Patho/Pharm Ch 6 & 7

According to the World Health Organization, by the year 2020, depression will be the _______________ leading cause of disability.

second

A _____________ is a persistent and irrational fear of an object.

specific phobia

chemical messenger in the brain

serotonin

Decreased motivation

avolition

insertion of one part into another

intromission

What is Chyme?

liquid mixture of partially digested food and gastric sections

What are the two types of orofacial clefts?

Cleft lip and cleft palate

In panic disorder: there is a persistent and irrational fear of an object, an activity, or a situation that compels a client to avoid the perceived hazard. there is fear of embarrassing oneself in most all public or social situations. there is fear of being in one of five situations: public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, standing in line or a crowd, or being outside of the home alone. there are recurrent episodes of intense apprehension, terror, or impending doom.

there are recurrent episodes of intense apprehension, terror, or impending doom.

When the intestine becomes twisted, blocking the blood flow, and damage to the intestine occurs, this is called: pyloric stenosis volvulus megacolon omphalocele

volvulus

When Sydney was diagnosed with erectile dysfunction, he was told that the cause was psychological. What percentage of erectile disorders is related to psychological causes? Less than 10% 20% 25% to 35% 50% to 60%

50% to 60%

What do you recall about cerebral palsy? It is caused by defective spinal cord development prior to birth. It is marked by too much cerebrospinal fluid on the brain. A neurological assessment is the first common diagnostic tool. The condition is curable.

A neurological assessment is the first common diagnostic tool.

Which of the following statements is most common for elderly persons who suffer from depressive disorder? A widespread problem that often goes undiagnosed and frequently untreated Very difficult to treat because of the decreased capacity of elderly clients Rarely identified because most elderly persons expect to have some mental health issues. Usually relates to fear of death.

A widespread problem that often goes undiagnosed and frequently untreated

Contrary to popular belief, ______________ is not caused by bad parenting or poor teaching.

ADHD

Lynn asks her primary care provider for proven effective complementary therapies for her heroin addiction. What is probably included? Acupuncture St. John's wort Kava plant Sleep hygiene

Acupuncture

Fear of being alone or in open spaces

Agoraphobia

In the counselor's first contact with Weldon, which of the following areas are quickly observable elements of a mental status examination? Appearance and motor activity Thought process and level of consciousness Perceptions and memory Information and intelligence

Appearance and motor activity

A gluten-free died has been suggested for complementary therapy for: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Intellectual developmental disorder Schizophrenia Autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder

Tetralogy of Fallot has four congenital heart defects. What is the classic symptom of this defect either at birth or within the first several months? Tachypnea and cardiomegaly Low oxygen levels and poor feeding Bluish discoloration of the skin or cyanosis Tachycardia

Bluish discoloration of the skin or cyanosis

How is anorexia nervosa similar to bulimia nervosa? Purging occurs in both disorders. They are both feeding and eating disorders. Both occur more commonly in youth than adults. Both respond to the complementary medicine inositol..

Both occur more commonly in youth than adults.

Which of the following is an acyanotic heart defect where blood pressure is increased proximal to the defect and decreased distal to the defect. Coarctation of the aorta Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great vessels Dextroposition of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta

What is atelectasis?

Collapse of all or part of the lung

A marked psychomotor disturbance

Catatonia

Anxiety disorders affect around 40 million adults in America. What are some common symptoms of anxiety disorders? Chest pain, exaggerated fear, gastrointestinal upset Violence, ritualistic counting Choking, worry, rapid-cycling Compulsive behavior, pain, hoarding

Chest pain, exaggerated fear, gastrointestinal upset

Which of the following statements is true? Genetics play a limited important role in mental health diseases and disorders. Childhood nurturing has no lasting effect on children. Children's minds are not closed to traumatic events. Genetic makeup can be altered.

Children's minds are not closed to traumatic events.

Which of the following best describes cleft lip and cleft palate? Cleft lip is more common than cleft palate. Cleft lip exhibits clefts in the upper lip; a hole in the roof of the mouth is cleft palate. The combination of the two occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 births. One surgery is generally all that is needed to correct cleft lip and cleft palate.

Cleft lip exhibits clefts in the upper lip; a hole in the roof of the mouth is cleft palate.

A "clunk" felt when an examiner abducts and lifts the femurs of a supine infant indicates: clubfoot Congenital hip dysplasia muscular dystrophy phenylketonuria

Congenital hip dysplasia

Which of the following is a drug of abuse and addiction? Crack cocaine St. John's wort Folate Glucosamin

Crack cocaine

Treatment for borderline personality disorder

Dialectal behavior therapy

What is the congenital disease that affects only males?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Persons might receive ____________ for depression if they cannot take antidepressants and their depression is severe and life-threatening.

ECT

Senseless repetition of words and phrases

Echolalia

What mental health disorder is defined as "a sexual pain disorder"? Agoraphobia Female sexual interest/arousal disorder Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder Anorexia nervosa

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Julia, a client diagnosed with schizophrenia, is often seen in the community talking to herself and responding to internal voices. What symptom is Julia experiencing? Trauma Delusions Alogia Hallucinations

Hallucinations

Mary was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and she has delusions and hallucinations. What other disorder may also have these symptoms? Obsessive-compulsive disorder Hallucinogen dependence Antisocial personality disorder Autism spectrum disorder

Hallucinogen dependence

Ross had a "sensitive" digestive tract as an infant but seemed to develop fairly normally. In early adolescence, he began to have serious constipation and abdominal distention. After numerous tries at diet changes and home remedies, he saw a physician. What might the physician suspect? Duchenne muscular dystrophy Cystic fibrosis Hirschsprung disease Phenylketonuria

Hirschsprung disease

What are the symptoms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder? Hyperactive behavior, speech delays, flat nose, microcephaly High birth weight You Answered High-pitched cry that often lasts for more than an hour Lethargy and sleepiness

Hyperactive behavior, speech delays, flat nose, microcephaly

What is the most likely etiology of hip dysplasia? Maternal age of 40 or more Prenatal infection Birth weight of more than 9 pounds Incorrect position of fetus in uterus; otherwise unknown

Incorrect position of fetus in uterus; otherwise unknown

Which of the following is a disorder defined by below-average intellectual functioning with current deficit adaptive behaviors? ADHD Personality disorder Schizophrenia Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability

How does Laurene describe the symptoms she experiences during a sickle cell crisis? Mild but throbbing pain Intense pain felt in arms, legs, or abdomen Fast breathing and feeling of heat in her face Depression

Intense pain felt in arms, legs, or abdomen

Name the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis? Intestinal obstruction and wheezy respirations Diarrhea and muscle aches Tachycardia and skin infections Productive cough and shallow breathing

Intestinal obstruction and wheezy respirations

Which of the following statements best describes intellectual disability? It is a condition of subaverage intellectual function with deficits in adaptive behavior. The IQ is approximately 85 or below on an individually administered test. Ten to 12 percent of the general population have some degree of intellectual disability. There is no major etiological factor in most cases.

It is a condition of subaverage intellectual function with deficits in adaptive behavior.

Parents are discussing their child's diagnosis of cerebral palsy with their pediatrician. When they ask what causes this defect, what will the pediatrician most likely explain about the etiology of cerebral palsy? It is the result of autosomal genetic factors. It is caused by CNS damage occurring before, during, or after birth. It is the result of exposure to a teratogen during pregnancy. It is caused by maternal influenza.

It is caused by CNS damage occurring before, during, or after birth.

What do you know about fetal alcohol syndrome? It is the result of the mother being addicted to street drugs. There will be almost no symptoms in a child. With treatment it can be quickly corrected with no complications. It is totally preventable.

It is totally preventable.

How might you best describe an omphalocele? It is a birth defect in which the umbilical cord comes out of the naval. It seems to occur more frequently during teenage pregnancy. It may be detected prior to birth through ultrasound. It is surgically repaired once the infant is about 3 months old.

It may be detected prior to birth through ultrasound.

What is one problem with Julia's bipolar symptoms when she is manic and has an enormous amount of energy? Julia's thinking and judgement are affected. She quickly feels fatigue and suffers insomnia. She has decreased sexual drive. She may be suicidal.

Julia's thinking and judgement are affected.

What are some GI complications of cystic fibrosis? Emphysema Pneumonia Atelectasis Malnutrition

Malnutrition

When the intestine does not turn properly prior to birth, becomes twisted, and blocks the duodenum, what is the condition called? Abdominal atresia Intestinal malrotation Malrotation and volvulus Abdominal atreasia with volvulus

Malrotation and volvulus

Sarah has anorexia nervosa and is cautioned about the symptoms. What are they? Marked weight loss, clinical evidence of semistarvation, and amenorrhea Repetitive gorging with food, followed by self-induced vomiting A morbid fear of becoming fat Keeping her problem secret and sometimes stealing food

Marked weight loss, clinical evidence of semistarvation, and amenorrhea

When hydrocephalus is suspected, what diagnostic procedures are likely performed? Measuring head circumference, CT scan, MRI X-ray and blood tests Spinal tap to check for high levels of cerebrospinal fluid Observing the cleft lip and cleft palate

Measuring head circumference, CT scan, MRI

Incomplete closure of vertebrae with protrusion of spinal fluid and meninges into the sac

Meningocele

External sac that contains meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and a portion of the cord and nerve roots.

Meningomyelocele

If a PCP or a mental health professional utilized a mental status examination, what would they be assessing? Parenting style Mental health disorder Gender roles Childhood trauma

Mental health disorder

Albert was diagnosed with a personality disorder and told his prognosis was good, but he was not offered any treatment. What treatments might be recommended? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Moral recognition therapy (MRT) Guided imagery Acupuncture

Moral recognition therapy (MRT)

Which of the following statements is true of obsessive-compulsive disorder? Found in about 20% of the general population More common in females than in males You Answered Shown in those with fears around contamination Easily preventable

More common in females than in males

What is the major cause of intellectual disability? Tobacco use Neurological disease Obesity Chemical imbalance

Neurological disease

When the infant's intestines or other abdominal organs poke through the naval because the abdominal wall does not close properly, this is called: megacolon Hirschsprung disease volvulus Omphalocele

Omphalocele

Common among veterans

PTSD

When Mike returned home fro war in Afghanistan, he was diagnosed with the most prevalent mental disorder affecting military personnel. What is that disorder? PTSD OCD GAD NIMH

PTSD

The nurses notice a characteristic musty odor to the newborn's perspiration and urine due to a metabolite in which of the following diseases? Phenylketonuria Cystic fibrosis Cerebral palsy Hirschsprung disease

Phenylketonuria

Wilson has Tourette syndrome. Since childhood, his classic symptoms have been the uncontrollable tics and shoulder shrugging. He has a family, a good job, and is able to function well. What complementary therapy does he find most helpful? Going into a private and darkened room for medication Taking his antipsychotic medications when the symptoms are bothersome Playing quiet-mind computer games and working crossword puzzles Taking a daily dose of St. John's wort

Playing quiet-mind computer games and working crossword puzzles

What should a PCP do if a client needed counseling or psychotherapy? Refer to a mental health specialist Recommend medications Recommend complementary therapy Refer to a domestic violence shelter

Refer to a mental health specialist

Autism spectrum disorder

Rett syndrome

Considered the most chronic and disabling mental health disorder

Schizophrenia

To confirm the presence of testes, the test will look for which hormone? Follicle-stimulating hormone Serum gonadotropin Luteinizing hormone Serum testosterone

Serum gonadotropin

Mark is explaining to his brother why his son, who has cerebral palsy, walks on his toes and crosses one foot in front of the other. This is known as what type of cerebral palsy? Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive paralysis Athetoid cerebral palsy that affects about 20% of children with CP Spastic cerebral palsy that is characterized by hyperactive reflexes Ataxic cerebral palsy that exhibits difficulty with balance and depth perception

Spastic cerebral palsy that is characterized by hyperactive reflexes

Incomplete closure of one or more vertebrae

Spina Bifida

Which of the following is a common complementary medicine that has been used to treat depression but is contraindicated in a number of medical conditions? St. Croix's balm Ground shark's teeth St. John's wort Folate

St. John's wort

Which of the following statements is false? The DSM-V is published by the American Psychiatric Association Major depression affects all ethnic groups and both genders Delusions and hallucinations can occur in depression St. John's wort is not contraindicated with some mental disorder medications.

St. John's wort is not contraindicated with some mental disorder medications.

An herb that has been used extensively in the treatment of mild to moderate depression in Europe is: herbal tea Kava St. John's wort Vitamin B

St. Johns wort

Amanda is diagnosed with social phobia that is not covered by insurance. She wants to speak to those who control public funds for mental health. Who should she speak to? Office manager of the mental health agency State and local representatives Mental health professionals Regional directors of mental health

State and local representatives

Keith and Audrey are stunned and frightened when their son is born with omphalocele. They feel much better after the pediatrician assures them of what information? Surgery will correct the problem. and they can expect complete recovery. Stimulation with testosterone injections will quickly move the intestines into place. Daily manual massage will encourage the umbilical ring to close properly This defect is not life threatening and accommodations can be made for a full life.

Surgery will correct the problem. and they can expect complete recovery.

The gynecologist has given Karla the good news - she is pregnant with her first baby. A discussion of how to have a healthy baby free of any congenital heart defects likely includes which of the following? Get an x-ray at 3 months to see if the infant is healthy Keep use of recreational drugs to a minimum Confirm immunity to chicken pox and whooping cough Take a daily multivitamin that contains folic acid

Take a daily multivitamin that contains folic acid

Important client communication for cleft lip and cleft palate will include what information? The ESSR feeding method for feeding Bottle feeding, because breastfeeding is quite difficult for the infant No burping, because it is not effective for neonates with cleft lip and cleft palate Have corrective surgery as soon as possible

The ESSR feeding method for feeding

What is known about cleft lip and palate? The defect may occur singly or together and vary in severity. It occurs in 1 in 10,000 births. The defect almost always occurs when the mother has diabetes. The defect is usually corrected in one surgery

The defect may occur singly or together and vary in severity.

In which case would an offspring have a 25% chance of inheriting sickle cell anemia? When one parent has sickle cell anemia When one parent has the sickle cell trait When both parents have the sickle cell trait When both parents have sickle cell anemia

When both parents have the sickle cell trait

Bipolar is primarily diagnosed due to having both ___________ and ___________ symptoms.

manic, depressive

John's PCP diagnosed him with persistent depressive disorder. What description would the PCP provide to John? This disorder is more commonly known as bipolar disorder. This disorder is characterized by severe mood swings. This disorder involves long-term, chronic symptoms that keep a person from functioning well. This disorder may worsen to a psychotic state.

This disorder involves long-term, chronic symptoms that keep a person from functioning well.

In treating intellectual disability, what is the focus? To promote self-care, home living, and work skills To develop adaptive, communication, social, and motor skills To develop adaptive and psychosocial skills and interpersonal communication To promote activities of daily living, safety, and functional academic skills

To develop adaptive, communication, social, and motor skills

inability to act appropriately in acute episodes of mental illness

decompensate

Ann was surprised to find that she experiences depression differently than her friend Fred. What is the difference between men and women with depressive disorder? Women will experience depression about half as often as men Women's depression is more likely related to hormonal cycles. Depression in men is expressed as anger and irritability. Women are less likely to admit to their depression than men.

Women's depression is more likely related to hormonal cycles.

inability to speak owing to dementia

alogia

The place in the brain where emotional reactions are formed. cerebellum cerebrum hippocampus amygdala

amygdala

Symptoms of _______________ are weight loss, semistarvation, amoenorrhea, and an alteration of body image.

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is not a type of cerebral palsy? athetoid spastic anoxic ataxic

anoxic

The personality disorder that does not respect the rights of others is _______________.

antisocial personality disorder

A pattern showing disregard for rights of others and violating those rights, lying, seduction, and manipulation is found in: antisocial personality disorder. borderline personality disorder. narcissistic personality disorder. avoidant personality disorder.

antisocial personality disorder.

___________ cerebral palsy is characterized by involuntary muscle movements that are generally slow and writhing. ataxic athetoid spastic anoxic

athetoid

Abnormal opening between the two atria

atrial septal defect

Listening for sounds produced by internal organs is called: lumen auscultation claudication dystonia

auscultation

Patterns of feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative criticism, and social inhibition are found in: antisocial personality disorder. borderline personality disorder. narcissistic personality disorder. avoidant personality disorder.

avoidant personality disorder.

decreased motivation

avolition

Patterns of attention seeking and excessive emotions, self-destructive behavior, and profound mood shifts is found in: antisocial personality disorder. borderline personality disorder. narcissistic personality disorder. avoidant personality disorder.

borderline personality disorder.

A marked psychomotor disturbance in schizophrenia marked by extreme negativism, mutism, and excessive motor activity is called: echolalia catatonia avolition alogia

catatonia

Localized narrowing of the aorta

coarctation of the aorta

Undescended testes is also known as: omphalocele cryptorchidism hydroureter talipes

cryptorchidism

A life-threatening congenital disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by the production of copious amounts of abnormally thick mucus is: cystic fibrosis phenylketonuria tourette syndrome fetal alcohol syndrome

cystic fibrosis

What is the characteristic symptoms in pyloric stenosis?

decreased elasticity of the skin, abdominal distention and palpable tumor in the epigastric region. projectile vomiting

There is ______________ funding for mental health care from the community, state, and federal agencies.

decreased funding

false belief held in the face of strong contradictory evidence

delusion

Absence of dystrophin in males due to a faulty X chromosome causes: cystic fibrosis phenylketonuria down syndrome duchenne muscular dystrophy

duchenne muscular dystrophy

What is the term used when each kidney has two ureters instead of one?

duplicated ureter

Name at least three congenital defects of the ureter, bladder, and urethra?

duplicated ureter retrocaval ureter ectopic orifice of the ureter

A pathological, senseless repetition of a word or phrase just spoken, almost parrotlike is called: echolalia alogia avolition catatonia

echolalia

parrotlike repetition

echolalia

When the ureteral opening inserts into the vagina in females and into the prostate or vas deferens in males, this is called: ectopic orifice of the ureter retrocaval ureter duplicated ureter hydroureter

ectopic orifice of the ureter

What is the classic symptom of Tourette syndrome?

facial tics

What is meconium?

first bowel movement

What are the two main causes of congenital birth defects?

genetic causes, teratogens

Dyspareunia is associated with: female sexual interest/arousal disorder genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder premature ejaculation erectile disorder

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

perceiving something that is not there or someone who is not there

hallucination

The obstruction and dilation of the colon with feces because the large intestine lacks nerve cells to create adequate intestinal motility is called: omphalocele volvulus pyloric stenosis hirschsprung disease

hirschsprung disease

Difficulty letting go of or getting rid of possessions due to the inaccurate belief that the will use, need, or want them is called: agoraphobia. hoarding disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. panic disorder.

hoarding disorder

Too much cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain is called: myelomeningocele cerebral palsy hydrocephalus spina bifida occulta

hydrocephalus

Tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia usually develop: in the 2nd to 4th week of fetal development. in the 4th to 8th week of fetal development. in the 8th to 12 week of fetal development. in the 12th to 16th week of fetal development.

in the 4th to 8th week of fetal development.

What are the most common teratogens?

infectious disease, physical agents and maternal issues

Intellectual disability in which the disabled individual may achieve a second-grade level in education is considered: mild. moderate. severe. profound.

moderate

What is the confirming diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

muscle biopsy showing connective tissue and fat deposits

not speaking

mutism

In which of the following neural tube defects does the external sac contain meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord or its nerve roots? myelomeningocele spina bifida meningocele hydrocephalus

myelomeningocele

Pattern of lack of empathy

narcissistic personality disorder

Having a pattern of lack of empathy and need for admiration and grandiosity is found in: antisocial personality disorder. borderline personality disorder. narcissistic personality disorder. avoidant personality disorder.

narcissistic personality disorder.

Whereas nature refers to factors that are already determined and difficult to alter, ________________ refers to factors determined by individual preferences and outside influences.

nurture

Persistent, recurring thoughts that reflect exaggerated fear is called: agoraphobia. hoarding disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. panic disorder.

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The two different types of bipolar disorder are ______________ and ______________.

one and two

What is lumen?

open space in a tubular structure

Failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to completely close

patent ductus arteriosus

Which of the following is NOT a cyanotic defect of the heart? transposition of the great arteries tetralogy of fallot tricuspid atresia patent ductus arteriosus

patent ductus arteriosus

Which of the following requires a protein-restrictive diet for life? Trisomy 21 fetal alcohol syndrome cystic fibrosis phenylketonuria

phenylketonuria

What does PKU stand for? Describe the treatment.

phenylketonuria. A protein restrictive diet for life.

What is toxemia?

poisonous substances in the blood

The scrotal pull is a recommended complementary therapy for: erectile disorder penetration disorder premature ejaculation female arousal disorder

premature ejaculation

Intellectual disability in which the disabled individual has a neurological disorder that accounts for their intellectual disability and required caregivers and constant supervision is: mild. moderate. severe. profound.

profound

A nontraumatic, frequently occurring congenital deformity in which the foot is permanently bent is called: foot dysplasia cryptorchidism talipes omphalocele

talipes

Name the four types of talipes?

talipes varus talipes valgus talipes equines talipes calcaneus

What are the four most common forms of clubfoot or talipes?

talipes varus talipes valgus talipes equines talipes calcaneus

Which of the following is NOT an acyanotic defect of the heart? atrial septal defect tetralogy of fallot patent ductus arteriosus ventricular septal defect

tetralogy of fallot

Which of the following is a combination of 4 congenital heart defects? patent ductus arteriosus transposition of the great arteries tetralogy of fallot tricuspid atresia

tetralogy of fallot

In agoraphobia: there are recurrent episodes of intense apprehension, terror, or impending doom. there is fear of being in one of five situations: public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, standing in line or a crowd, or being outside of the home alone. there is fear of embarrassing oneself in most all public or social situations. there is a persistent and irrational fear of an object, an activity, or a situation that compels a client to avoid the perceived hazard.

there is fear of being in one of five situations: public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, standing in line or a crowd, or being outside of the home alone.

Need for more substance to achieve previous effects

tolerance

increased substance use to achieve previous effects

tolerance

The only effective treatment for alcohol and drug addictions is: detoxification. total abstinence. rehabilitation. detoxification and rehabilitation.

total abstinence

A disorder of the nervous system that causes an individual to make repeated involuntary sounds or tics and movements is called: phenylketonuria tourette syndrome talipes duchenne

tourette syndrome

The abbreviation TEF is used for what disorder?

tracheoesophageal fistula

What is the term used to identify Down syndrome that names the congenital defect?

trisomy 21

What are the three forms of congenital hip dysplasia?

unstable hip dysplasia incomplete dislocation complete dislocation

Bulging of the ureter into the bladder is called: hydroureter exstrophy of the bladder retrocaval ureter ureterocele

ureterocele

Abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles

ventricular septal defect