patho mini test 12
brain tumor and bone cancer
2 types of cancer that often result from metastatic disease elsewhere in the body
breast cancer
2nd most common cancer in US 1 in 8 American women BRCA1 and 2: autosomal dominant, defective tumor suppressant genes some-> overexpression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER positive), human epidermal growth factor promotes growth of breast tissue (HER2 positive) risk factors: prolonged reproductive life, family history, >50, hormone replacement, obesity (estrogen storage in fat), late childbirth (>30), nulliparoud (no pregnancy), ashkenazi jewish women singular non-tender firm mass, irregular borders, nipple discharge, adherence to skin or chest wall, upper outer quadrant of breast, swelling in one breast, nipple/skin retraction, peu d'orange, pagets disease of breast ( redness, crusting of nipple)
delayed tooth development bow-shaped femurs
A child is recently diagnosed with rickets. Which of the following characteristics would you expect to observe? Select all that apply. Delayed tooth development Flattened skull Bow-shaped femurs Increased bone density Increased height
spinal stenosis
A clinician is reviewing X-ray and MRI results for Mary, age 70, who has presented with complaints of tingling in her arms and hands. She also complains of neck pain and feels her condition is worsening. On the diagnostic studies, the clinician notes a narrowing of vertebral opening with impingement on the cervical nerves.
lyme disease
A laboratory analysis revealed antibodies for Borrelia burgdorferi. Which of the following is a concern? Systemic lupus erythematosus Lyme disease Pott's disease Osteomyelitis
at least two of first three fingers
A nurse is recording a patient's signs and symptoms. If the patient has classic carpal tunnel syndrome, which area of the body will the patient's complaint be centered on? Elbow Thumb and first finger At least two of first three fingers 4th and 5th fingers
a patient with decreased lean body mass and body fat
A nurse is told that a patient she is treating has cachexia. Which of the following will the nurse expect? An overweight patient, bordering on obesity A patient with a voracious appetite A patient with decreased lean body mass and body fat A patient with a severe skin rash, but otherwise in robust health
upper femur (hip) vertebrae wrist
A nurse knows that an osteoporotic fracture is more likely in bones with a high percentage of trabecular bone. Which of the following bones would be at greatest risk for such fractures? Select all that apply. Upper femur (hip) Sternum Vertebrae Wrist Humerus
rest, ice, compression, elevation
A nurse uses the acronym "RICE" with a patient. Which of the following is the correct understanding of its meaning? Range of motion, Immobility, Casting, Elevation Rest, Immobility, Compression, Elevation Range of motion, Immobility, Compression, Ergonomic aids Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
reevaluation every three months for 2 years
A patient has been treated for osteomyelitis. The clinician is speaking to the patient about the follow-up schedule. Which of the following is typical follow-up for osteomyelitis? Daily reevaluation for 10 days Revaluation every month for six months Reevaluation every month for 12 months Reevaluation every three months for 2 years
compartment syndrome
A patient has experienced a crushing injury to the upper arm. Upon assessment, the nurse notes weak pulses distal to the injury. What may the nurse consider relative to this development? Compartment syndrome Homan's sign Myositis Pott's disease
kidney
A patient has metastatic cancer. Which of the following organs is not a common tissue for cancer metastasis? Brain Kidney Liver Bone
inflammatory phase granular tissue formation callus formation lamellar bone deposition bone remodeling
A patient has suffered a fracture of the distal radius. Please place the following steps for fracture repair in the correct order for bone fracture healing. lamellar bone deposition granular tissue formation inflammatory phase callus formation bone remodeling
you should reduce your intake of red meats
A patient is asking about lifestyle changes that may help to lessen gout attacks. Which of the following may the nurse share that would be helpful? You should severely restrict your fluid intake. You do not need to modify your alcohol intake because alcohol does not increase gout attacks. You do not need to lose weight. Excess weight does not worsen gout. You should reduce your intake of red meats.
prosthetic joint
A patient is being evaluated for potential osteomyelitis. Which of the following is considered a significant factor that increases the risk for this disorder? Staphylococcal skin infection Prosthetic joint Age Sedentary lifestyle
tenderness in the area "ropiness" of the vein warm to the touch
A patient is discharged after orthopedic knee surgery. Which signs and symptoms may appear if deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has developed? Select all that apply. Tenderness in the area "Ropiness" of the vein Appearance of white patches on the skin Warm to the touch Red skin rash
Early Localized Lyme Disease
A patient presents with erythema migrans associated with Lyme disease. This stage of presentation would place the patient in which stage of Lyme disease? Pre-inoculation stage Early localized Lyme disease Early disseminated Lyme disease Late disseminated Lyme disease
the calcium intake is the recommended amount
A patient self-reports that she takes 1200 mg of calcium per day. What interpretation by the clinician is correct? The calcium intake is too high. The calcium intake is too low. The calcium intake is the recommended amount. The calcium intake is at toxic levels.
crepitus
A patient states that, whenever she stands up, her knees and sometimes her ankles make a clicking noise. Which of the following is an appropriate term for the clinician to use to describe this process? Osteoarthritis Osteophyte formation Crepitus Joint malunion
the signs and symptoms have developed because your tumor is releasing hormone-like substances
A patient with cancer is developing signs and symptoms related to paraneoplastic syndrome. Which of the following would be an appropriate manner for the nurse to explain this development to the patient? The signs and symptoms you are experiencing are related to the size of your tumor. You have these signs and symptoms because they are indicative of metastatic cancer. The signs and symptoms have developed because your tumor is releasing hormone-like substances. You have these signs and symptoms because the cancer has spread to all of your endocrine glands.
increased cancer risk
A patient's analysis reveals a defective tumor protein (TP)53 gene. Which of the following is likely to develop? Increased cellular apoptosis Increased cancer risk Cells arrested in cell cycle Decreased cellular proliferation
no metastasis had occurred
A patient's cancer is staged as T2 N1 MO. Which of the following is the correct interpretation for the nurse to make? No tumor is present. No lymph node involvement has occurred. No metastasis had occurred. No cancer is present.
trouble urinating erectile dysfunction decreased force of urine stream
As Harold is concerned about prostate cancer. What are some signs and symptoms you suggest that Harold should be aware of? Select all that apply. Trouble urinating Discoloration of urine Burning, severe pain with urination Erectile dysfunction Decreased force of urine stream
osteomalacia
Bill, age 66, lives in northern Minnesota. Because he has had two basal cell carcinomas, Bill is now a self-described "sunscreen addict." He avoids the sun at all costs. He states that he does not take any vitamin or mineral supplements. His diet consists primarily of snacking as he lives alone and does not like to cook. He avoids dairy products as they upset his stomach. Bill complains that he has been feeling tired and weak lately and his back hurts whenever he does anything.
node involvement metastasis tumor size
Cancer staging involves which of the following features? Select all that apply. Node involvement Metastasis Tumor size Gender Age
type III femoral shaft fracture
Cole was skiing on a route that was beyond his capabilities. As he lost control of his skis, Cole crashed into a tree, resulting in a compound fracture of his right femur. What type of femoral shaft fracture did Cole experience? type I femoral shaft fracture type III femoral shaft fracture
osteoarthritis
Debbie, who works as an administrative assistant, is overweight and leads a sedentary lifestyle. She recently turned 50 and presents with a primary complaint of joint pain, especially in the morning, and notes that her joints "snap" and "pop." She states the pain makes her not want to stay in bed. At work, her hands often hurt while typing. Examination of her hands reveals the presence of Heberden's nodes.
cervical lumbar
Disc degeneration most commonly occurs in the _____________ areas. Select all that apply. cervical lumbar sacral coccygeal thoracic
ligaments
During a basketball game, Shawn suffers a severe ankle sprain that will likely sideline him for several games. What tissues are injured in a sprain? ligaments muscles
plantar fascitis
Every time Leslie steps out of bed in the morning, she feels pain in both feet. The bottoms of her feet are particularly painful on the mornings after days where she spent significant time standing and walking. Once Leslie begins moving, her feet seem to relax, and she is able to walk more easily. What condition is Leslie suffering from? plantar fascitis meniscal tear
ankylosing spondylitis
Fusion of the vertebrae and inflammation of the ligaments of the spine and sacroiliac joint are associated with ________________. ankylosing spondylitis psoriatic arthritis dermatomyositis osteomyelitis
cauda equina syndrome
Gerald, age 62, has suffered from pain and neuropathy from degenerative disc disease in the lumbosacral area for the past 8 years. He has treated his condition with over-the-counter anti-inflammatories, stretching, and occasional chiropractic appointments. His history shows worsening symptoms over the years. Gerald has been considering surgery to relieve his pain. Today, however, his wife has called the clinic very upset as Gerald has lost bladder and bowel function, and sensation in his leg. Hearing this, you know Gerald's condition is now a medical emergency.
urate
Gout pain is due to ______________ crystal deposits in the joints. sodium ammonia calcium urate
FOBT colonoscopy CT colonography colon biopsy
Harold asks about tests that can detect colorectal cancer. Which of the following do you discuss? Select all that apply. FOBT PSA Colonoscopy CT colonography Colon biopsy
black, tarry stools may be present colon cancer may be asymptomatic changes in bowel habits can be a key sign of colorectal cancer
Harold is also concerned about colorectal cancer. Which of the following signs and symptoms should you discuss with Harold in relation to colorectal cancer? Select all that apply. The onset of colorectal cancer is rapid and swift. Severe pain in the right upper quadrant is common in colorectal cancer. Black, tarry stools may be present. Colon cancer may be asymptomatic. Changes in bowel habits can be a key sign of colorectal cancer.
PSA
Harold is specifically worried about prostate and colon cancer. He reports that almost every man in his family eventually ends up with prostate cancer. What marker is associated with prostate cancer? AFP MART-1 PSA CA-125
hematogenous
Infection that spreads from the bloodstream to the musculoskeletal system is known as _____________. hematogenous contiguous contagious transmissible
pott's disease
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis may lead to the development of _____________. Pott's disease Lyme disease psoriatic arthritis gout
clavicle fracture
Julie, age 7, suffered the most common of all childhood fractures when falling from her swing set. What type of fracture did Julie experience? clavicle fracture vertebral compression fracture
passive
Kevin injured his hip when he began running longer distances. Kevin went to see his physician, who suggested Kevin work with a physical therapist. The physical therapist had Kevin relax his leg while she manipulated the extremity to determine the range of motion. What type of range of motion was being tested? passive active
degenerative disc disease
Kevin, age 56, presents with severe back pain that worsens whenever he has to stoop or bend over. He states he even had to have his wife tie his shoes for him the other day. He reports the sensation of "pins and needles" along his left leg. On one occasion, he was particularly concerned as his lower leg and foot went numb.
D
Lack of vitamin ______ may result in decreased bone mineralization. A B D K
sciatia
Lori seeks medical attention for shooting pain down her left leg. The pain is very sharp and occurs sporadically. What condition is Lori suffering from? sciatia cervical strain
crepitus
Mary, age 58, complains that every time she walks up the stairs, her joints "pop" and "click." What is Mary describing? crepitus bursitis
osteopenia
Melissa is a young woman training to compete as a gymnast. Melissa feels her sport performance is better when she weighs less. She follows a strict regimen of intense training and caloric restriction and is pleased with the results as she has lost 15 pounds. During this time, Melissa has developed amenorrhea. She is seeking help as she has suffered three stress fractures in the past year. The clinician is worried about Melissa's bone health. A DEXA scan reveals a T score of -1.5.
rest, ice, compression, elevation
RICE
shoulder
Rotator cuff injuries affect the ______________. shoulder hip ankle knee
stress fracture
Sara has been training for her first marathon. She has been running more frequently and for greater distances. However, she recently had to eliminate workouts after developing a sharp pain in her foot. Every time her foot strikes the pavement while running, the pain occurs in the same location. What may be causing Sara's pain? stress fracture malunion
stress
Small bone fractures that develop in response to repetitive, cumulative trauma are known as __________ fractures. comminuted compound isolated stress
muscles, ligaments
Strains are small tears in __________, whereas sprains are injuries to the _______. nerves, muscles muscles, ligaments muscles, nerves bursae, muscles
tumor size, lymph node involvement, metastasis
TNM
mutations
TP53: P53 tumor suppressor gene "guardian of genome" proto-oncogenes become oncogenes
tammy's mothr likely had thyroid cancer radioiodine scanning may have been used to diagnose her condition the medication tammy's mother took post-surgery was likey thyroid hormone replacement being female placed tammy's mother at an increased risk for thyroid cancer
Tammy also reports that her mother, before she passed away from breast cancer, had a lump in her throat removed because it was cancerous. Her mother had been displaying signs of weight loss and tremors during this time. Tammy reports that her mother had to take "some medication" after the surgery. Which for the following statements about Tammy's mother's condition are likely true? Select all that apply. Tammy's mother likely had thyroid cancer. Radioiodine scanning may have been used to diagnose her condition. Her mother's cancer likely indicates Tammy is at a lower risk for this type of cancer. The medication Tammy's mother took post-surgery was likely thyroid hormone replacement. Being female placed Tammy's mother at an increased risk for thyroid cancer.
CA-125 BRCA-1 BRCA-2
Tammy and Harold are a married couple in their forties. Recently, Tammy's mother passed away at age 65 from breast cancer. This event has caused the couple to reflect upon their family health histories. They have scheduled an appointment with you to discuss their concerns.Tammy begins the appointment by expressing her worry about getting cancer, as "a lot of female cancer" is in her family. She wants to know if tests can be done to diagnose cancers affecting women. You inform Tammy that some cancers are associated with markers that can be evaluated in the blood or a genetic analysis can be completed. Which of the following can be used to monitor or assess the risk for cancers for which Tammy may be concerned? Select all that apply. CA-125 PSA AFP BRCA-1 BRCA-2
age
The appointment ends with discussions about risk factors and the prevention of cancer development. Both Tammy and Harold want to make lifestyle choices that support their health and lower cancer risk factors. Which factor should you note is most significant for the development of cancer? Poor diet Lack of exercise Age Gender
shoulder
The most common location for joint dislocation is the _____________. hip shoulder patella wrist
rickets
Unusual x-ray images of a 14-month old infant reveal bowed femurs and tibias. Costochondral swelling and asymmetry of the thoracic cage are also noted. Blood laboratory reports reveal hypocalcemia, elevated PTH, and decreased vitamin D.
TP53
Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene? G0 TP53 HPV x52
rotavirus
Which of the following is not considered to be an oncogenic virus? Human papillomavirus (HPV) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Hepatitis B virus Rotavirus
osteoporosis
Violet is a 62-year-old Caucasian woman of petite stature. She recently fell while stepping off a curb on an icy morning and suffered a transverse fracture of her right distal radius. Height and weight measurements show that Violet has lost a half an inch in height over the past several years. Her posture shows slight kyphosis. Violet informs you that before her fall, she volunteered at the community health fair and received a complimentary bone mineral density test. She was confused about her T score, which was measured as -2.8. She said they recommended she make an appointment with her physician.
cachexia
Weight loss combined with decreased body fat and loss of appetite that is experienced by some cancer patients is known as __________________. detoxification paraneoplastic syndrome oncogenesis cachexia
natural killer cells
Which immune cells destroy abnormal looking cells, including cancer cells? Natural killer cells Neutrophils Monocytes B cells
digital rectal examination
Which of the following examinations may be beneficial for early detection of prostate cancer? Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan Digital rectal examination Semen analysis beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) measurements
vertebral compression fracture
Which of the following fracture types is considered pathognomonic for osteoporosis? Colle's fracture Vertebral compression fracture Metatarsal foot fracture Transverse mid-shaft fracture
postmenopausal women
Which of the following groups may be at risk for osteoporosis? Women of reproductive age Postmenopausal women Teenage males Teenage females
prepare the patient for joint aspiration and intra-articular antibiotic administration
Which of the following recommendations is best for a patient with septic arthritis in the knee joint? Provide a standard 10-day course of oral antibiotics. Encourage high levels of activity to stimulate joint repair. Prepare the patient for joint aspiration and intra-articular antibiotic administration. Increase use of systemic corticosteroids.
erythema migrans
Which of the following signs are associated with Lyme disease? Pain in big toe Difficulty swallowing Fusion of vertebrae Erythema migrans
HPV
Which of the following viruses has been associated with cancer? Rotavirus HPV Measles Rhinovirus
compression
Which type of fracture is common in the vertebrae? Comminuted Compression Spiral Greenstick
smith fracture
While learning to snowboard, Madeline falls. She tries to catch herself by placing her hands on the ground. The impact is too great for Madeline's wrist, and anterior displacement of her radius occurs. What type of fracture did Madeline experience? smith fracture colles fracture
rotator cuff injury
While pitching for his college team, Randy suffered injury to his subscapularis. Which type of injury does Randy have? rotator cuff injury brachial plexus injury
HPV is a primary cause of cervical cancer a vaccine for HPV is used to reduce the risk of cervical cancer a pap test can be a useful initial test to screen for abnormal cells of the cervix
You ask Tammy about additional cancer cases in her family history. She states that a cousin was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Tammy does not know many of the details of her cousin's disease, but she is interested in learning more about cervical cancer. Which of the following statements are correct regarding cervical cancer? Select all that apply. HPV (human papillomavirus) is a primary cause of cervical cancer. In the early stages, cervical cancer produces pronounced symptoms, such as increased vaginal bleeding. A vaccine for HPV is used to reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Those with few or no sexual partners are most at risk for developing cervical cancer. A Pap test can be a useful initial test to screen for abnormal cells of the cervix.
osteoarthritis
_______________ wears down joint cartilage. Rickets Osteoporosis Osteoarthritis Osteomalacia
30-35
age that bone mass peak occurs
septic arthritis
also known as infectious arthritis direct invasion of joint space nongonococcal and gonococcal forms single erythematous, edematous joint
neurological
any __________ problem is related to herniated disk or spinal nerve root impingement numbness or weakness of lower extremities differentiates from lumbar sprain/strain
1 in 4
approximately ________ of osteoporotic hip fracture fracture patient will die within 12 months
erythema, discharge, elevated WBC, ESR, CRP
assessment findings for infectious and inflammatory MSK disorders
ligament
attach bone to bone capsular: part of joint capsule extracapsular: provide stability
tendon
attach muscle to bone
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
incomplete
bone fragments still partially joined
osteoclasts
bone resorption
pathological
bone weakened without significant trauma fragility fracture
muscle contusion
bruise
stage 3
callus formation consisting of osteoblasts and chondroblasts synthesis of extracellular organic matrix of woven bone and cartilage
trabecular
cancellous, spongy bone found in high amount in upper femur, vertebrae, and wrist greater risk for osteoporosis than cortical
growth inhibition signals
cancer cells disregard
adenocarcinoma
cancer of glandular or ductal tissue
initiation
carcinogenesis stage 1 alteration of a gene or genes
promotion
carcinogenesis stage 2 relatively lengthy and reversible pre-neoplastic cells accumulate process can be altered by chemo preventive agents
progression
carcinogenesis stage 3 phase between pre-malignant lesion and development of invasive cancer
grade I
cells well differentiated
Neurovascular injury
check pulses and sensation distal to injury pain, weakness, lack of sensation, decreased motor strength, absent/weak pulses
osteomyelitis
chills, fever, malaise, local tenderness, erythema, edema, reduced ROM in affect X ray may be normal at first blood culture only positive in 50% culture and aspiration may fail to ID pathogen
osteoarthritis
chondrocytes produce cartilage cartilage loss with age cartilage provides cushioning excessive force causes cartilage to break down leading to subchondral bone deterioration synovial membrane often becomes inflamed (concentration of lubricin declines)
lung cancer
cigarrette smoking is primary risk factor cough, hemoptysis, wheeze, stridor, chest pain, dyspnea, weight loss, excessive fatigue, weakness, hoarseness (compression of laryngeal tissue) tumor may cause obstructive accumulation of secretions leading to productive cough leading to incorrect pneumonia diagnosis may be incidental finding on chest x-ray
ACTH like hormone resembles MSH creating tanned appearance
common paraneoplasia in lung cancer
closed
complete, bone fragments separate completely
open
compound, protrudes outside the body
chemotherapy
cytotoxic destroys cells destroys healthy cells that are rapidly dividing such as skin, bone marrow, hair AE: dry mouth, anorexia, n/v, alopecia, bone marrow suppression
Osteoarthritis
deep aching joint pain pain relieved with rest joint pain during cold weather stiffness when arising in morning crepitus during motion joint swelling altered gait limited ROM Heberdens nodes (DIP) Bouchards nodes (PIP) serum markers: osteocalcin and hyaluronic acid X ray confirm diagnosis: joint space narrowing, osteophytes
osteoporosis
degeneration of bone elevated osteoclasts activity without adequate bone replacement silent disease but may present with pathological fracture or height loss
cortical
dense bone
radiation
destroys tumor cells
bone remodeling
destruction and reconstruction of bone dependant on calcium involves osteoclasts and osteoblasts stimulated by stresses upon bone vitamin D: calcium absorption calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, testosterone and estrogen
closed reduction
device worn outside to treat musculoskeletal trauma
1000 mg of calcium and 400 IU vitamin D
diet recommendations for osteoporosis
colon cancer
early diagnosis is key familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): autosomal dominant, edematous polyosis coli (EPC) gene, increase polyp formation and cancer risk most develops spontaneously inflammatory bowel disease increases risk fatigue, weakness, weight loss, iron deficiency anemia, change in bowel habits, melena, diarrhea, constipation, hematochezia (rectal bleeding), and narrowing of stool caliber
immunotherapy
enhances body's immune system to cancer cells cytokines ability to attack cancer antibodies to target cancer cell antigen inhibit T cell destruction
differentiation
extent neoplastic cells resemble normal cells
mycobacterium tuberculosis
extra-pulmonary tuberculosis pott's disease bone biopsy for diagnosis PPD test may be negative
calcium and vitamin D
factors that influence bone mass
stress
failure of one cortical surface of bone often caused by repetitive activity
osteophytes
form at the margins of cartilage loss hallmark of OA
stage 1
fracture and inflammatory phase bleeding between edges of fractured bone
stage 2
granulation tissue formation fibroblasts are attached to area of injury growth of vascular tissue
osteomyelitis
hematogenous or contiguous forms infection of bone tissue IV antibiotic treatment S aureus
surgery
highest cancer cure rate with solid, well circumscribed tumors
gout
hyperuricemia joint aspirations, shows urate crystals podagra restrict alcohol and meat in diet
severe atrophy of muscle
if neurovascular compression is prolonged
gangrene
if osteomyelitis does not resolve
immunocompetence
immune system should destroy abnormal cells declines with age
greenstick
incomplete break with intact side of cortex flexed (one side is broken and the other is bent) usually seen in children
osteomyeltiis
inflammation of bone usually due to infection infection due to break in bone or from bloodstream risk factors: immunosuppression, comorbid disease (DM), nutritional deficiency, prosthetic material
reevaluate every 3 months for 2 years
intervention to prevent relapse of osteomyelitis (due to delayed initiation of therapy)
malignant
invasive and destructive to surrounding cells easily metastasize
stage 4
lamellar bone deposition strengthening phase ossification occuring
diet, UV light, appropriate weight bearing exercise
lifestyle changes recommended for patient with osteoporosis
psoriatic arthritis
linked to psoriasis five patterns or forms autoimmune disorder swelling over joints with distinct skin and nail changes
early disseminated
lyme disease 3-12 weeks post bite vague symptoms, lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, carditis ocular involvement
late disseminated
lyme disease months to years after bite severe joint pain and swelling of large joints CNS involvement polyradiculopathy symptoms
early localized
lyme disease most common stage of presentation (3-30 days) fever, malaise, erythema migrans
carcinoma
malignant epithelial cells
osteocytes
mature osteoblasts, maintain bone matrix
prosthesis
may serve as binding site for bacteria and increase risk for joint infection
sarcoma
mesenchymal origin such as connective tissue, cartilage, and bone
grade II
moderately differentiated
comminuted
more than one fracture and more than 2 bone fragments which may be shattered or crushed
wrist, hip, vertebrae
most common bones involved in osteoporosis
breast, lung, prostate, colon, melanoma
most common cancers in US in order
cervical and lumbosacral spine, hip, knee, first metatarsal phalageal joint
most common joints involved in osteoarthritis
non small cell
most common lung cancer slow growing
DEXA
most common test used to diagnose osteoporosis measures BMD compared with reference population reported as T score
HPV, epstein-barr
oncogenic viruses
ORIF
open reduction and internal fixation
liver, bone, lung
organs where metastasis is common
muscle sprain
overstretch ligament with possible tear
muscle strain
overstretch of muscle or tendon
grade III
poorly differentiated or anaplastic (no differentiaiton)
tumor markers
produced by cancer cells CEA, AFP
cancer cachexia
progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass
prostate cancer
prostate gland grows throughout males life exact etiology unknown: cancerous growth dependant on testosterone adenocarcinoma early: no symtpoms obstructed urine flow: decreased force of stream, incomplete emptying, straining late stage: hematuria, azotemia, anemia, anorexia, back pain (vertebral metastasis)
dermatomyositis
purple-red rash on eyelids and chest inflammatory myopathy underlying malignancies gradual muscle weakness
small cell
rapidly growing lung cancer metastasis quickly
stage 5
remodeling at site of fracture adequate strength comes in 3-6 months
apnea, obesity, team sports, trauma, overuse, heavy occupational work, misalignment of pelvis, hip, knee, ankle, foot
risk factors for osteoarthritis
in situ
small localized tumor (stage 0) noninvasive in its original place
inflammation
stage 1 of bone infection vascular congestion and increased pressure within interior bone
supparation
stage 2 of bone infection infectious material enters Haversian system and abscess formed
sequestrum
stage 3 of bone infection increase pressure, vascular obstruction, and thrombi compromise bloody supply causing bone necrosis in approximately 7 days
involcrum
stage 4 of bone infection new bone formation from surface of periosteum
open reduction
surgical hardware insertion
ankylosing spondylitis
systemic rheumatic disease spine and sacroiliac joint fusion of vertebral bodies presence of HLA B-27 increase risk changes in the enthesis around vertebral joints are noted
straight leg raising test
test for herniated disk
osteopenia
thinning of the trabecular matrix of the bone before osteoporosis
compartment syndrome
tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure in closed anatomical space pain out of proportion, ischemia, necrosis, functional impairment, weak distal pulse or pulselessness immediate surgical evaluation
lyme disease
transmitted by ticks borrella burgdorferi "bulls eye" rash myalgias and arthralgias
paraneoplastic syndrome
unexpected pathology provoked by the presence of cancer not due to cancers space occupying or metastatic effects hormone like substances secreted
benign
well differentiated localized cohesive well demarcated from surrounding tissue