Patho Cellular Adaptation, Injury, Death

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply leading to ischemic cell injury

necrosis

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

hypertrophy

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed

death

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

Reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

Carbon monoxide injures cells BY... Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin preventing the red blood cell from carrying adequate oxygen, leading to hypoxic injury. Other chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride promote free radicals, which injure cells and destroy cellular membranes. Crystallization of cellular organelles is caused by hypothermia.

Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types such as in diabetes mellitus. Most of these essential nutrients must be obtained from external sources, because the cell is unable to manufacture them. Obesity involves an excess of caloric intake. The BMI is a measure for obesity, but does not indicate if a nutritional imbalance is present.

liquefactive

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

dysplasia

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is. Dysplastic cells have the potential to become cancerous and are therefore referred to as preneoplastic. Anaplasia, metaplasia, and hyperplasia are not considered preneoplastic.

DNA

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury. Cellular DNA is particularly susceptible to damage from radiation via breakage of the bonds holding the linear DNA together. Cell membranes, RNA, and ribosomes are not the most susceptible to radiation injury.

intracellular accumulations.

The cellular response indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism is

decreased functional reserve

The primary effect of aging on all body systems.All body systems show age-related changes that can be generally described as a decrease in functional reserve; aging leads to inability to adapt to (internal and external) environmental changes. Not all effects of aging are considered disease; some are considered a normal part of aging. Programmed senescence is currently only a theory of aging that states cells have a pre-programmed number of cell divisions before they will die. Senility is an outdated term used to describe the cognitive changes associated with dementia; dementia is a disease and is not a normal part of aging.

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they

a. enter the host cell. b. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate. c. do not produce toxins. Viruses are able to enter the host cell and use host metabolic processes to survive and replicate. Viruses do not produce toxins. Viruses do not directly produce free radicals, although these can be produced indirectly by the immune response that folows viral infection. Both viruses and bacteria produce an immune response.

Infectious injury often results from

a. exotoxins. b. endotoxins. c. self-destruction of cells. d. enzymes from white blood cells. Exotoxins produced by bacteria interfere with cellular functions. Endotoxins are a component of some bacteria; when the bacteria are lyses, endotoxins are released, causing fever and even circulatory shock. Virally infected cells may trigger their own destruction. Enzymes from white blood cells can harm cells in the area of inflammation. Infectious injury promotes inflammation; inflammation can cause more damage than the infecting agent.

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following

a. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. b. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. c. crystallization of cellular components. Hypothermia causes increased blood viscosity, which can result in ischemic injury. Initial vasoconstriction causes ischemic injury. Rebound vasodilation leads to intense swelling which damages peripheral nerves. Crystallization of cellular components leads to rupture of these components

Bacteria cause injury to cells by

a. producing exotoxins. b. producing endotoxins. c. producing destructive enzymes. d. evoking an immune reaction. Bacteria function in multiple ways to cause cell injury, including producing exotoxins that interfere with cellular function, producing endotoxins that cause fever and circulatory shock when the bacteria are lysed, producing enzymes that digest cellular membranes, or evoking an immune response with release of chemicals (e.g., histamines, kinins, lymphokines) that can injure cells. Bacteria do not reproduce inside host cells.

Fat necrosis

adipose (fat) tissue.Fat necrosis is caused by trauma or pancreatitis

Reperfusion injury to cells

involves formation of free radicals.Free radicals are formed when high-energy electrons partially reduce oxygen in reperfusion injury. Reperfusion injury usually causes more cell damage than the original hypoxia. It results from calcium overload in the cells. Reperfusion injury results from hypoxic injury, rather than from nutritional injury.

Coagulative

occurs from ischemic injury in any tissue.

Caseous necrosis

occurs in lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis.

Somatic death refers to death

of the entire organism.Somatic death is not simply death of one body organ. Somatic death involves death of all cells in the body. Brain death refers to death of the brain only, but organ systems can remain living with mechanical assistance.

Metaplasia

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another secondary to persistent damage. Metaplasia is reversible when the damage is stopped

Dysplasia

transforms cells to preneoplastic lesions, which may become malignant. Disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements occurs in dysplasia.