Pass The OT: Module 1

Veracity

Based on providing accurate, comprehensive and objective information. It is also based on being truthful and honest in order to strengthen professional relationships.

principles and standards of conduct

Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy, Justice, Veracity, Fidelity

Positive correlation

Positive values indicate a relationship between x and y variables such that as values for x increases, values for y also increase.

Dependent Variable

outcome variable which measures or reacts to the change

freedom

patients are given personal choices based on their values and desires

Qualitative Method/studies

-A form of descriptive research that studies people, individually or collectively, in their natural social and cultural context. -A systematic, subjective approach to describe real life experiences that are meaningful.It is rich in verbal descriptions of people and phenomena based on direct observation in naturalistic settings. -Observations are unstructured and ever-changing according to the contexts and results of the observations.

Canadian Model of Occupational Performance

-A framework that illustrates the interaction between people, their environments, and their occupations related to self care, productivity, and leisure. -treatment plan for woman with arthritis, based on the woman's desire to resume playing the organ at her church.

Rood Frame of Reference

-A neurological tx approach in which motor patterns are facilitated and normalized through the application of sensory stimulation to specific sensory receptors. -quick stretch facilitation technique to man affected triceps, followed by weight bearing on the affect arm.

Ecology of Human Performance

-A person's occupational performance is viewed in relation to the context in which activity occurs. Activity is selected and adapted based on physical, social, temporal and cultural contexts. -elderly man with Parkinson can feed himself using regular utensils but is unable to finish a meal before his food gets cold. OT provides adapted dishes and utensils, allows the man to finish a meal while his food is still warm.

Lifestyle Performance Model

-A person's total activity repertoire is considered within the context of that person's world. The framework allow for a holistic approach to treatment. -complete full occupational profile on man with spinal cord injury. includes daily routines, living situation, employment, leisure activities, relationships, spiritual views, and priorities for treatment.

Sensory Integration

-Based on how the brain receives sensory input from the environment and organizes it so that the body can respond with action. As normal development occurs, the brain's ability to integrate sensory input matures. -child ADHD to participate in vestibular swinging to organize and calm his neurological system so that he can sit still in his classroom

Research process

-Conduct a comprehensive and systematic literature search -Critique published research -Assess the adequacy of the research procedures to address the study's question or focus -Analyze the comprehensiveness of data analyses, interpretation, conclusions, and limitations.

Beneficence

-Demonstrate a concern for the safety and well being of service recipients. -Kindness, charity, helping others, preventing harm, removing conditions that will cause harm, helping those with a disability.

Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)

-FOR used for rehabilitation for neurological conditions, focuses on specific handling techniques to facilitate normal posture and movement patterns while inhibiting abnormal patterns. -physically position a 3 yr old with CP on his hands and knees while the child reaches to play with blocks.

Dynamic Interactional Approach, previously called Cognitive Rehabilitation

-Functional performance is restored for people with cognitive dysfunction by specifically focusing on the following areas: orientation, attention, visual processing, motor planning, cognition, occupational behaviors, and effort. -supported employment job activity for a man with TBI to accommodate his current problem solving and decision-making skills.

Quasi-experimental

-Independent variable is manipulated to determine its effect on a dependent variable but there is a lesser degree of researcher control and/or no randomization. -Used to study intact groups created by events or natural process.

Strengths Model

-Mental health FOR in which OT views people as individuals, not as patients or clients. A person's strength are the focus, not their weaknesses or "disability". -student with autism strength is visual memory and can adapt learn by reading and looking at pictures instead of listening to teachers lecture.

Allen Cognitive Model

-Model of assessment and treatment that is built around functional cognition, or the interaction between cognitive abilities and the activity setting that results in performance. -OT administer Allen cog levels screening to determine how much assistance a new pt. with mild dementia will need to follow precautions following a hip replacement surgery. A cooking activity to accommodate the cognitive skills of patient with schizophrenia, based on the outcome of the routine task inventory.

Non-experimental/correlational

-No manipulation of independent variable; randomization and researcher control are not possible. -Used to study the potential relationships between two or more existing variables

Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)

-Occupation is assessed based on the three components of volition, habituation, and performance capacity, within the environmental context. -helps a 5th grd student with learning disabilities to improve his handwriting. student has interest in science, so OTA has the student hand write and draw his own periodic table of elements.

Compensatory Frame of Reference

-Patients who will not regain functional skills can compensate by using adaptive equipment or techniques to complete tasks in a different way. -woman osteoporosis uses a long handles gardening tools to weed her flowers while standing. a man with multiple sclerosis with short term memory problems uses a smart phone to set reminders for appointments.

Cognitive Behavioral Frame of Reference

-People are taught to replace behaviors that result from abnormal thought processes with more normal or adaptive thought processes and behaviors. -help young woman with downs syndrome learn that she does not need to be afraid to use the bathroom by herself.

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theory

-Personality development is driven by conscious and unconscious factors. The therapy process uses self awareness, emotional expression, social relationships, and defense mechanisms to help patients direct their actions to complete tasks. -teach high school student wit anxiety how to use relaxation techniques to help prepare for a test.

Behavioral Modification

-Positive or negative reinforcement is used to elicit a desired response. -after student wrote three sentences, he may choose an activity that he would like to do. Another student clean up area after throwing objects while refusing treatment.

Brunnstrom Movement Therapy Frame of Reference

-Synergies and reflexes that occur in early normal development are also a normal part of the recovery process for patients with hemiplegia following a stroke. These synergies should be facilitated and encouraged during the course of treatment. -woman with hemiplegia following a stroke, perform reaching activity with her unaffected arm while the therapist moves the affected arm in the same manner

Occupational Adaptation

-The integration of occupation and adaptation is viewed as a single, integrated process. Focuses on improving adaptability, rather than functional skills. -teach woman with multiple sclerosis how to drive using a adapted van.

Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance Model (PEOP)

-The interaction between person's abilities, environmental factors, and demands of occupation influences performance outcomes. -woman with muscular dystrophy to adapt the bathroom in her new home so that she can shower independently.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

-Tx model that focuses on motor development through the shift in flexor and extensor muscles, using diagonal movement patterns to facilitate mature motor movements. -woman who had stroke on reaching for cones in a diagonal pattern across her upper body, then had the woman apply the movement to combing her hair.

Psychoeducation

-Tx model that patients and their families are educated about diseases in order to change thinking and behavior. -teaches 8th grd student with autism about his condition so that he understands why he needs to use noise reducing headphones during assembles.

Heuristic

-Type of qualitative; complete involvement of the researcher in the experience of the subjects to understand and interpret a phenomenon. -Aim to understand human experience and its meaning.Meanings can only be understood if personally experienced.

Ethnographic

-Type of qualitative; patterns and characteristics of a cultural group, including values, roles, beliefs, and normative practices, are intensely studied. -Extensive field observations, examinations of literature and materials, and cultural immersion are used.

Developmental frame of reference

-development is sequential, and behaviors are primarily influenced by individuals mastered and integrated previous stages. incomplete developmental stages influence subsequent development. -OT aims to prevent development of maladaptive behavior and skills and promote growth and development to close gap b/w expectations and ability, through skilled applications of activities. ex: sensory processing difficulties and learning disabilities.

Level/test of significance

-level which you may be wrong (p value). p=.05 (5 out of 100 times you may be wrong). Null hypothesis is rejected if you reach a significance level of .05 or less.

Quantitative method/studies

-the classic two-group design which includes random selection and assignment into an experimental group that receives treatment or a control group that receives no treatment. -Two levels of treatment (some and none) together constitute the independent variable being manipulates. -The cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable is examined. -Observations are structured and formalized.

Biomechanical Frame of Reference

-therapeutic exercise is used to improve ROM, strength and endurance, which is then though to lead to improvements in functional abilities. -AROM exercises with man has rotator cuff surgery, and then had pt. reach for plastic glasses in a cupboard. OT has pt. complete upper body strengthening exercises to improve the patients ability to push up from a chair during transfers.

Rehab Frame of reference

-ultimate outcome is for the person to become as independent as possible despite and residual dysfunction. primary focus is adaptation to facilitate independence. -Man live independently after TBI using memory aids to compensate for short term memory loss and large handled utensils and devices to compensate for fine motor deficits in right hand.

Each contact hour spent in structured learning is how many PDUs?

1

1 CEU equates to how many PDUs?

10

At least how many Professional Development Units (PDUs) does the NBCOT® certification require (PDUs) to be accrued during the 3 year renewal cycle for both OTRs and COTAs?

36

You must maintain copies of course completion certificates and documentation of other activities completed for a period of how many years following the renewal period?

4

If you earn more than the required number of units during your renewal period, you can carry over up to how many of the extra hours into the next renewal period?

6

professional devlopmental unit is

60 minutes or 1 contact hour

Longitudinal study

A correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades. It is a type of observational study.

Ordinal

A level of measurement; allows for rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) by which data can be sorted, but still does not allow for relative degree of difference between them. Examples include, on one hand, dichotomous data with dichotomous (or dichotomized) values such as 'sick' vs. 'healthy' when measuring health, 'guilty' vs. 'innocent' when making judgments in courts, 'wrong/false' vs. 'right/true' when measuring truth value and, on the other hand, non-dichotomous data consisting of a spectrum of values, such as 'completely agree', 'mostly agree', 'mostly disagree', 'completely disagree' when measuring opinion..

Interval

A level of measurement; allows for the degree of difference between items, but not the ratio between them.

Nominal

A level of measurement; sometimes also called the qualitative type, differentiates between items or subjects based only on their names or (meta-)categories and other qualitative classifications they belong to; thus dichotomous data involves the construction of classifications as well as the classification of items. Discovery of an exception to a classification can be viewed as progress. Examples of these classifications include gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, genre, style, biological species, and form.

Justice

Achieve and continually maintain high standards of treatment and comply with the laws and Association policies guiding the profession of OT

COGNITIVE BASED REFERENCES

Allen cognitive models, cognitive behavioral, cognitive perceptual/pyschoeducational, dynamic interactional

core values

Altruism, Equality, Freedom, Justice, Dignity, Truth, Prudence

Meta analysis

Compare and contrast different research articles and studies in order to find patterns among the study results. Example: You will look at 5-7 articles on Constraint induced therapy to see if that is an intervention you want to use for your feeding group at the hospital.

r, called the linear correlation coefficient

Measures the strength and the direction of a linear relationship between two variables.The value of r is such that -1 < r < +1. The + and - signs are used for positive linear correlations and negative linear correlations, respectively.

Grounded theory method

Method involves the discovery of theory through the analysis of data. Operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional social science research. -First step is data collection, through a variety of methods. From data collected, key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. -Codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make the data more workable. Concepts are made into categories, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis. -Contradicts the traditional model of research, where researcher chooses a theoretical framework, and only then applies this model to the phenomenon to be studied.

Nontraditional settings

Onsite industry, community rehab programs, fitness centers, homeless shelters

Outcomes Research

Refers to research (usually medically related) which investigates the outcomes of health care practices. It has been defined as the study of the end results of health services that takes patients' experiences, preferences, and values into account—is intended to provide scientific evidence relating to decisions made by all who participate in health care

Traditional settings

School system(transition plan), work clinics, hospitals(inpatient/outpatient)

Nonmaleficence

Take reasonable precautions to avoid imposing or inflicting harm upon others or their property. The therapist ensures that the goals given outweigh any risks.

Autonomy/Confidentiality

The OT assures the patient is treated according to their desires and within their bounds of acceptable care. Also, the OT keeps the patients information confidential.

Fidelity

Treat colleagues and other professionals with respect, fairness, discretion, and integrity.

Phenomenological

Type of qualitative; a study of one or more persons and how they make sense of their experience.

Phenomenological study

Type of qualitative; the collection of participant's experiences through focus groups that contain open-ended interview questions.

Purposive sample

Type of sample; individuals are purposefully and deliberately selected for a study (e.g. all consumers of a program for a CQI study)

Systematic Sample

Type of sample; individuals are selected from a population list by taking individuals at specified intervals (e.g., every 10thname)

Stratified Random Sample

Type of sample; individuals are selected from a populations identified subgroups based on some pre-determined characteristics (e.g., diagnosis) that correlates with the study

Random Sample

Type of sample; individuals are selected through the use of a table of random numbers

Convenience Sample

Type of sample; individuals are selected who meet population criteria based upon availability to the researcher.

Snowball Sampling/Network

Type of sample; study subjects provide names of other individuals who can meet study criteria.

Negative correlation

Values below express this. A perfect _______ _______ has a coefficient of -1, indicating that an increase in one variable reliably predicts a decrease in the other one

Measures of central tendency

a determination of average or typical scores; mean, median, mode

Standard deviation

a determination of variability of scores (difference) from the mean.

Cohort Studies

a form of longitudinal study. It is an analysis of risk factors and follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction. Cohort studies are largely about the life histories of segments of populations, and the individual people who constitute these segments.

Null hypothesis

a general or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena, or that a potential medical treatment has no effect. Rejecting or disproving the ___________ - and thus concluding that there are grounds for believing that there is a relationship between two phenomena or that a potential treatment has a measurable effect.

Case study

a single subject or a group of subjects is investigated in an in-depth manner. Purpose can be description, interpretation, or evaluation.

Normal distribution

a symmetrical bell-shaped curve indicating the distribution of scores, the mean, median, and mode are similar.

NEURO/REHAB REFERENCES

bio mechanical, brunnstrom, compensatory, developmental, neurodevelopmental, proprioceptive neuromuscualr facilitation, rehabilitation model, rood

ORTHO/REHAB REFERENCES

bio mechanical, compensatory, rehabilitative model

Case Studies/Case Series

are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods

Independent Variable

causative agent

altruism

concern for the welfare of others

Validity

face, content, criterion and construct. Test testing what it is intending to measure

Inter-rater reliability

determines the extent to which two or more raters obtain the same result when using the same instrument to measure a concept. (think of interpersonal relationships). It gives a score of how much homogeneity or consensus. If various raters do not agree, either the scale is defective or the raters need to be re-trained. If you are testing a group of people and the scores are different, then the results will change based off of who is taking the test and what disability the patients have. A statistical measure ranging from 0 to 1.0. The larger the number, the better the reliability, values near or less than zero suggest that agreement is due to chance alone.

Measures of variability:

determines the spread of a group of scores. This is the range, standard deviation, and normal distribution

justice

diverse communities are inclusive, structures, and organized so that all members can function, flourish, and live satisfactory lives.

Criterion-referenced test

is a style of test which uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score.

Ratio

level of measurement; is the estimation between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit magnitude of the same kind. A _______ scale possesses a meaningful (unique and non-arbitrary) zero value.

Covariation

measure of how much two random variables change together

Correlation coefficient also known as r, R, or Pearson's r.

measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables that is defined as the (sample) covariance of the variables divided by the product of their (sample) standard deviations.

truth

provide accurate info in oral, written, and electronic forms in all situations

A correlation greater than 0.8 is generally described as...

strong, whereas a correlation less than 0.5 is generally described as weak. These values can vary based upon the "type" of data being examined

Reliability

the "consistency" or "repeatability" of research measures. If this is low, then the test is not a reliable measure. If your score is inconsitent, then you need to do a test/retest.

Mean

the arithmetic average of all scores.

renewal period starts

the day after license expires and continues until your license is renewed

Range

the difference between the highest score and the lowest score

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)/Randomized Assigned Trial

the gold standard for a clinical trial. RCTs are often used to test the efficacy or effectiveness of various types of medical intervention within a patient population. RCTs may also provide an opportunity to gather useful information about adverse effects, such as drug reactions.

Median

the midpoint, 50% of scores are above this and 50% of scores are below.

Mode

the most frequently occurring score.

Intra-rater reliability

this makes it possible to determine the degree to which the results obtained by a measurement procedure can be replicated. Lack of this may arise from divergences between measurement instruments or instability of the attribute measured. This is a type of reliability assessment in which the same assessment is completed by the same rater on two or more occasions. These different ratings are then compared, generally by means of correlation. Since the same individual is completing both assessments, the rater's subsequent ratings are contaminated by knowledge of earlier ratings.

dignity

treat all patients with respect at all times.

equality

treating all people impartially and free of bias

prudence

use clinical and ethical reasoning skills, sound judgement, and reflection to make decisions in professional and volunteer roles.

Expert Opinion

who by virtue of education, training, skill, or experience is believed to have expertise and specialized knowledge in a particular subject beyond that of the average person