patho exam 1

Which of the following are characteristics of X-linked recessive diseases is FALSE?

Females never develop X-linked recessive diseases

which of the following conditions has the potential to cause hypokalemia?

Severe, prolonged diarrhea

Males express disease more frequently than females with X-linked recessive gene mutations.

True

Long term compensation for respiratory acidosis includes:

kidney excretion of H+.

One cause of metabolic alkalosis is:

suctioning of gastric fluids.

In addition to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities, common characteristics associated with Down syndrome include which of the following? (select all that apply)

-congenital heart defects -premature aging -increased risk for leukemia

Which of the following conditions have the potential to cause hyperkalemia? (select all that apply) Correct!

-crushed limb trauma -insulin deficiency -renal failure

Which of the following conditions are known causes of respiratory acidosis? (select all that apply)

-pnemonia -rib fractures - over-sedation

Which of the following conditions are common causes of hyponatremia in North America? (mark all that apply)

-protracted vomiting -excessive oral water intake -renal failure -excessive amount of insulin

What happens following failure of the calcium pumps during hypoxic injury?

Calcium accumulates in the mitochondria leading to cell death.

Which of the following is an effect of increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?

Decreased plasma osmolarity-Increased ADH secretion (i.e., syndrome of inappropriate ADH) results in pure water reabsorption (retention) by the kidneys. This excess water dilutes the electrolytes in the plasm resulting in hyponatremia and low plasma osmolarity.

Apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to:

Die - Apoptosis occurs when intracellular or extracellular signals tell a cell to die. This usually occurs when a cell has aged, becomes injured or has sustained a harmful DNA mutation.

Why is severe hyponatremia immediately life threatening?

Due to neuronal swelling in the brain.

Adaptive mechanisms of cellular hypertrophy include increases in cellular fluid.

False -Increases in cellular fluid is called cell swelling and occurs as a result of cell injury or due to osmotic charges (Week 3). Cellular swelling is not an adaptive mechanism.

The vast majority of conceptions with chromosomal mutations survive to birth because they are generally not that serious.

False-1 out of 12 conceptions, however the majority of these fetuses do not survive to term because the resulting complications cause severe developmental problems.

In the human body, free radical damage to cells can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT

Hypoxic conditions

When exposed to hypoxic conditions, why to liver cells accumulate lipids in the cytoplasm?

Hypoxic injury results in the decreased production of transporter proteins.

Compensation for metabolic acidosis caused by renal failure includes:

Kussmaul respirations.

Anaerobic metabolism due to hypoxia results in the production of:

Lactic acid

Muscular atrophy due to a spinal cord injury involves a decrease in all of the following EXCEPT

Number- Atrophy, by definition, is a decrease in cell size. Atrophy is caused by a decrease in the amount of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and also results in a decrease in mitochondria and ATP production).

A boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy likely inherited the disease gene from his mother. Correct!

True

Hypokalemia causes the cell membrane to become more negative (hyperpolarized), thus delaying the action potential (firing) of the cell.

True- A deficit in potassium in the cells causes a decrease in the cell's resting membrane potential (RMP) since a decrease in this positively charged ion means that the potential in the cell becomes more negative than normal. When the RMP becomes more negative, it requires a greater trigger to bring the membrane to threshold. Hypokalemia can therefore can delay or stop the generation of an action potential.

How does the body immediately attempt to reestablish equilibrium when sodium is added to extracellular fluid making it hypertonic?

Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space.

Cystic fibrosis is caused by an ______ gene mutation.

autosomal recessive

Which of the following molecules binds to H+ as a buffer to created carbonic acid?

biocarbonate ion

Signs and symptoms of dehydration due to insufficient water intake include all of the following EXCEPT:

decreased heart rate

The early dilation and swelling of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum during hypoxic injury results in:

decreased protein production and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm.

Cellular swelling during hypoxic injury results from:

failure of the sodium-potassium pump.- Cell swelling following hypoxic injury occurs when decreased ATP production causes the sodium-potassium pump to reduce it's transport of Na+ out of the cell. Na+ accumulation in the cell increases the osmolarity of the cytoplasm, which causes water to be drawn into the cells. This process also causes organelle swelling and dysfunction. Sodium leak channels are always 'open' and allow Na+ to leak into the cell. These channels are not dependent on ATP and a decrease in Na+ leak activity would cause Na+ to get trapped outside of the cell.

Potassium is an important buffer for H+.

false

Dysplasia is a type of normal cellular adaptation that is caused by increased workload.

false-Dysplasia is defined as abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells. This change generally occurs due to injury or as a result of DNA mutations. Dysplasia is often a pre-cancerous condition.

Hyperaldosteronism caused by a tumor in the adrenal cortex can result in hyponatremia.

false-increased aldosterone secretion results in an increase in sodium reabsorption (retention) by the kidneys. This generally causes an isotonic increase in sodium and water resulting in fluid overload, or in some cases hypernatremia if there is more sodium than water reabsorption.

The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:

hormonal hyperplasia-During pregnancy, an increase in estrogen during the first two trimesters that results in breast enlargement and development of the mammary glands that produce breastmilk. Although some of this is due to hypertrophy, there is a considerable amount of hyperplasia (cell division).

A person with severe dehydration will also generally present with:

hypernatremia.

_____________ is defined as low oxygen content in the blood.

hypoxemia

The most common cause of Down syndrome is:

maternal chromosomal nondisjunction.

Regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of CO2 is accomplished by the:

lungs

Renal failure causes:

metabolic acidosis.

Which of the following are accurate characteristics of an autosomal recessive disease?

the disease tends to cluster in siblings

Antioxidant molecules in the human diet include all of the following EXCEPT:

transfats.

correction of acid-base balance by the kidneys can take 24-48 hours.

true