PBS 2.1.5 Study Guide

Summary of what goes on in pancreas

*Carbohydrates* are eaten - *metabolism* releases *glucose* into bloodstream - *pancreas* releases a hormone called *insulin* (recall that hormones are a type of protein and proteins are coded for by DNA in a process called protein synthesis)- insulin "tells" cells to intake *glucose*, *energy* from glucose is released to use by the cells (this process is called cellular respiration)

Which 2 types of cells in your body need a greater number of mitochondria? Why?:

- *Muscle cells* are one cell type that requires greater amounts of energy to perform the work of the body. They need more mitochondria in order to produce the necessary energy. - *Sperm cells* also require energy to propel themselves toward the egg and therefore, have greater amounts of mitochondria.

How is telehealth used to help others?:

- Drones deliver aid to disaster zones - Smartphone alerts inform patients about disease and outbreaks in their area - Smartphone reminders direct patients to take their - medicine or get a vaccine - Doctors connect virtually so they can share and demonstrate life saving techniques

Type 1 diabetes

- your body does not produce much, if any, insulin. - you have a reduced ability to use glucose from the foods consumed and do not produce sufficient energy for everyday tasks. - Since glucose is not being taken up by cells, this leads to a build up of glucose levels in your blood - Genetic disorder: inherited genes from the disease or environmental factors altered dna

Protein Definition

A biomolecule made of building blocks called amino acids. A protein's form and function are determined by a cell's nucleic acid sequence.

Carbohydrates Definition

A compound, such as sugar, starch and cellulose, found in foods and living tissues that can be broken down and used for energy.

Type 2 Diabetes ( insulin resistance diabetes)

A form of diabetes that develops especially in adults, most often obese individuals. The pancreas makes insulin but the cells in the body do not respond to it; this is known as insulin resistance. The end result is similar for both types of diabetes: cells are not able to take in the necessary glucose to create energy and blood glucose levels rise leading to life-threatening health conditions.

negative feedback

A mechanism of homeostasis in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a reduction in another variable. This is used to maintain homeostasis

positive feedback

A mechanism of homeostasis in which a change in a physiological variable triggers an increase in another variable. This loop is used to create something.

Insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas; essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

Hormone

A signaling molecule produced by glands. A hormone induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.

what occurs in the body of a type 1 diabetic after they consume a carbohydrate-heavy meal

After a type 1 diabetic consumes a carbohydrate- rich mean, the carbs are *metabolized* by the digestive system. This releases *glucose*, a building block of carbohydrates. Glucose makes its way to the bloodstream and, under normal conditions, would stimulate the *pancreas* to release *insulin*. However, type 1 diabetics produce little, if any insulin. Without insulin, the *cell receptors* on cells are not stimulated to urake glucose from the bloodstream. Because very little glucose makes its way inside cells, cells are not able to convert it into *energy*, necessary for proper cell functioning.

Glucagon

Although secreted by the pancreas, glucagon directly impacts the liver as it works to control blood sugar levels. Specifically, glucagon prevents blood glucose levels from dropping to a dangerous point by stimulating the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose in the liver. This glucose can be released into the bloodstream, a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucagon and insulin work together. Insulin will prevent glucose levels from increasing to a point that is too high, while glucagon prevents it from dropping too low. Glucagon production is stimulated when an individual eats a protein-rich meal, experiences a surge in adrenaline, or has a low blood sugar event.

Nucleic acids definition

Biomolecules that carry the instructions for producing proteins. Both DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are *not* a source of energy for our cells.

Is blood sugar regulated by negative or positive feedback?

Blood sugar is regulated by negative feedback. As blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream. This stimulates cells to pull glucose in, causing a reduction in blood glucose levels. Once blood glucose levels return to normal and homeostasis is reached, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.

Cell Respiration Formula:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

order of what goes in pancreas (general)

Carbs - metabolism/glu - pancreas/insulin - intake of glu by cell - E release

What is the role of mitochondria in our cells?

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of our cells

how will weight loss help prevent diabetes?

Excess glucose is stored in lipids. Losing weight reduces the amount of glucose in your body.

how cells take in glucose for use in making energy

Glucose (blue) can travel freely throughout the body but insulin (yellow) is required for glucose to enter cells and be used as energy. Once arriving at the cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors (pink) on the cell surface. This initiates glucose transporters to open and glucose to flow into the cell.

hyperglycemia

High blood glucose level that can cause health problems, such as stroke, heart disease kidney disease, and vision loss

Lipids Definition

One of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water.

Metabolism

The chemical reaction processes of breaking down molecules for energy and of using simple building blocks to build up more complex molecules needed for growth and repair.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions (like body temperature or the pH of blood), which enables the optimal functioning of an organism.

how does eating a healthy diet low in carbohydrates help in preventing prediabetes?

This limits the amount of glucose entering the bloodstream.

how does increasing exercise help in preventing prediabetes?

This stimulates your cells to convert glucose into energy to support your activity level and reduces the amount of glucose in your body.

GLYCOGEN + GLUCOSE

Two forms of sugar that your body employs to store and use as energy. Your body can't use glycogen directly as a source of energy, and cannot store glucose.

What is the relationship between insulin and glucose, including what happens and would happen to glucose and insulin levels as they are used?

Under normal conditions, as blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream leading to a rise in blood insulin levels. The insulin works to stimulate cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream to produce energy. Blood glucose levels begin to drop as glucose is drawn into cells. Insulin levels then decline as the blood glucose levels decline.

positive feedback loop ex

When a body is cut, chemical signals are released to activate platelets. The activated platelets activate additional platelets leading to the formation of a clot which stops bleeding.

Prediabetes

When blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not yet too high to cause disease

Glycogenolysis

When the body needs more energy the hormone, glucagon acts as a catalyst to start the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose

Telemedicine

a new frontier in health care. It literally translates to "healing at a distance"

Telehealth

a way for individuals to remotely access health-related services using technology, rather than in-person contact.

protein monomer

amino acids

Type 2 when eating

body's release of insulin does not work to reduce glucose levels in the blood

Carbohydrates types of food

bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie

First in order of use as a source of energy

carbohydrates

diabetes

cells in the body cannoy efficiently uptake glucose

Type 1 when eating

do not produce much insulin and after ingesting food, glucose levels rise significantly, insulin levels however do not change

what reduces both glucose and insulin levels?

exercise

type 1 diabetes initial symptoms

fatigue, exhaustion, and dizziness, among other symptoms.

Lipids polymer

fatty acids and glycerol

Lipids Types of food

fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats, avocado

Islets of Langerhans

groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon. The islets of Langerhans are responsible for the function of the pancreas. Each islet contains beta, alpha and delta cells

early-onset type 2 diabetes

if they were aged 18 to 45 years at the time of diagnosis

Protein types of foods

lean meats, poultry, fish and seafood, eggs, dairy products

Second in order of use as a source of energy

lipids

carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

What type of feedback loop is more common?

negative feedback loops because these loops are involved to correct deviations of temperature, pH and many more internal variables, whereas positive feedback loops are involved to maintain specialized changes.

nucleic acids monomer

nucleotides

cellular respiration simple definition

process through which cells convert sugars into energy

Delta cells

produce somatostatin, a strong inhibitor of somatotropin, insulin, and glucagon; its role in metabolic regulation is not yet clear.

Alpha cells

produces glucagon

Third in order of use as a source of energy (last resort)

protein

non diabetic when eating

responds to increasing glucose levels by releasing insulin *as insulin goes up, blood glucose goes down and insulin follows*

Beta Cells

secrete insulin

How does the pancreas regulate metabolism?

secretes hormones insulin and glucagon into bloodstream to maintain proper glucose sugar levels

Cellular respiration (In depth) def

set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. Oxygen is required in this process.

negative feedback example

the production of red blood cells is triggered when a decrease in oxygen is detected by the kidneys. The kidneys will secrete a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Once oxygen levels rise, the kidneys stop releasing the hormone.

Glucose

the sugar your body converts into energy, can be used directly and is the simplest form of sugar and is a monosaccharide.

Glycogen

the sugar your body stores in both your liver and muscle cells (described as several hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules) is a more complex sugar(polysaccharide)

Feedback loops

the terms refer to the effect the input of information (feedback) has on the output (action) of the system.

What is the goal of telehealth?

to make it easier for a patient to connect with a healthcare provider and vice versa.