Patho Midterm

Allostasis is best defined as 1. steady-state 2. a state of equilibrium, of balance within organisms 3. the process by which the body heals following disease 4. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

4. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

Side effects of chemotherapy include 1. anemia 2. nausea 3. bleeding 4. infections

ALL 1. anemia 2. nausea 3. bleeding 4. infections

A 5-year-old patient's parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child's most likely diagnosis is

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?

Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising

What clinical course would you see signs & symptoms?

Prodromal

All of the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except 1. aldosterone 2. cortisol 3. norepinephrine 4. epinephrine

1. aldosterone

Selye's 3 phases of the stress response include all of the following except 1. allostasis 2. resistance 3. alarm 4. exhaustion

1. allostasis

Proto-oncogenes 1. are normal cellular genes that promote growth 2. are irregular cellular genes that promote irregular growth

1. are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (select all that apply) 1. cardiovascular disease 2. depression 3 impaired cognitive function 4. autoimmune disease 5. overactive immune function

1. cardiovascular disease 2. depression 3 impaired cognitive function 4. autoimmune disease

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of (select all that apply) 1. catecholamines 2. ACTH 3. glucocorticoids 4. immune cytokines 5. TSH

1. catecholamines 2. ACTH 3. glucocorticoids 4. immune cytokines

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (select all that apply) 1. decreased urinary output 2. increased blood potassium 3. increased sodium retention 4. decreased blood pressure

1. decreased urinary output 3. increased sodium retention 4. decreased blood pressure

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is 1. energy and repair 2. invoke resting state 3. produce exhaustion 4. set a new baseline steady-state

1. energy and repair

The effects of histamine release include 1. increased vascular permeability 2. decrease vascular permeability 3. stays the same

1. increased vascular permeability

Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for (select all that apply) 1. ischemic stroke 2. hemorrhagic stroke 3. retinal injury 4. renal impairment 5. liver disease

1. ischemic stroke 2. hemorrhagic stroke 4. renal impairment

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will 1. kill rapidly dividing cells 2. have minimal side effects 3. selectively kill tumor cells 4. stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer

1. kill rapidly dividing cells

After bronchoscopy and histologic exam of suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. What is this type of tumor? 1. malignant 2. benign

1. malignant

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because 1. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation 2. toxins released into the blood interfere with cardiac function 3. anaphylaxis results in large volume losses secondary to sweating 4. hypoxia resulting from bronchoconstriction impairs cardiac function

1. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except 1. necrosis 2. metaplasia 3. atrophy 4. hyperplasia

1. necrosis

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by 1. norepinephrine 2. cortisol 3. glucagon 4. ACTH

1. norepinephrine

The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is 1. reduce cardiac output 2. high cardiac output

1. reduce cardiac output

The primary functions of the circulatory system are (select all that apply.) 1. transport oxygen 2. transport nutrients 3. remove metabolic waste 4. reabsorb leaking fluid 5. return leukocytes to the circulation

1. transport oxygen 2. transport nutrients 3. remove metabolic waste

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. True or False? 1. true 2. false

1. true

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic. 1. true 2. false

1. true

The hyper metabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of 1. tumor necrosis 2. metaplasia

1. tumor necrosis

Produce by normal cells, help determine cancer organ help identify progression of cancer and include prostatic specific antigen. 1. tumor necrosis factor 2. pain medications 3. angiogenesis 4. loss of ATP production.

1. tumor necrosis factor

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because 1. tumor necrosis factor 2. pain medications 3. angiogenesis 4. loss of ATP production.

1. tumor necrosis factor

Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?

128/82

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular 1. atrophy 2. death 3. proliferation 4. mutation

2. death

Widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called 1. hemophilia B 2. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 3. Hageman disease 4. idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura.

2. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A disease that is native to a particular region is called 1. epidemic 2. endemic 3. pandemic 4. ethnographic

2. endemic

In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with 1. low cardiac output 2. high cardiac output

2. high cardiac output

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include. Select one: 1. female gender 2. hyperlipidemia 3. high-protein diet 4. low-fiber diet.

2. hyperlipidemia

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed 1. atrophy 2. hypertrophy 3. metaplasia 4. inflammation

2. hypertrophy

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the ___ stage 1. prodromal 2. latent 3. sequela 4. convalescence

2. latent

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in 1. stress reduction 2. permanent damage and death 3. movement into the resistance stage 4. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system

2. permanent damage and death

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction cause by 1. donor antigens 2. recipient antibodies 3. donor T-cells 4. recipient T-cells

2. recipient antibodies

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of 1. primary prevention 2. secondary prevention 3. tertiary prevention 4. disease treatment

2. secondary prevention

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as 1. latent 2. subclinical 3. prodromal 4. convalescence

2. subclinical

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes 1. hypoxemia 2. reduced erythropoietin 3. chemotherapy 4. secondary polycythemia.

3. chemotherapy

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful life," and has smoked "about 2 packs a day for the lat 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is 1. stressful lifestyle 2. high-fat diet 3. cigarette smoking 4. urban pollutants

3. cigarette smoking

Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure? 1. calcium 2. potassium 3. sodium 4. magnesium

3. sodium

C.Q. was recently exposed to a group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3 F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is 1. genetic susceptibility 2. pharyngitis 3. streptococcal infection 4. sore throat

3. streptococcal infection

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of 1. primary prevention 2. secondary prevention 3. tertiary prevention 4. disease treatment

3. tertiary prevention

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? 1. Hypovolemia 2. Decreased cardiac output 3. Vasoconstriction 4. Decreased vascular resistance

3. vasoconstriction

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is 1. stroke 2. hypertensive crisis 3. extremity necrosis 4. pulmonary embolism

4, pulmonary embolism

The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type 1. I 2. II 3. III 4. IV

4. IV

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

ST-segment elevation

Sepsis has been recently redefined as

a systemic inflammatory response to infection.

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

stable angina

Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs most likely have

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they

have no cytoplasmic organelles

A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with

hemophilia

An important mediatory of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is

histamine

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include

hyperlipidemia

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of

hypertensive crisis

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to

hypotension

A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is

myeloma

Renal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease?

myeloma

The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to

prevent further clot formation

Primary level of prevention

prevention before you ever have a disease; ex. immunization

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

pulmonary congestion

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit

pulmonary congestion with dyspnea

Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells.

renin

Cor pulmonale refers to

right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension

The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is

selective IgA

A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?

septic

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? 1. It is based on exploratory surgery. 2. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine the genetic basis of the tumor. 3. It is a histologic examination of tissues to determine the degree of tumor differentiation. 4. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

4. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of bleeding time is 1. acetaminophen 2. tobacco 3. caffeine 4. aspirin

4. aspirin

Cancer grading is based on 1. local invasion 2. tumor size 3. metastasis 4. cell differentiation

4. cell differentiation

Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they 1. run high fevers 2. have usually high WBC counts 3. develop brain infections 4. develop recurrent infections

4. develop recurrent infections

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is 1. necrosis 2. metaplasia 3. atrophy 4. dysplasia

4. dysplasia

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is 1. hydrophobic swelling 2. lactate production 3. metaplasia 4. intracellular accumulations

4. intracellular accumulations

The effect of stress of the immune system 1. is unkown 2. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies 3. most often involves enhancement of the immune system 4. may involve enhancement or impairment of the immune system

4. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow

decrease

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is

IgE

Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions. True or False

False

A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

III

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

activity restriction

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

antibiotic

The Philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called

bcr-abl

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood stream as

bicarbonate ion

Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum

bilirubin

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

carcinoma

Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of

cardiac tamponade

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

The major cause of death from leukemic disease is

infection

The patient is a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). As part of treatment, the patient must undergo several weeks of chemotherapy. The most serious complication of chemotherapy is

infection

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to

inhibit clotting factor consumption

Pernicious anemia is caused by lack of

intrinsic factor

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

iron deficiency

The cause of the most common form of anemia is

iron deficiency

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the

kidney

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

liver

Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?

systemic lupus erythematosus

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of

the intrinsic pathway

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by

tissue thromboplastin

The only known curative treatment for CML is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor. True or False?

true

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing

vitamin K deficiency bleeding

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

β-hemolytic streptococcal infection