Pathophysiology

When quizzing obstetrical nursing students regarding tissues affected by mitochondrial DNA mutations, the instructor accepts which of the following responses? Select all that apply. A) Retinal degeneration B) Deafness C) Cardiac valve abnormalities D) Absent testes E) Palatal abnormalities

A) Retinal degeneration B) Deafness

12. When working with a client who has end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is receiving peritoneal dialysis, the concept of diffusion can be explained by which of the following statements? A) "If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower." B) "You will need to give yourself a potent diuretic so that you can pull the potassium into your blood stream and filter the potassium out in your kidneys." C) "Your potassium molecules are lipid soluble and will dissolve in the lipid matrix of your cell membranes." D) "If you can get very warm in a sauna, you will heat up your K+ particles, and the kinetic movement of the particles will increase and pass through the cell membranes faster."

A) "If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower."

A woman who has just learned that she is pregnant for the first time has sought advice from her health care provider about the safe use of alcohol during pregnancy. What advice should the clinician provide to the woman? A) "It's likely best to eliminate alcohol from your diet while you're pregnant." B) "Moderation in alcohol use is critical while you are pregnant." C) "You should limit yourself to a maximum of one drink daily while you're pregnant." D) "You should drink no alcohol until you are in your second trimester."

A) "It's likely best to eliminate alcohol from your diet while you're pregnant."

Which of the following clients would be an example of cellular atrophy? A) A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation B) A postnephrectomy client whose remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss C) A hypertensive, noncompliant client who has developed a progressive increase in left ventricular mass D) A female client with the change in uterine size as a result of pregnancy

A) A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation

Aneuploidy of the X chromosome can result in a monosomy or polysomy disorder. The clinical manifestations of a female with monosomy X include: Select all that apply. A) A short-stature female individual B) Difficulty with fine motor skills C) Large heavy breasts D) Early-onset (age 8) puberty E) Nonpitting lymphedema of the feet

A) A short-stature female individual B) Difficulty with fine motor skills E) Nonpitting lymphedema of the feet

A genetic test result returns noting that the specimen (client) has inclusion bodies in the sample. The health care provider can associate this result with the development of which pathologic disease process? Select all that apply. A) Alzheimer disease B) Parkinson disease C) Myasthenia gravis D) Multiple myeloma

A) Alzheimer disease B) Parkinson disease

Which accurately explains the functions of the organelles lysosomes? They: A) Are sacs filled with enzymes that breakdown and remove foreign substances and worn-out cell parts B) Function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum to modify protein end products and package them into secretory granules or vesicles C) Are small particles of nucleoproteins that are involved in the synthesis of proteins that remain in the cell as cytoplasmic structural or functional elements D) Are a dynamic system of interconnected membranous tubes that functions as a tubular communication system for transporting various substances from one part of the cell to another

A) Are sacs filled with enzymes that breakdown and remove foreign substances and worn-out cell parts

A newly pregnant female is worried about her baby. She recently returned from a mission trip to Africa. She was told there was a rubella outbreak in the next village. She has been given a TORCH screening test. If she has exposed her fetus to rubella, the nurse would expect the infant to display which of the following possible birth defects? A) Blindness B) Missing limbs C) Hydrocephalus D) Encephalitis

A) Blindness

1. Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by: A) Bound and transmembrane proteins B) Complex, long carbohydrate chains C) Surface antigens and hormone receptors D) A gating system of selective ion channels

A) Bound and transmembrane proteins

Which of the following processes associated with cellular injury is most likely to be reversible? A) Cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm B) Cellular changes as a result of ionizing radiation C) Cell damage resulting from accumulation of free radicals D) Apoptosis

A) Cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm

A person eating peanuts starts choking and collapses. His airway obstruction is partially cleared, but he remains hypoxic until he reaches the hospital. The health care providers will be assessing this client for which of the following physiological events? Select all that apply. A) Cerebral infarction B) Coagulation necrosis C) Rapid phagocytosis D) Protein p53 deficiency

A) Cerebral infarction B) Coagulation necrosis

A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of: A) Changes in cell shape, size, and organization B) The presence of unexpected cell types C) Ischemic changes in cell samples D) Abnormally high numbers of cells in a specified field

A) Changes in cell shape, size, and organization

A physiology instructor asks the students about the purpose of the promoter region on a DNA strand. Which student response is most accurate? A) Contains amino acids that the RNA polymerase recognized and binds to, thus starting the replication process B) Location for protein-coding regions of the mRNA sequences C) Delivers activated amino acids to begin mitosis D) Reverses redundant base pairs

A) Contains amino acids that the RNA polymerase recognized and binds to, thus starting the replication process

Which of the following would be an example of gene expression? Select all that apply. A) Control of insulin expression so it gives a signal for blood glucose regulation B) Induction by an external influence to facilitate having a male child C) Increasing the amount of UV light exposure to end up with darker skin D) Activation of growth control genes by injecting growth hormone into a small for age male child

A) Control of insulin expression so it gives a signal for blood glucose regulation C) Increasing the amount of UV light exposure to end up with darker skin

Free radicals damage cells by: A) Destroying phospholipids in the cell membrane B) Altering the immune response of the cell C) Disrupting calcium storage in the cell D) Inactivation of enzymes and mitochondria

A) Destroying phospholipids in the cell membrane

The process responsible for generating and conducting membrane potentials is: A) Diffusion of current-carrying ions B) Millivoltage of electrical potential C) Polarization of charged particles D) Ion channel neurotransmission

A) Diffusion of current-carrying ions

A male client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is experiencing hyperglycemia because he lacks sufficient insulin to increase the availability of glucose transporters in his cell membranes. Consequently, his cells lack intracellular glucose, and it accumulates in his blood. Which of the following processes would best allow glucose to cross his cell membranes? A) Facilitated diffusion B) Simple diffusion C) Secondary active transport D) Endocytosis

A) Facilitated diffusion

Splicing of mRNA during processing permits a cell to: A) Form different proteins B) Increase DNA content C) Stop copying DNA onto RNA D) Add nucleic acid end pieces

A) Form different proteins

Which of the following statements about how smooth muscle differs from skeletal or cardiac muscle are accurate? Smooth muscle: Select all that apply. A) Has dense bodies attached to actin filaments B) Contains sarcomeres between Z lines and M bands C) Contracts more rapidly than skeletal muscles D) Has one centrally located nucleus

A) Has dense bodies attached to actin filaments D) Has one centrally located nucleus

Identifying the genetic sex of a child is based on finding intracellular Barr bodies that consist of: A) Inactive chromatin material B) Male-specific chromosomes C) Homologous chromosomes D) Excess autosomal material

A) Inactive chromatin material

From the following list, which medications have been developed utilizing recombinant DNA technology? Select all that apply. A) Insulin, for clients with diabetes B) Coumadin, a blood thinner for irregular heartbeats C) Erythropoietin to help the body generate more RBCs D) Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to dissolve a clot in the brain

A) Insulin, for clients with diabetes C) Erythropoietin to help the body generate more RBCs D) Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to dissolve a clot in the brain

When comparing and contrasting the various forms of RNA, the pathophysiology instructor identifies that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is unique in that it: A) Is produced in the nucleolus B) Delivers activated amino acids C) Is formed by transcription D) Coordinates RNA translation

A) Is produced in the nucleolus

Which of the following practitioners is most likely to be of immediate assistance in the first 24 hours following delivery of an infant with a cleft lip? A) Lactation consultant B) Respiratory therapist C) Occupational therapist D) Social worker

A) Lactation consultant

When an infant is born with gene mutations in his cells, the nurse explains to the parents that accidental errors may be a result of: Select all that apply. A) Loss of one or more base pairs B) Substitution of one base pair for another C) Induction of chromatin to change its structure D) Rearrangement of the base pairs

A) Loss of one or more base pairs B) Substitution of one base pair for another D) Rearrangement of the base pairs

When explaining genetic coding to a group of students, the instructor discusses gene activation and deactivation. It was stressed that inactivation of a gene requires which of the following processes? A) Methylation of histone amino acid B) Acetylation of histone amino acid C) Release of endonucleases D) Protein-synthesizing apparatus of mitochondrial DNA

A) Methylation of histone amino acid

While lecturing on inheritance patterns, a student asks, "My mother has blue eyes and my father has brown eyes. All my siblings have brown eyes except me. How can this happen?" Which of the following is the most accurate response? A) Phenotypically, the brown-eyed persons are the same, but genotypically they are different. B) This is known as penetrance, where a gene has its ability to express its function. C) Expressivity is when a gene is expressed in the phenotype. D) Blue sclera is a genetic mutation.

A) Phenotypically, the brown-eyed persons are the same, but genotypically they are different.

Which of the following is an application of recombinant DNA technology? A) Production of human insulin B) DNA fingerprinting C) Gene dosage studies D) Somatic cell hybridization

A) Production of human insulin

Ischemia and other toxic injuries increase the accumulation of intracellular calcium as a result of: A) Release of stored calcium from the mitochondria B) Improved intracellular volume regulation C) Decreased influx across the cell membrane D) Attraction of calcium to fatty infiltrates

A) Release of stored calcium from the mitochondria

A client diagnosed with a cancer has been prescribed monoclonal antibodies as a treatment option. He asks the health care provider, "What are you talking about? I've never heard of this treatment. Is it experimental?" The health care provider explains somatic cell hybridization to the client by explaining that: A) Researchers inject mice with an antigen from human cancer cells. They then harvest the antibody-producing cells from the mice and individually fuse them with a cancerous cell. B) Short sequences of base pairs can be synthesized, radioactively labeled, and subsequently used to identify their complementary sequence. C) The DNA molecule is cut apart using a bacterial enzyme, called a restriction enzyme, that binds to DNA wherever a particular short sequence of base pairs is found and cleaves the molecule at a specific nucleotide site. D) The restrictive fragments of DNA can often be replicated through insertion into a unicellular organism, such as a bacterium.

A) Researchers inject mice with an antigen from human cancer cells. They then harvest the antibody-producing cells from the mice and individually fuse them with a cancerous cell.

A pregnant female has been told she is a carrier for fragile X syndrome. She asks, "What does that mean?" The health care provider explains that she is heterozygous for fragile X recessive trait, but this will only be a problem if: A) The expressed pairing becomes homozygous. B) The expressed pairing switches to a dominant trait. C) Her mate also is a carrier of the recessive fragile X trait. D) She does not receive a blood transfusion from a non-fragile X donor prior to pregnancy.

A) The expressed pairing becomes homozygous.

Prenatal genetic testing that counts the number of Barr bodies in a chromosome is able to determine: A) The genetic sex of a child B) Susceptibility to hemophilia B C) The presence of fragile X syndrome D) Fetal viability

A) The genetic sex of a child

Which body tissue exhibits the highest rate of turnover and renewal? A) The squamous epithelial cells of the skin B) The connective tissue supporting blood vessels C) The skeletal muscle that facilitates movement D) The nervous tissue that constitutes the central nervous system

A) The squamous epithelial cells of the skin

With skeletal muscle contraction, what prevent the development of cross-bridges between the actin and myosin? Select all that apply. A) Tropomyosin attaches globular heads to the myosin filament. B) Troponin covers the tropomyosin-binding sites and prevents the formation of cross-bridges. C) ATP actually plays a role in the positioning of the myosin filaments and actin. D) The concentration of calcium around the myofibrils will prevent the cross-bridges from being formed.

A) Tropomyosin attaches globular heads to the myosin filament. B) Troponin covers the tropomyosin-binding sites and prevents the formation of cross-bridges.

A pregnant client is attending a nutrition class for first-time moms. During the class, the instructor stressed that they should avoid consumption of which food that may cause brain damage from methyl mercury exposure? A) Tuna B) Raw hamburger C) Fresh milk D) Beets

A) Tuna

The newborn has been born with distinctive physical features of trisomy 21, Down syndrome. The mother asks the nurse, "What is wrong? My baby looks different than his brother." The nurse assesses the infant and notes which of the following characteristics that correlate with trisomy 21? Select all that apply. A) Upward slanting of eyes B) Large, protruding ears C) Large tongue sticking out the mouth D) Long fingers with extra creases E) Flat facial profile

A) Upward slanting of eyes C) Large tongue sticking out the mouth E) Flat facial profile

An elderly client asks her health care provider if the reason she has developed aortic stenosis is because she drank so much milk as a child growing up on a farm. Which of the following responses is most accurate? A) "Drinking lots of real milk as a child may have contributed to the damage in your valve." B) "Atherosclerosis is a long process that eventually results in calcification of heart valves." C) "This calcification of your aortic valve is more than likely due to an undiagnosed thyroid problem." D) "More than likely, calcium has left your bones and collected on your aortic valve."

B) "Atherosclerosis is a long process that eventually results in calcification of heart valves."

While explaining to a post-surgical knee client about the various forms and function of connective tissue, the nurse gives the example of the client's surgical repair of a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is due to: A) A reticular fiber problem that interrupted the framework for capillaries B) A dense regular connective tissue tear that is usually rich in collagen fibers that allows ligaments to join bone to bone C) An irregular, dense connective tissue tear of loose connective tissue that is located in the perichondrium D) Irregular filling of spaces between tissues to facilitate keeping of joints and tendons in their proper place

B) A dense regular connective tissue tear that is usually rich in collagen fibers that allows ligaments to join bone to bone

An elderly client has experienced some hypoxia as a result of chronic respiratory problems. Knowing that oxygen -deprived cells result in an accumulation of lactic acid in the cells, physiologically, the client may experience: A) An increase in fat load B) Altered cell membrane permeability C) Retention of lysosomal enzymes D) Cellular shrinkage and dehydration

B) Altered cell membrane permeability

Injured cells become very swollen as a result of: A) Increased cell protein synthesis B) Altered cell volume regulation C) Passive entry of potassium into the cell D) Bleb formation in the plasma membrane

B) Altered cell volume regulation

5. Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in: Inadequate sites for protein synthesis An inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane Insufficient energy production within a cell Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm

D) Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm

A child with cystic fibrosis (CF) asks the nurse why he has this disease, but his parents are perfectly healthy. The nurse explains: A) Environmental conditions affect on alleles and therefore who get CF B) Both parents are carriers and have a recessive genotype with alleles for CF. C) One of your parents may have a mild recessive form of CF. D) Both parents have homozygous pairing of two alleles for CF.

B) Both parents are carriers and have a recessive genotype with alleles for CF.

A client with diabetes has impaired sensation, circulation, and oxygenation of his feet. He steps on a piece of glass, the wound does not heal, and the tissue area becomes necrotic. The necrotic cell death is characterized by: A) Rapid apoptosis B) Cellular breakage C) Shrinkage and collapse D) Chronic inflammation

B) Cellular breakage

Aerobic metabolism, also known as oxidative metabolism, provides energy to the body by: A) Removing the phosphate bonds from ATP B) Combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water C) Activating pyruvate stored in the cytoplasm D) Breaking down glucose to form lactic acid

B) Combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is unlike other teratogens in that the harmful effects on the fetus: A) Directly result in liver damage B) Extend throughout the pregnancy C) Are most noticeable in adulthood D) Cause death in early childhood

B) Extend throughout the pregnancy

When explaining the function of glycolysis as it relates to anaerobic metabolism, the faculty will mention which of the following key points? Select all that apply. A) Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen to begin the process. B) Glycolysis occurs in mitochondrion-lacking cells. C) Glycolysis provides the majority of the body's energy needs. D) Pyruvic acid is an end result from a series of reactions that converts glucose.

B) Glycolysis occurs in mitochondrion-lacking cells. D) Pyruvic acid is an end result from a series of reactions that converts glucose.

When discussing linkage studies, the instructor mentions that colorblindness is found in a small section of the X chromosome and has been linked to development of which of the following diseases? Select all that apply. A) Early-onset Alzheimer disease B) Hemophilia A C) Adrenal hyperplasia D) Down syndrome

B) Hemophilia A C) Adrenal hyperplasia

A 70-year-old male client has been admitted to a hospital for the treatment of a recent hemorrhagic stroke that has left him with numerous motor and sensory deficits. These deficits are most likely the result of which of the following mechanisms of cell injury? A) Free radical injury B) Hypoxia and ATP depletion C) Interference with DNA synthesis D) Impaired calcium homeostasis

B) Hypoxia and ATP depletion

Following routine newborn testing, an infant has been diagnosed with an elevated phenylalanine level. The nurse teaches the parents to follow a strict low-protein diet to prevent which of the following major complications for the infant? A) Kidney failure B) Impaired brain development C) Thyroid metabolism errors D) Cardiac valvular disorders

B) Impaired brain development

When a client with a kidney transplant develops graft versus host disease, a suicide gene transfer can be accomplished by: A) Giving a blood transfusion from the donor B) Infusion of donor lymphocytes C) Increasing the dose of corticosteroids D) Administering radioactive tracer cells

B) Infusion of donor lymphocytes

Genetic testing has revealed that a male infant has been born with an extra X chromosome. What are the most likely implications of this finding? The child: A) Is unlikely to survive infancy B) Is likely to have no manifestations of this chromosomal abnormality C) Will have significant neurological and cognitive defects D) Will be unable to reproduce

B) Is likely to have no manifestations of this chromosomal abnormality

Which describes the function of the nucleus? A) It is basically the site of protein synthesis in the body. B) It contains the genetic code for the individual. C) It is the transformer of cellular energy. D) It initiates the process of aerobic metabolism.

B) It contains the genetic code for the individual.

When discussing upcoming chromosome studies, a client asks, "What kind of sample are they going to take to do these tests?" The nurse replies, "The most common cells used for this purpose are: A) From lymph nodes from your underarm." B) Lymphocytes from a venous blood specimen." C) Skin scrapings from your back." D) From a bone marrow biopsy."

B) Lymphocytes from a venous blood specimen."

Semen analysis indicates that the client's sperm have decreased motility. Which of the following cellular components may be defective within the client's sperm? A) Ribosomes B) Microtubules C) Mitochondria D) Microfilaments

B) Microtubules

Which of the following variables determine the extent of teratogenic drug effects? Select all that apply. A) Maternal health history B) Molecular weight of the drug C) Stage of pregnancy when the drug was taken D) Duration of drug exposure E) Fetal blood type

B) Molecular weight of the drug C) Stage of pregnancy when the drug was taken D) Duration of drug exposure

A 16-year-old male presents to the clinic complaining of headaches, trouble hearing the teacher in the front of the classroom, and ringing in the ears. He also revealed that every time he goes swimming underwater, he gets disorientated (which never happened when he was younger). Given these manifestations, the health care provider is going to start testing for: A) Deafness B) Neurofibromas C) Tay-Sachs disease D) Fragile X syndrome

B) Neurofibromas

Which genetic disorders (body system) have a high requirement for oxidative metabolism associated with mitochondrial DNA? A) Cardiac dysrhythmias B) Neuromuscular disorders C) Renal abnormalities D) Facial deformities

B) Neuromuscular disorders

The parents of a 4-year-old girl have sought care because their daughter has admitted to chewing and swallowing imported toy figurines that have been determined to be made of lead. Which of the following blood tests should the care team prioritize? A) White blood cell levels with differential B) Red blood cell levels and morphology C) Urea and creatinine levels D) Liver function panel

B) Red blood cell levels and morphology

Which of the following diseases would be considered to be caused by a lack of a specific vitamin or mineral? A) Anorexia nervosa B) Scurvy C) Sickle cell anemia D) Atherosclerosis

B) Scurvy

A first-time pregnant mother asks, "Why do I need an ultrasound? I'm worried that my insurance won't cover it." The nurse responds that an ultrasonography can diagnose prenatal abnormalities like which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Cytogenic abnormalities B) Skeletal defects like facial structural problems C) Chromosomal deficits D) Abnormal levels of a-fetoprotein E) Congenital heart defects

B) Skeletal defects like facial structural problems E) Congenital heart defects

Which of the following facts underlies the concept of replicative senescence? A) Genes controlling longevity are present or absent in varying quantities among different individuals. B) Telomeres become progressively shorter in successive generations of a cell. C) The damaging influence of free radicals increases exponentially in later generations of a cell. D) Aging produces mutations in DNA and deficits in DNA repair.

B) Telomeres become progressively shorter in successive generations of a cell.

While caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), the client asks why he is always sick with an infection. The nurse responds, "LAD is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in recurrent infections because of the lack of transmigration. This means: A) Your body doesn't make enough white blood cells." B) Your white blood cells are not able to leave the blood vessels and move into the area of infection." C) I don't really understand this, but it sounds like a good question to ask your physician." D) Your bone marrow is damaged and can't put out enough white blood cells to fight off your infections."

B) Your white blood cells are not able to leave the blood vessels and move into the area of infection."

Which of the following statements is true of messenger RNA (mRNA)? A) mRNA is produced in the nucleolus. B) mRNA provides the template for protein synthesis. C) Each mRNA molecule has two recognition sites. D) mRNA delivers the activated form of an amino acid to the protein being synthesized.

B) mRNA provides the template for protein synthesis.

The parents of a newborn infant are relieved that their baby was born healthy, with the exception of a cleft lip that will be surgically corrected in 10 or 12 weeks. Which of the nurse's following statements to the parent's best conveys the probable cause of the infant's cleft lip? A) "Though you are both healthy, you likely both carry the gene for a cleft lip." B) "Provided one of you had the gene for a cleft lip, your baby likely faced a 50/50 chance of having one." C) "Your child's cleft lip likely results from the interplay between environment and genes." D) "A cleft lip can sometimes result from taking prescription drugs, even when they're taken as ordered."

C) "Your child's cleft lip likely results from the interplay between environment and genes."

Which of the following statements about multifactorial inheritance disorders are accurate to share with a family of a child born with a cleft lip and palate? Multifactorial inheritance disorders: Select all that apply. A) Can be predicted with the same degree of accuracy as Mendelian single-gene mutations B) Usually involve more than a single organ or tissue C) Carry the same risk for recurrence with future pregnancies D) Have an increased risk among first-degree relatives of the affected person E) Carry no additional risk with increasing incidence of the defect among relatives

C) Carry the same risk for recurrence with future pregnancies D) Have an increased risk among first-degree relatives of the affected person

The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver. Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining liver cells? A) Metaplasia B) Organ atrophy C) Compensatory hyperplasia D) Physiologic hypertrophy

C) Compensatory hyperplasia

A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function? A) Impaired muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia B) Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling C) Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility D) Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest

C) Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility

When exercising outside on an extremely warm day, the client can feel his heart pounding very rapidly. Thinking in terms of the ability of the aorta to stretch to accommodate more blood circulating during exercise and the warm environment, this is an example of the function of which fibrous protein? A) Collagen B) Reticular C) Elastin D) Ligaments

C) Elastin

When performing an assessment on a school-aged child, the nurse notes that the mucous membranes along the gum margins have a noticeable blue-colored line. At this point, the nurse should ask the parents about possible: A) Liver problems as an infant B) Congenital heart problems C) Exposure to lead D) Second-hand smoke exposure

C) Exposure to lead

Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the "power plants" of the cell because they: A) Contain RNA for protein synthesis B) Utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy C) Extract energy from organic compounds D) Store calcium bonds for muscle contractions

C) Extract energy from organic compounds

Which of the following facts underlies the application of RNA interference in the treatment of disease? A) Restriction enzymes are able to cleave genetic molecules at predictable sites. B) It is possible to produce proteins that have therapeutic properties. C) Faulty gene activity that produces unwanted proteins can sometimes be stopped. D) Individual differences are attributable to a very small percentage of the genes in the human body.

C) Faulty gene activity that produces unwanted proteins can sometimes be stopped.

Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of layers. Which of the following is a correctly matched description and type of epithelial tissue? A) Simple epithelium: cells in contact with the intercellular matrix; some do not extend to surface. B) Stratified epithelium: single layer of cells; all cells rest on the basement membrane. C) Glandular epithelium: arises from surface epithelia and underlying connective tissue. D) Pseudostratified epithelium: multiple layers of cells; the deepest layer rests on the basement membrane.

C) Glandular epithelium: arises from surface epithelia and underlying connective tissue.

Which of the following meals would be considered high in folic acid intake? A) Deep-fried mushrooms with creamy horseradish sauce, hot dogs without bun, and potato salad B) Fried chicken, mashed potatoes with gravy, and corn on the cob C) Green leafy salad, beef and bean burrito on whole-wheat shell D) Steak, baked potato with sour cream, and cheesecake

C) Green leafy salad, beef and bean burrito on whole-wheat shell

A client with diabetes and severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. The client asks, "How this can happen?" Which of the following pathophysiologic processes should the nurse explain to this client? "More than likely, your gangrene is caused by: A) Inappropriate activation of apoptosis, which means death of your cells." B) Bacterial invasion into the foot and toe." C) Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe." D) Metaplastic cellular changes in your toe."

C) Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe."

Despite the low levels of radiation used in contemporary radiologic imaging, a radiology technician is aware of the need to minimize her exposure to ionizing radiation. What is the primary rationale for the technician's precautions? Radiation: A) Stimulates pathologic cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia B) Results in the accumulation of endogenous waste products in the cytoplasm C) Interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis D) Decreases the action potential of rapidly dividing cells

C) Interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis

A mother rushes her 4-year-old child to the emergency department after she found an empty Tylenol (acetaminophen) bottle beside her child. The nurse is trying to explain why it is so important to give the child Ipecac to induce vomiting in order to prevent: A) Renal failure B) Seizures C) Liver failure D) Hemorrhage

C) Liver failure

Genetic disorders that involve a single-gene trait are characterized by: A) Multifactorial gene mutations B) Chromosome rearrangements C) Mendelian patterns of transmission D) Abnormal numbers of chromosomes

C) Mendelian patterns of transmission

Which of the following statements is true of genetic mutations? A) Errors in DNA duplication are normally irreparable. B) Mutations that occur in somatic cells are inheritable. C) Mutations may result from environmental agents. D) Errors in DNA replication are most often fatal.

C) Mutations may result from environmental agents.

A woman who is a carrier for which of the following diseases possesses the greatest likelihood of passing the disease to her future children when heterozygous pairing exists? A) Phenylketonuria (PKU) B) Tay-Sachs disease C) Neurofibromatosis D) Cystic fibrosis

C) Neurofibromatosis

A 41-year-old woman has made the recent decision to start a family and is eager to undergo testing to mitigate the possibility of having a child with Down syndrome. Which of the following tests is most likely to provide the data the woman seeks? A) Genetic testing of the woman B) Genetic testing of the woman and the father C) Prenatal blood tests D) Ultrasonography

C) Prenatal blood tests

Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs D) Regulating and controlling protein synthesis

C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs

Exocytosis allows granular content to be released into extracellular fluid by: A) Engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport B) Killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms C) Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances like hormones D) Destruction of particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion

C) Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances like hormones

While explaining the individual differences in physical traits in the family group, the health care provider states this is usually a result of: A) An enzyme interfering with DNA sequence B) An environmental chemical exposure C) Small DNA sequence variation D) Ischemia within the cell wall

C) Small DNA sequence variation

When a male child inherits an X-linked disorder from his heterozygous carrier mother: A) His sons will be carriers. B) His father has the disorder. C) Some of his sisters will be carriers. D) His daughters will have the disorder.

C) Some of his sisters will be carriers.

A client has been diagnosed with a gram-negative bacillus in his blood cultures. The health care providers know these bacteria may produce clinical manifestations such as high temperature, high respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. These manifestations are primarily caused by: A) Disrupting the sodium/potassium ATPase pump B) Interrupting oxidative metabolism processes C) The outer layer of the bacterial membrane acting as an endotoxin D) The bacteria causing a decrease in protein synthesis and function

C) The outer layer of the bacterial membrane acting as an endotoxin

The gene responsible for a particular congenital cardiac anomaly is said to have complete penetrance. What are the clinical implications of this fact? A) The anomaly is a result of polygenetic inheritance. B) The heart defect does not result from any other gene. C) Multiple alleles contribute to the defect. D) All the individuals who possess the gene will exhibit the anomaly.

D) All the individuals who possess the gene will exhibit the anomaly.

A client has been diagnosed with gram-negative pneumonia of the lower lobe. Knowing that gram-negative bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on their outer cell membrane, the health care provider should be assessing the client for which pathophysiological end result? A) Damage to cellular mitochondria B) Increased ATP levels C) Activation of the p53 protein D) Apoptosis

D) Apoptosis

A student asks the instructor what it means when the book states, skeletal muscles are syncytial or multinucleated? The instructor responds: A) "Each of the skeletal muscle cells has an apical, lateral, and basal surface." B) "They are closely apposed and are joined by cell-to-cell adhesion molecules." C) "This means that these muscles exhibit cross-striations formed by alternating segments of thick and thin protein filaments, with muscle cells having a branched appearance." D) "If a skeletal muscle is injured and a portion dies, the adjacent sections of that same skeletal muscle fiber do not die because they have their own nuclear material."

D) "If a skeletal muscle is injured and a portion dies, the adjacent sections of that same skeletal muscle fiber do not die because they have their own nuclear material."

Which of the following statements is true of autosomal recessive disorders? A) Onset is typically late in childhood or early in adulthood. B) Symptomatology is less uniform than with autosomal dominant disorders. C) Mitochondrial DNA is normally the site of genetic alteration. D) Effects are typically the result of alterations in enzyme function.

D) Effects are typically the result of alterations in enzyme function

A group of elderly residents were commenting on how many cell functions decline with age. One resident commented that many of his friends who lived under large electromagnetic towers seemed to experience aging at an accelerated rate in comparison with residents who lived nearby in lakefront housing. This observation is the basis for which theory on aging? A) Theories of genetic influences B) Programmed cell receptor theories C) Insufficient telomerase enzyme theory D) Error theory associated with DNA damage

D) Error theory associated with DNA damage

A teratogenic environmental agent can cause birth defects when: A) Inherited as a recessive trait B) Intense exposure occurs at birth C) Disjunction occurs during meiosis D) Exposed during early pregnancy

D) Exposed during early pregnancy

Which of the following pathophysiologic processes is most likely to result in metastatic calcification? A) Benign prostatic hyperplasia B) Liver cirrhosis C) Impaired glycogen metabolism D) Hyperparathyroidism

D) Hyperparathyroidism

The client asks the health care provider to explain phagocytosis. The provider will respond, "Phagocytosis: A) Is a cotransport system that helps with the absorption of the medication." B) Is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration." C) Uses proteins to form an open channel through which the drug can move into the cell." D) Is a process where microorganisms are engulfed and subsequently degraded or killed."

D) Is a process where microorganisms are engulfed and subsequently degraded or killed."

Crossing-over of chromatid segments during meiosis division 1 results in: A) Spontaneous gene mutations B) Initial DNA synthesis C) Bivalent X and Y genes D) New gene combinations

D) New gene combinations

A pregnant mother (16 weeks' gestation) forgot and emptied her cat's litter box without gloves. She is extremely anxious and wants tested right away. Which test would the nurse prepare her for that would give rapid cytogenic analysis? A) Ultrasonography B) Fetal biopsy C) Chorionic villus sampling D) Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling

D) Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling

To effectively relay signals, cell-to-cell communication utilizes a chemical messenger system to: A) Displace surface receptor proteins B) Accumulate within cell gap junctions C) Bind to contractile microfilaments D) Release secretions into extracellular fluid

D) Release secretions into extracellular fluid

A client with a pathophysiologic condition that affects the desmosomes is most likely to exhibit: A) Impaired contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle B) Weakness of the collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular space C) Impaired communication between neurons and effector organs D) Separation at the junctions between epithelial cell

D) Separation at the junctions between epithelial cells

Which identifies correctly how the G protein-linked receptors are similar? A) Their cytosolic domain has intrinsic enzyme activity. B) Insulin is an example of the second messenger cAMP, which binds to an enzyme-linked receptor. C) These linked receptors are involved in rapid synaptic signaling between cardiac electrical cells. D) They have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor component, which causes changes that activate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

D) They have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor component, which causes changes that activate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

In one family, a son was born with polydactyly toes while his sister had polydactyly fingers. In explaining this phenomenon in genetic terms to the parents, which concept should be addressed? A) Aneuploidy of genes in all cells B) Deficiencies in enzyme synthesis C) Heterozygote dominant trait D) Variable expressivity of a gene

D) Variable expressivity of a gene