Pathology exam 1: Prep U practice quiz questions

The nurse is conducting a community class on the importance of early recognition of cancer. Screening mechanisms are available for which cancers? Select all that apply

Cervical Prostate Breast

A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) test. What type of problem will the clinician examining the cell samples look for?

Changes in cell shape, size, and organization

Which intervention is usually the first line of therapy when treating moderate pain in the older adult population?

Nonopioids such as acetaminophen

Which client is exhibiting headache symptoms that indicate a need for further evaluation?

Pregnant mother with drowsiness and unrelenting headache

Which statement best describes the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes lack an organized nucleus.

A specific type of gram-negative bacteria contains endotoxin in the bacterial cell envelope. What is the likely clinical manifestation if these bacteria become pathogenic?

Fever

When a client who has been newly diagnosed with HIV asks, "What are the chances that I can be cured?," what is the nurse's most therapeutic response?

"Although there is no current treatment that provides a possible cure, there are ones that have successfully managed the infection."

The nurse working at a community clinic is caring for a young male client. The client asks the nurse if he could get HIV/AIDS from being sprayed in the face with breast milk. Select the best response by the nurse.

"Breast milk can contain HIV, which causes AIDS, but to be infected, the milk needs to be in contact with your mucous membranes or an open sore."

A client develops an immunodeficiency disorder after receiving chemotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer. The client asks the nurse if he was born with this deficiency. What is the nurse's best response?

"You have developed a secondary immunodeficiency disorder as a result of your chemotherapy."

The nurse teaching a group of adolescent girls about Papanicolaou (Pap) testing determines that additional education is needed when one makes which statement?

"it is a blood test"

IgG (immunoglobulin G)

A common human antibody often titered to detect previous exposure to a pathogen or parasite (up to several years ago).

A client taking oral corticosteroids is exposed to varicella. The client has never had the disease and has not received the varicella vaccine. What intervention should the nurse anticipate in order to prevent the client from developing varicella

Administer varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG).

An older adult client has experienced some hypoxia as a result of chronic respiratory problems.Knowing that oxygen-deprived cells result in an accumulation of lactic acid in the cells, the client may experience which physiologic event?

Altered Cell membrane permeability

Chronic pain is difficult to treat. Cancer, a common cause of chronic pain, has been especially addressed by the World Health Organization (WHO). What has WHO created to assist clinicians in choosing appropriate analgesics?

An analgesic ladder for pain control

Some members of the population are so sensitive to certain antigens that they react within minutes by developing itching, hives, and skin erythema, followed shortly thereafter by bronchospasm and respiratory distress. What is this near-immediate reaction commonly known as?

Anaphylactic reaction

A client is admitted with swelling of the subcutaneous tissues, severe vomiting, and diarrhea. The swelling is particularly severe in the client's face. After several serologic tests are performed, it is determined that the client is suffering from an immunodeficiency. Which diagnosis is most likely?

Angioneurotic edema

An anaphylactic reaction is an example of what type of hypersensitivity reaction? a)Type I b)Type II c)Type III d)Type IV

Answer: A - Anaphylactic reactions are mediated by the immunoglobulin IgE which is specific to Type I hypersensitivity reactions

The nurse understands that the non-compliant diabetic patient is likely to report this type of pain characterized as a burning sensation: a)Neuropathic b)Idiopathic c)Neuralgia d)None of the Above

Answer: A - Neuropathic pain is pain caused by abnormalities within the neurologic system. It is often reported as a burning or tingling sensation and patients who experience damage to the peripheral nerves, like diabetics are at high risk for experiencing this.

Metaplasia is defined as: a)The disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapers and arrangements b)The replacement of cells with another type of cell c)The transformation of a cell to a malignant cell d)The abnormal replication of cells

Answer: B - Metaplasia is the process in which once cell is replaced by another cell type but remains within the same category of cells. An example is how the endothelial cells in the trachea and larynx change in habitual smokers.

An increase in size of the heart muscle due to an increased workload is termed: a)Atrophy b)Metaplasia c)Hypertrophy d)Dysplasia

Answer: C - Hypertrophy is the term used to describe an increase in cell size due to increased workload of the heart. This is an example of pathologic hypertrophy. An example of physiologic (normal) hypertrophy is how our muscles get bigger with exercise.

Which of the following is the best explanation for benign growths? a)Benign grows arrest (stop) their growth on their own b)Benign growths never interfere with normal structures or functions c)Benign growths are easily controlled by radiation d)Benign growths are surrounded by fibrous tissue that prevents spread

Answer: D - Benign growths are encapsulated by a fibrous capsule which prevent them from metastasizing. They can still interfere with normal functioning if the grow large enough to compress surrounding structures.

The cancer growth continuum, or the process in which normal cells turn into cancer cells is a three-step process. Which of the following represent these stages in correct order? a)Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3 b)Carcinogenesis, Initiation, Progression c)Preliminary, Evolutionary, Metastasis d)Initiation, Promotion, Progression

Answer: D - Carcinogenesis is the process in which carcinogenic agents cause normal cells to become cancer cells is a three-step process: Initiation, Promotion (Cancer cells are the same size as normal cells but can divide and replicate an unlimited number of times) and progression.

The nurse is documenting a pain assessment on a patient who arrived to the Emergency Department (ED) reporting 7/10 pain in the Right shoulder and nausea. The patient denies any injury to the extremity. The nurse recognizes this is likely an example of _____ pain. a)Cutaneous b)Visceral c)Somatic d)Referred

Answer: D - Given the patient reports no injury to the extremity combined with the nausea it is possible this patient is experiencing issues with their gallbladder thus meaning the pain in the shoulder is referred pain.

The nurse is reinforcing teaching on transmission of HIV for a family of a patient newly diagnosed with HIV. Which explanation by the nurse would be correct? a)HIV can be spread by casual contact b)HIV lives for long periods outside of the body c)HIV is most commonly transmitted via tears and saliva d)HIV enters the body through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes

Answer: D - HIV enters the body through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes and there must be contact with blood, bodily fluid containing blood, semen or vaginal secretions. Although HIV virus can be present in tears and saliva is it in very small amounts and are unlikely causes of transmission

A client is taking a vacation in a foreign country. The nurse teaches the client about giardiasis, a common traveler's infection. Which statement should be included in the teaching plan?

Avoid eating food and drinking beverages that might be contaminated.

A patient presents to the clinic reporting headache, low grade fever and fatigue. The nurse recognizes these symptoms are consistent with which stage of an infection? a)Incubation Period b)Prodromal Stage c)Acute Stage d)Convalescent Period

B - The prodromal stage begins at onset of nonspecific symptoms such as general malaise (fatigue) or low-grade fevers and ends when symptoms become more specific

When conducting a health assessment that focuses on the pain experienced by an older client diagnosed with early dementia, the nurse will pay particular attention to which of the following?

Behavioral signs of pain demonstrated by the client

A client is brought to the emergency room with reports of facial muscle paralysis and increasing upper extremity weakness several hours after eating canned peppers. Histologic examination reveals a bacterial infection and further testing reveals a decrease in the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons. What is the most likely cause of this illness?

Botulism exotoxin

A client is being treated for stomach cancer. The client is in considerable and constant pain, and the family is asking why. How does soft tissue cancer cause pain?

By compressing and eroding blood vessels, causing ulceration and necrosis

A client who has recently attended a talk on healthy tips for preventing cancer identifies which foods/compounds to be carcinogenic in humans? Select all that apply

Cigarette smoke Nickel compounds Smoked foods

The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of the liver. Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining liver cells?

Compensatory Hyperplasia

A nurse reading a client's chart notes that the client's cancer is documented as carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Which term most accurately interprets what this means in terms of survival?

Curable

A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which finding was mostlikely on the lab report?

Dysplasia

The bacteriologist is staining the slides of a client diagnosed with scarlet fever and rheumatic fever. The slide identifies S. pyogenes and stains purple by crystal violet dye. The result would indicate:

Gram-Positive organism

The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10 degrees Fahrenheit. When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury?

Hypoxic

Infants are born with a passive immunity that occurs when immunoglobulin antibodies cross the placenta from the maternal circulation prior to birth. Which immunoglobulin is capable of crossing the placenta

IgG

A client received a liver transplant and is now taking immunosuppressant medication. The client has been told that a potential side effect of the therapy is the development of cancer. Select the option that best supports this information.

Immune surveillance hypothesis

A client's tissue biopsy reveals the presence of cells that appear to have abnormalities in shape and size. Carcinoma is suspected because these cells possess the characteristics of:

Loss of differentiation

A client with hyperparathyroidism has hypercalcemia. Which result is likely a consequence?

Metastatic calcification

A two-day postoperative client's temperature was 98.5°F (36.9°C) at 3:00 pm. At 6:00 pm, the unlicensed assistant (UAP) notifies the nurse that the client's temperature is 102°F (38.9°C). Which action should the nurse take?

Notify the physician.

A client reports feeling a tingling sensation in the last two fingers of one hand after hitting the inner surface of the elbow on a desk. What is the cause of this symptom?

Paresthesia from temporary nerve compression

The nurse is caring for a client with compensatory hyperplasia. What is the most likely cause of the hyperplasia?

Partial hepatectomy

What is the main effect of HIV infection?

Poor helper T-cell function

The nurse needs to assess a 1-year-old child for fever. Which approach will produce the mostaccurate reading?

Rectal

The route considered the most accurate to measure a core body temperature is:

Rectal

The nurse is providing education to a group of college students about infection prevention. The nurse informs the students that the number one intervention to prevent the spread of infection is __________.

hand washing

A 42-year-old female client with breast cancer has a tumor that is minimal in size and extension, has minimal regional lymph nodes involved, and has no distant metastasis. Using the TNM system, the tumor is staged as:

T1, N1, and M0

A client is scheduled for a bronchoscopy related to a history of "bronchitis" for the last 3 months that has been unresponsive to antibiotics. The nurse shares with the client that a primary purpose for this bronchoscopy is to help diagnose which complication?

Taking tissue biopsy and looking for abnormal cells

The treatment prescribed for an autoimmune disorder is primarily dependent upon what?

The current manifestations of the disease and the mechanisms that cause the disease process

A nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome with thymic hypoplasia. Which immune response would the nurse anticipate in this child?

The child with thymic hypoplasia will be at increased risk of infection.

How is lead absorbed?

The gastrointestinal tract or the lungs.

A nurse practitioner is explaining the current methods of detection of HIV to a community group. In explaining the definitive method of detection, which statement is most accurate?

The most sensitive and specific test is the Western blot analysis.

A student is feeling inside her backpack to find her mobile phone. There are a number of other items in the backpack. Which component of somatosensory conduction is most likely to provide the detailed sensory information that will help her distinguish her phone from other items?

The primary dorsal root ganglion neuron, dorsal column neuron, and the thalamic neuron

The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process as:

physiologic hypertrophy

carcinoma in situ

cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue (hasn't spread)

Which process associated with cellular injury is most likely to be reversible?

cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm

When performing an assessment on a school-aged child, the nurse notes that the mucous membranes along the gum margins have a noticeable blue-colored line. At this point, the nurse should ask the parents about possible:

exposure to lead