate overweight and obesity in epidemiologic studies bc they are easy to assess in large numbers of subjects?

2 to 4

With individuals who have chronic complications of uncontrollable diabetes have a __ to __ higher risk of stroke.

- 1 to 2% - 7%

Women lose bone at a rate of about _% to _% beginning around age 35. During lactation, there is a slight, transient increase in bone loss to _% in the first six months after childbirth, which returns to the normal rate of loss at the resumption of menses

35 to 60%

Women who have gestational diabetes have __ to __ odds of developing diabetes in the following 1 to 20 years and have increased risks during pregnancy.

50%

Women who started menstruating before the age of 12 have a ___ greater breast cancer risk than those who started at age 15 or later.

diabetes mellitus

a chronic disease caused by a deficiency in the production of insulin or in its use to transport glucose from the blood into other tissues

Osteoporosis

a disease characterized by abnormally low bone mass and microstructural deterioration of bone tissue that leads to brittle bones and increased risk of fractures.

Cancer

a family of related diseases that result from uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, which usually become a tumor

Obesity

associated worldwide with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, some cancers, and poor health-related quality of life

Overweight and obesity

characterized by excess body fat resulting from a positive energy balance (i.e., an energy intake greater than energy expenditure)

true

true or false: Excess fat in the abdomen out of proportion to total body fat is another risk factor for chronic diseases associated with obesity?

true

true or false: The risks for birth defects and prenatal mortality are increased among women who have diabetes?