patho

In general, a child's immune system is not fully developed until he or she is between

2 and 3 years of age

The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease is called:

Pathophysiology

Which of the following is and example of homeostatic failure?

Salt and water retention and a blood pressure of 170/98 mm hg

Half of the body's magnesium is stored in the:

bones

After T lymphocytes leave the bone marrow, they mature in the:

thymus gland.

In healthy adults, a loss of more than _______ % of total body fluid is required to alter hemeostasis and cause illness.

30

Which of the following medications does NOT shift potassium into the cells?

50% dextrose

Plasma comprises approximately _______ % of the blood.

55

Acid-base balance normally remains in a physiologic pH range of:

7.35 - 7.45

What structure conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body?

Axon

Which of the following statements regarding basophils is correct?

Basophils release histamine and other chemicals that dialate blood vessels.

What type of pressure is generated by dissolved proteins in plasma that are too large to penetrate the capillary membrane?

Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure

How does the body respond to hypoperfusion?

Catecholamine release and increased systemic vascular resistance

What chemical induces hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and preventing oxygen metabolism?

Cyanide

Which of the following disease processes would MOST likely cause delayed or dysfunctional wound healing?

Diabetes

Which of the following factors would most likely cause hyponatremia?

Diuretic use

What type of tissue lines the intestines, blood vessels, and bronchiole tubes?

Epithelial

_______ is the protein that bonds to form the fibrous component of a blood clot.

Fibrin

All of the following diseases are autoimmune diseases, EXCEPT:

HIV infection.

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct?

Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, is characterized by excessive bleeding, and occurs only in males.

A diabetic patient who failed to take his or her insulin and presents with peaked T waves on the cardiac monitor and muscle weakness is most likely:

Hyperkalemic

All of the following factors would cause potassium to shift into the cell, EXCEPT:

Increased vagal tone.

Which of the following statements regarding multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) is correct?

MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive systemic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response.

Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to cause hyperventilation?

Metabolic alkalosis

What part of the cell produces the body's major energy source in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Mitochondria

_______ are the MOST abundant white blood cells, are largely responsible for protecting the body against infection, and are key components of the first response to foreign body invasion:

Neutrophils

Which of the following disease processes is more common in women?

Osteoporosis

What disease is characterized by erosions in the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the stomach?

Peptic ulcer disease

_______ nerves exit from between the spinal vertebrae and extend to various parts of the body.

Peripheral

Which of the following represents an abnormal electrolyte serum level?

Potassium, 6 mEq/L

Endothelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels:

Regulate blood flow and coagulation.

Which of the following processes occur during multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

The ischemic pancreas releases myocardial depressant factor, which impairs cardiac contractility

Factor _______ is the antihemophilic factor.

VIII

Generally, the only physical finding in a patient with a prolapsed mitral valve is:

a clicking sound heard during cardiac auscultation

Homeostasis is most accurately defined as:

a constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium.

A person who ingests an excessive amount of salicylate would MOST likely experience

a fall in PH

An endogenous ligand is:

a molecule that is produced by the body and binds to a receptor.

Early signs or symptoms of breast cancer include:

a small, painless lump in the breast.

The MOST major challenge to pH homeostasis is:

acid production

the most common cause of cardiogenic shock is

acute myocardial infarction

Ascites is defined as:

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity

A type I hypersensitivity reaction is:

an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus.

Opsonization is a process in which

an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.

Hyperkalemia is defined as

an elevated serum potassium level.

A patient with kidney or liver failure would MOST likely develop:

an increase in isotonic fluid.

A patient with chronic renal insufficiency who has been taking laxitives and presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and decreased deep tendon reflexes MOST likely has:

an increased serum level of magnesium.

When oxygen does not reach the cell, the cell reverts to:

anaerobic metabolism and produces lactic acid.

Older adults have increased levels of auto antibodies, which:

are antibodies directed against the patient

Wounds that heal by primary intention:

are generally clean wounds with opposed margins.

An inflammatory condition of the respiratory system that results in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production is called:

asthma

Interleukins function by:

attracting white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.

Common signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis include all of the following, EXCEPT:

bloating after milk ingestion.

Distributive shock occurs when:

blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases

Baroreceptors, which are located in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidneys are MOST sensitive to changes in:

blood pressure

severe, prolonged stress:

causes the body to lose its ability to fight disease.

Major risk factors for lung cancer include:

cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos

which of the following statements regarding connective tissue is MOST correct?

connective tissue binds other types of tissue together

Edema in an upper extremity following a mastectomy is the result of:

decreased lymphatic drainage.

Orthostatic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of:

dehydration.

Unlike basophils, mast cells:

do not circulate in the blood.

Unlike bacteria, viruses:

do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins.

An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells is called:

dysplasia.

The cardinal sign of overhydration is:

edema.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by:

enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle.

The net effect of osmosis is to:

equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane.

The MOST common type of exogenous hypovolemic shock is:

external bleeding.

The destruction of a blood clot is called:

fibrinolysis.

The movement of water and a dissolved substance from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure is called:

filtration

B lymphocytes produce antibodies when they are activated by:

helper T cells

If an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood:

hemolysis and anemia can result.

All of the following are endocrine hormones, EXCEPT:

histamine

When comparing two solutions, the solution that has a higher solute concentration and a higher osmotic pressure is referred to as a(n) _______ solution.

hypertonic

Enlargement of the left ventricle due to chronically elevated blood pressure is called:

hypertrophy

Muscle cramps and paresthesias in a malnourished patient with alcoholism are MOST likely the result of

hypocalcemia

Common health risks associated with obesity include all of the following, EXCEPT:

hypolipidemia.

If the cause of a disease is unknown, it is said to be:

idiopathic.

Acute pulmonary edema

impairs oxygen diffusion into pulmonary capillaries.

Syncope is probably NOT caused by life threatening dysrhythmia if it occurs:

in a person whose cousin has syncope.

Acidosis is characterized by a(n):

increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH.

A patient who overdosed on heroin and is unconscious with slow, shallow respirations would MOST likely experience:

increased CO 2 retention.

Hemolytic anemia is a disease characterized by:

increased destruction of red blood cells.

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys by:

increasing sodium reabsorption into the blood and enhancing potassium elimination in the urine.

The two MOST common causes for inflammation are:

infection and injury.

Aspirin and NSAIDs reduce inflammation and pain by:

inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

Allergies are acquired following:

initial exposure to an allergen.

Cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are MOST appropriately classified as ____________ fluids.

interstitial

Carpopedal spasm that occurs during respiratory alkalosis is caused by a(n):

intracellular calcium shift

Approximately 45% of a person's body weight is;

intracellular fluid.

Most immunologic diseases that exhibit familial tendencies:

involve an overactive immune system.

If an injury leading to cell degeneration is of sufficient intensity and duration:

irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death.

The paramedic is in the BEST position to formulate an appropriate treatment plan for an ill patient if the paramedic:

is able to identify the etiology of the patient's illness

A person with a normal total cholesterol level:

is still at risk for coronary artery disease if his or her LDL levels are elevated

The body's rejection of an organ following transplantation is MOST likely the result of:

isoimmunity

Lactated Ringer's is a(n) __________ solution because its solute concentration is equal to that of the inside of the cell.

isotonic

Renin is a protein that is released into the bloodstream by the _________ in response to changes in __________.

kidneys, blood pressure

In decompensated shock, systolic blood pressure is:

less than the fifth percentile for the age

Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis are also known as:

leukotrienes.

The chief white blood cell of the immune response is the:

lymphocyte.

If nonencapsulated bacteria enter the body:

macrophages begin to destroy them immediately

Red bone marrow is essential for the formation of:

mature blood cells

Early manifestations of Alzheimer's disease include:

memory loss and subtle personality changes.

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus:

need exogenous insulin to survive.

Type O blood contains

neither A nor B antigens but contains both A and B plasma antibodies.

A loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone causes.

neurogenic shock.

Apoptosis is defined as:

normal cell death.

The _______ of the cells contains RNA.

nucleus

What type of shock occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels?

obstructive.

The ____, which are found within the cell's cytoplasm, operate in a cooperative and organized fashion to maintain the life of the cell.

organelles

The induction phase of the immune response begins when:

part of the immune system recognizes an antigen

An injection of immunoglobin is a form of:

passive acquired immunity.

Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever would MOST likely cause:

permanent damage to the heart valves.

Foreign material such as bacteria and other microorganisms are engulfed and destroyed by:

phagocytes.

In the presence of infection, white blood cells release endogenous chemicals called _______, which produce fever.

pyrogens

unlike endocrine hormones, exocrine hormones

reach their targets via a specific duct that opens into an organ

When nerve cells and cardiac myocytes are injured:

scar tissue forms because these cells cannot be replaced

Gross distortions of reality, withdrawal from social contacts, and bizarre behavior are MOST characteristic of:

schizophrenia.

Nonstriated muscle is also called _______ muscle.

smooth

The most prevalent cation of the extracellular fluid is:

sodium

If the sodium potassium pump is impaired due to insufficient potassium in the body:

sodium accumulates and causes the cells to swell.

The resistance stage of the stress reaction is characterized by:

stimulation of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones that increase blood glucose levels and maintain blood pressure.

Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is:

striated involuntary.

Strength of a person's peripheral pulses is related to:

stroke volume and pulse rate.

Unlike an allergic reaction, an autoimmune reaction:

targets a person's own tissues.

When renin is released:

the angiotensin-converting enzymem (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules.

Angiogenesis is defined as:

the growth of new blood vessels.

The prevalence of a particular disease refers to:

the number of cases in a particular population over time.

When blood osmolarity increases:

the pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and decrease the blood's osmolarity.

When cells are hypoxic for more than a few seconds:

they produce substances that may damage other local or distant body systems.

Groups of cells form:

tissues.

The tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane is referred to as:

tonicity.

Dehydration is generally a more serious concern in older adults than in younger adults because:

total body water constitutes only 45% of body weight in older adults.

During the acute inflammatory response:

transient arteriolar constriction is followed by arteriolar dilation, which allows an influx of blood under increased pressure.

Gout is a condition in which:

uric acid accumulates in the blood.

An organ is composed of:

various types of tissues.

Patients with congenital prolongation of the Q-T interval are at GREATEST risk for

ventricular arrhythmias

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by:

weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increased disability.

Anaphylatic shock is characterized by:

wheezing and widespread vasodilation

An infectious disease would LEAST likely occur in a patient:

with migraine headaches.