PATHO 370 QUIZ 4

A patient being treated for acute tubular necrosis (ATN) develops mild polyuria. The nurse responds to questions about why this occurring by stating

"His renal tubules are recovering, so he is making more urine, but he is not able to concentrate urine well, because he is not fully recovered."

A patient, age 3, has vesicoureteral reflux. "Why does that make him have so many bladder infections?" asks his mother. The nurse's best response is

"When he urinates, urine runs back toward his kidneys and then into the bladder again, making it easy for bacteria to grow if they reach the bladder."

A patient injured severely in a motor vehicle accident is hospitalized with acute kidney injury as well as multiple broken bones and lacerations. When family members ask what is meant by the term 'prerenal,' the nurse responds

"Your husband's kidney injury did not start in the kidney itself, but rather in the blood flow to the kidney."

The HPV vaccine is recommended for 11- to 12-year-old girls, but can be administered to girls as young as _____ years of age.

9

The organism most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis is

Escherichia coli.

Hypotension is both a cause of chronic kidney disease and a result of chronic kidney disease.

False

The majority of penile cancer cases are classified as basal cell carcinoma.

False

Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause

Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause

Cervical cancer can be detected in the early, curable stage by the ________ test.

Papanicolaou

Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?

Polycystic kidney disease

The pathology report for a patient with penile cancer has this statement: The tumor involves the shaft of the penis. The cancer is at what stage?

Stage II

Erection requires the release of nitrous oxide into the corpus cavernosum during sexual stimulation.

True

Infection can lead to bladder stone formation.

True

The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI) is prevention.

True

The prognosis of penile carcinoma depends upon the stage of the disease.

True

What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease?

Uremia

The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is highest in

a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.

A ureterocele is

a cystic dilation of a ureter.

Anemia in people who have end-stage chronic renal disease is caused by

decreased secretion of erythropoietin.

A potential risk factor for breast cancer includes

early menarche and late first pregnancy.

Endometriosis is a condition in which

ectopic endometrial tissue is present.

The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n)

elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate.

A patient diagnosed with a micropenis must be evaluated for

endocrine disorders.

A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience

fever.

Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes

fluid administration.

A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn't get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is

functional.

It is true that polycystic kidney disease is

genetically transmitted.

In addition to renal colic pain, signs or symptoms of ureteral stones may frequently include

hematuria.

The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is

hematuria.

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because

hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids.

The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is

hydronephrosis.

Excessive vomiting in pregnant women is known as

hyperemesis gravidarum.

The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is

hyperkalemia.

Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of

hyperparathyroidism.

One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is

hypertension.

The major cause of glomerulonephritis is

immune system damage to the glomeruli.

Phimosis is a disorder of the penis characterized by

inability to retract the foreskin.

A primary laboratory finding in end-stage chronic renal disease is

increased serum creatinine.

A change occurring in a pregnant woman that is indicative of a potential disorder is

increased urinary protein.

The most common direct cause of acute pyelonephritis is

infection by E. coli.

At his most recent clinic visit, a patient with end-stage renal disease is noted to have edema, congestive signs in the pulmonary system, and a pericardial friction rub. Appropriate therapy at this time would include

initiation of dialysis

The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is

insufficient erythropoietin.

The most likely cause of acidosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease is

insufficient metabolic acid excretion resulting from nephron loss.

The patient reports persistent pelvic pain and urinary frequency and urgency. She says the pain improves when she empties her bladder. She does not have a fever and her repeated urinalyses over the past months have been normal, although she has a history of frequent bladder infections. She also has a history of fibromyalgia and hypothyroidism. Based on her history and complaints, her symptoms are characteristic of

interstitial cystitis.

The expected treatment of a pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum is

intravenous therapy.

The difference between stress incontinence and urge incontinence is that stress incontinence

is caused by a pelvic floor muscle problem, whereas urge incontinence is caused by a problem with the detrusor muscle.

One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is

ischemic conditions.

The most common types of uterine tumors are known as

leiomyomas.

The normal post-void residual urine in the bladder is

less than 100 mL.

It is true that fibrocystic breast disease

may be exacerbated by methylxanthines.

The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called

nephralgia.

Glomerular disorders include

nephrotic syndrome

The disorder characterized by a neurologic lesion that affects bladder control is

neurogenic bladder.

The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is

oliguria.

Urinary retention with consistent or intermittent dribbling of urine is called

overflow incontinence.

A person is unaware that his bladder is full of urine, but complains that he is leaking urine almost constantly. The most accurate term for this type of incontinence is

overflow.

The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is

pain.

The direct cause of stress incontinence is

pelvic muscle weakness.

One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is

pelvic tumor.

Treatment of a uterine prolapse may involve the insertion of a(n) ________ to hold the uterus in place.

pessary.

Sexual impotence is rarely because of

primary causes.

A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristic of

prostatic enlargement.

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine.

protein

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include

proteinuria.

A 52-year-old female had a surgical procedure in which the breast, lymphatics, and underlying muscle were removed. The procedure performed was a

radical mastectomy.

Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with

recurrent cystitis.

The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is

renal colic.

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

severe hypotension.

The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is

smoking.

The urea-splitting bacteria contribute to the formation of ________ kidney stones.

struvite

Sudden, severe testicular pain is indicative of

testicular torsion.

When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, "What causes my urine to be so full of protein," the nurse's response is based on the knowledge that

the glomerular membrane has increased permeability.

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

they are deficient in active vitamin D.

The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is

throat infection.

The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.

tubular

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is

ultrasonography.

Pelvic floor muscle training is appropriate for

urge incontinence.

A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be

uric acid crystals.

What reproductive tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence?

Cystocele

A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because

GFR declines.

In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the cystic process destroys more nephrons. At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal disease?

Greater than 90% nephron loss

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is caused by

absent or diminished levels of progesterone.

The condition characterized by oliguria and hematuria is

acute glomerulonephritis.

A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because

albumin is excreted in the urine.

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is

an immune complex reaction.

Scrotal pain in males and labial pain in females may accompany renal pain as a result of

associated dermatomes.

Cryptorchidism is

associated with an increased incidence of testicular cancer.

Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

bilateral kidney stones.

Detrusor muscle overactivity can be improved by administration of

botulinum toxin.

A common component of renal calculi is

calcium.

The most common type of renal stone is

calcium.

Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of the

cardinal ligaments.