patho final review questions

The nurse notes that the client has a decreased neutrophil count. The nurse recognizes that the client is at risk for which of the following A. infection B. bleeding C. ischemia D. clot formation

A. infection neutrophils constitute the majority of blood leukocytes and play a critical role in host defense mechanisms against infection

A client is admitted to the hospital with second-degree burns over 30% of the body. What is a characteristic of second-degree burns? A. There is usually no blister formation B. They involve the dermis and the epidermis C. They are dry and red D. They involve the dermis only

B. They involve the dermis and the epidermis Second degree burns involve the dermis and the epidermis. They are painful, moist, red, and blistered. Under the blisters is weeping, bright pink or red skin that is sensitive to temperature changes, air exposure, and touch.

The nurse is caring for four clients. Select the client who is at greatest risk for decreased wound healing. A. a poorly nourished but active 50-year-old man B. A 76 year old client who has undergone an elective knee surgery C. An 80 year old diabetic client with a foot ulcer. D. A 10 year old client who is post-appendectomy

C. An 80 year old diabetic client with a foot ulcer. Any client with an autoimmune disease is at greater risk for decreased wound healing because the healing process relies on the immune reaction.

The nurse is caring for a client who is a carrier of hepatitis C. Which of these does the nurse teach the family? a. "your loved one may not look ill, but the virus is present in his blood." b. "something in your home causes him to carry the virus to his body." c. "the tests your loved one took show he has had hepatitis C in the past" d. "a carrier state means the individual is at risk for sudden death."

a. "your loved one may not look ill, but the virus is present in his blood.

Which clinical manifestations would lead the nurse to suspect the postoperative client has developed a mechanical bowel obstruction? a. severe heartburn b. increased abdominal distention c. severe, colicky pain d. rectal bleeding e. extreme restlessness

a. severe heartburn b. increased abdominal distention c. severe, colicky pain e. extreme restlessness

A client with a peptic ulcer should be assessed by the nurse for which possible risk factors? SATA a. smoking history b. alcohol usage c. dietary hx d. recent travel

a. smoking history b. alcohol usage

A client sustained acute tubular injury from a nephrotic toxic drug. Which cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) would the nurse suspect the client is experiencing? a. prerenal b. intrarenal c. postrenal d. systemic

b. intrarenal

The nurse is caring for a client who has developed facial swelling related to a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. Which of these substances does the nurse recognize is implicated in causing this type of reaction? A. Histamine B. Thromboxane A2 C. Fibroblast D. lymphocytes

A. Histamine histamine causes dilation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules, causing swelling.

Assessment of an older adult client reveals bilateral pitting edema of the client's feet and ankles; difficult to palpate pedal pulses; breath sounds clear on auscultation; oxygen saturation level of 93%; and vital signs normal. What is the client's most likely health problem? a. RSHF b. pericarditis c. cardiogenic shock d. cor pulmonale

a. RSHF

what client is exhibiting clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? a. a client who has lost their appetite but its gaining weight b. the client who complains of feeling hot and sweats constantly c. the client with frequent infections and an foot ulcer d. the client with hyperkalemia and dark pigmented skin

a. a client who has lost their appetite but its gaining weight

When caring for a client with hyperkalemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which body system? a. cardiovascular b. hepatic c. cerebrovascular d. pulmonary

a. cardiovascular

An adult reports to the emergency department with shortness of breath. Which additional clinical finding(s) leads the HCP to suspect the client has a moderate-sized pulmonary edema? SATA a. chest pain b. coughing up green-colored sputum c. fever higher than 103 F for the past 2 days d. apprehensive, especially when asked to lie flat e. friction rub noted on both inspiration and expiration

a. chest pain d. apprehensive, especially when asked to lie flat

the nurse is caring for a client with chronic diarrhea. The nurse knows that chronic diarrhea could be caused by which condition? SATA a. chron's disease b. ulcerative colitis c. diverticulosis d. cholecystitis e. intestinal obstruction

a. chron's disease b. ulcerative colitis

The nursing student correctly identifies which major risk factors for coronary artery disease? SATA a. cigarette smoking b. decreased pulse rate c. elevated BP d. elevated LDL e. elevated HDL f. diabetes g. abdominal obesity

a. cigarette smoking b. elevated blood pressure c. elevated LDL f. diabetes g. abdominal obesity

A client presents to the ED after an episode of syncope. The BP is 84/58 and HR 112. The client frequently voids large amounts of pale, clear urine. The serum Na is 130. Which endocrine disorder is the likely cause of these manifestations? a. diabetes insipidus b. hyperparathyroidism c. myxedema d. SIADH

a. diabetes insipidus

A client's recent diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has prompted the care provider to promptly begin pharmacological therapy. The drugs prescribed will likely influence the client's levels of which substance? a. dopamine b. Acetylcholine c. serotonin d. adenosine

a. dopamine clients have a deficency of dopamine; the agents would replace the missing neurotransmitter to improve function

The nurse is assessing a client who has been diagnosed with GERD. The nurse recognizes which clinical manifestations may be associated with GERD? SATA a. epigastric pain b. retrosternal pain c. wheezing d. hoarseness e. heartburn before eating

a. epigastric pain b. retrosternal pain c. wheezing d. hoarseness heartburn after

A nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with Chron's disease about potential complications. What complication is common for Chron's disease? a. fistula formation b. chronic constipation c. excessive weight gain d. difficulty swallowing

a. fistula formation

A 25-year old female client exhibits exophthalmos of both eyes. The nurse recognizes this a clinical manifestation of what disorder? a. graves disease b. Hashimoto thyroiditis c. myxedema d. acquired hypothyroidism

a. graves disease

A high school student sustained a concussion during a football game. The school nurse will educate the family about postconcussion syndrome and ask them to watch for and report which manifestations of its presence? a. headaches and poor concentration b. recurrent nosebleeds and hyperinsomnia c. unilateral weakness and decreased coordination d. neck pain and decreased neck range of motion

a. headaches and poor concentration

A HCP suspects a client may have developed pancreatitis. Which lab value will confirm the diagnosis? a. high serum amylase and lipase b. altered alkaline phosphate and RBC count c. chymotrypsin level and fibrinogen level d. change in platelet count and PT time

a. high serum amylase and lipase

The nurse is caring for a client with end-stage chronic kidney disease. Which laboratory values should the nurse expect when reviewing the client's chart? SATA a. hyperkalemia b. low glomerular filtration rate c. hypophospatemia d. low Hgb e. elevated creatinine

a. hyperkalemia b. low glomerular filtration rate d. low Hgb e. elevated creatinine

What characteristics differentiate type 2 diabetes mellitus from type 1 diabetes mellitus? SATA a. insulin resistance b. Hgb A1c 7.5% c. overweight d. abrupt onset of symptoms e. insulin required for management

a. insulin resistance

The nurse is caring for a client with an elevated serum bilirubin level. The nurse recognizes a high bilirubin level may result in which condition? a. jaundice b. cholestasis c. xanthomas d. biliary cirrhosis

a. jaundice

The nurse is monitoring the renal health of a client with diabetes mellitus. What assessment is the earliest warning sign of diabetic nephropathy? a. microalbuminuria b. hypertension c. polyuria d. decreased GFR

a. microalbuminuria the earliest indication that the nephron is impaired

A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of strangulated bowel. The nurse anticipates the client will need what treatment? a. surgery to release the bowel b. low fiber diet for 24 hours c. insertion of a NG tube d. lower abdominal massage

a. surgery to release the bowel

The nurse is caring for a client with cholelithiasis. When teaching the client about the disease, the nurse includes which of these points? a. "you have an inflammation of you gallbladder caused by an autoimmune process" b. "gallstones have developed which is causing you pain." c. "you are unable to store bile in you gallbladder." d. "stones in the gallbladder are most common in men."

b. "gallstones have developed which is causing you pain." caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile, mainly cholesterol and bilirubin

A client with diabetes mellitus arrives at the hospital with a blood glucose level of 639 mg/dl. What assessment data would indicate type 1 diabetes mellitus rather than type 2? SATA a. negative ketones in urine b. kussmal respirations c. metabolic acidosis d. weight loss e. coma

b. kussmal respirations c. metabolic acidosis DKA

When caring for the client with portal HTN and ascites, which dietary intervention does the nurse suggest to prevent the progression of fluid accumulation? a. consume foods high in Mg b. limit intake of sodium c. avoid dairy products d. reduce protein intake

b. limit intake of sodium

what are the manifestations of acute adrenal crisis in a client with Addison's disease? a. hypertension b. muscle weakness c. dehydration d. altered mental status e. vascular collapse

b. muscle weakness c. dehydration d. altered mental status e. vascular collapse If Addison disease is the underlying problem, exposure to even a minor illness or stress can precipitate nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness, hypotension, dehydration, and vascular collapse.

which disorder should the nurse expect an order for a culture and sensitivity a. cystic fibrosis b. pneumonia c. pleural effusion d. asthma

b. pneumonia pneumonia is usually bacterial