Patho 2 Final

Esophagitis pain is similar in location and pattern to myocardial chest pain (T/F)

T

Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications and infection with Helicobacter pylori are causative factors in peptic ulcer disease (T/F)

T

An example of a secondary endocrine disorder is

pituitary hyposecretion of TSH

Absorption of glucose and amino acids across the intestinal epithelium occurs by

sodium-dependent carriers

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases

water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney.

The structure and secretions of the salivary gland most closely resemble those of the

exocrine pancreas

Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells

fat

A silent abdomen 3 hours after bowel surgery most likely indicates

functional bowel obstruction

Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of

gastric ulcer

A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with hematemesis and profound anemia. The expected diagnosis is

gastroesophageal varices

Most endocrine hormones are water-soluble and exert their effects on target cells by

generating second messengers

An increase in serum osmolality would be expected to ________ secretion.

increase vasopressin

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

increased blood ammonia levels

Up-regulation of target cell receptors results in

increased target cell responsiveness to hormone

Growth hormone has several effects on the body, including

increasing lean body mass

Fecal leukocyte screening would be indicated in a patient with suspected

inflammatory bowel disease

Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with

inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods.

Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it

inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

Failure of normal partitioning between the foregut and midgut can lead to a congenital condition known as

intestinal atresia

Brush-border enzymes are produced by ________ cells

intestinal epithelial

The most common mechanism regulating hormone production and secretion is

negative feedback

The endocrine system closely resembles the ________ system because many of their actions are coordinated at the level of the hypothalamus

nervous

A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of

octreotide acetate

Hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary gland include

-Luteinizing hormone -prolactin -follicle-stimulating hormone

How much fluid is secreted from the intestinal glands daily?

2 liters

An early indicator of colon cancer is

a change in bowel habits

A Barrett esophagus is

a preneoplastic lesion

A patient who should be routinely evaluated for peptic ulcer disease is one who is

being treated with high-dose oral glucocorticoids

Pancreatic secretions are high in

bicarbonate ions

Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to

blood or semen

Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with

bloody diarrhea

The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.

hemolysis

An increased urine bilirubin is associated with

hepatitis

In primary thyroid hormone deficiency, the TSH levels are

high

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is

hyponatremia

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with

hypothyroidism

It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones

is inhibited by iodine deficiency

In comparison to triiodothyronine (T3), the hormone thyroxine (T4)

is more abundant in the circulation

Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called

kernicterus

Jaundice is a common manifestation of

liver disease

A patient being treated for hepatic encephalopathy could be expected to receive a(n) ________diet

low-protein and high-fiber

Carbohydrates are absorbed in the form of

monosaccharides

The sympathetic nerve endings in the GI tract secrete

norepinephrine

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

The propulsive movement of the GI tract is called

peristalsis

Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to

portal hypertension

The portion of the stomach that controls gastric emptying is the

pylorus

Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism

result from decreased serum ionized calcium

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that

results from inadequate ADH secretion

It is true that growth hormone excess in adults

results in the condition of acromegaly.

The primary stimulus for pancreatic secretion is

secretin

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach would

stimulate motility

A primary endocrine disorder occurs when

the target gland is unresponsive to pituitary regulation

An example of a lipid-soluble hormone is

thyroid hormone

Clinical manifestations of Graves disease may include

tremor

Thyroid hormones are derived from

tyrosine amino acids

Most of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract is supplied by the

vagus nerves

Which statement regarding pepsin is true?

It is secreted as an inactive proenzyme

_________ is the hormone which causes uterine and milk duct contractions.

Oxytocin

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing

Diverticulitis usually is asymptomatic (T/F)

F

Which can be absorbed through the intestinal epithelia without further digestion?

Glucose

Which of the following symptoms suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?

Heartburn

What form of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually?

Hepatitis B

Diverticulosis

Herniations in the bowel wall

Achalasia

Absence of peristalsis in a portion of the esophagus

Which hormone is regulated by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following findings should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?

Blood and mucus in the stools

Which of the following findings would rule out a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea?

Bloody stools

Which of the following clinical findings would suggest an esophageal rather than an oropharyngeal cause of dysphagia?

Chest pain during meals

Which is associated with contraction of the gallbladder?

Cholecystokinin

Which enzyme assists with protein digestion?

Chymotrypsin

What suppresses the normal secretion of growth hormone?

Somatostatin

Encopresis

Stasis and involuntary leakage of stool

Which hormone is highly bound to carrier proteins in the bloodstream?

Thyroid hormones

An urgent surgical consult is indicated for the patient with acute abdominal pain and

absent bowel tones

Combined dysphagia with both solids and liquids is typical of

achalasia

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B

acute

The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is

adhesions

The tightness of the hormone-receptor bond is known as

affinity

Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of

alcohol-induced injury

Acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of

appendicitis

It is true that Graves disease is

associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors.

Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is

autoimmune hepatitis

Histamine antagonists may be used in the management of peptic ulcer disease to

decrease hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion

An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response

dehydration

It is true that lipid-soluble hormones are

diffused through cell membranes to activate intracellular receptors

The release of prolactin is normally inhibited by

dopamine

The action of bile is to

emulsify fats

Odynophagia

Painful swallowing

In which of the following cases would it be inappropriate to manage dyspepsia with an empiric trial of an H2 blocker?

Concomitant dysphagia

Which hormone is responsible for regulation of immune and inflammatory reactions?

Cortisol

Oversecretion of ACTH occurs in

Cushing disease

A reduction in lower esophageal sphincter tone helps reduce gastroesophageal reflux (T/F)

F

Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are two types of irritable bowel syndrome (T/F)

F

Cortisol is produced in the zona ________ of the adrenal cortex

Fasciculata

Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release

IGF-1

Aldosterone secretion would be expected to produce which change?

Increase blood pressure

Older individuals may experience which change in the mouth?

Increased exposure of dentin