PBS Cumulative EOC Study Set

Epidemiology

A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, causes, and control of health problems in a population

Endemic

A disease perpetually present in a community or population within a specific geographic area

Sporadic disease

A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

disease

A disorder of structure or function in an organism that results in specific signs or symptoms, may affect a specific location in the organism, and is not a direct result of physical injury; if an when the invasion and growth of a pathogen impairs bodily functions

Herd Immunity

A form of artificially acquired immunity that occurs when majority of a population, but not all, has been given a vaccine and becomes resistant to infection

Antibodies

A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin.

Vaccine

A substance used to stimulate an immune response with the goal of creating antibodies and providing immunity to specific infections

Epidemic

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population

Outbreak

A sudden increase in the occurrence of disease in a localized area

R-naught

A term used to measure how infectious an agent of disease is----the expected number of new infections that come about from one infected person

T lymphocytes (T cells)

A type of white blood cell produced by the thymus and involved in the immune response; The body responds to the entry of a foreign invader into the body by sending these cells to the site of infection. They work to kill the pathogen by secreting toxins or by ingesting and digesting the toxins.

B lymphocytes (B cells)

A type of white blood cells that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies.

Chain of Infection

Agent of Disease-->Reservoir-->Portal of Exit-->Mode of Transmission-->Portal of Entry-->Susceptible Hosts

Pandemic

An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents and affects a large number of people

Nosocomial infection

An infection acquired in a hospital; also known as a hospital-acquired infection or HAI

host

An organism in which another organism lives

Block pathogens from entering cells, prevent bacteria from ingesting nutrients, and bind toxins released by pathogens to prevent them from harming us

Antibody functions?

Antigen

Anything that stimulates an immune response

genus and species

Bacteria are named by their?

Invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce harmful toxins

Bacteria damage?

Tuberculosis (TB)

Bacteria examples?

orifice, ingesting contaminated food/water, inhalation, sexual contact, or imbalance in normal flora

Bacteria exposure?

colonies

Bacteria grow in groups called

agar

Bacteria growth media; Nutrient-rich solid used to culture bacteria, usually in petri dishes, also known as plates

Antibiotics

Bacteria treatment?

Formal invitation

Before the DDT can begin an on-site investigation, they must receive a

1 in 31 patients

CDC estimate for patients in a hospital at any given time with at least one nosocomial infection

Pneumonia, Gastrointestinal infections, Urinary tract infections, Bloodstream infections, Skin and soft tissue infections

Common nosocomial infection

DDT

Disease Defense Team

Indirect Contact

Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host inhales infected particles, touches an infected object, or is bitten by an infected insect

Direct Contact

Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host touches an infected individual or is exposed to their body fluids

S Protein (Spike Protein)

Enables the virus to bind to lung cells in a host, infecting them

Clinical medicine, pathology, biostatistics, and social science

Epidemiologists need to have knowledge of

R-naught only applies when

Everyone is a susceptible host, meaning no one is immune and there is no way to control of the spread of the disease

Tissue damage

Fungi damage?

Athlete's Foot; Skin rash or vaginal infection with abnormal discharge

Fungi examples?

spores, reproductive cells, are inhaled or land on a host

Fungi exposure?

Antifungals

Fungi treatment?

Epidemiologists

Health care experts who study trends in health issues in a population and deploy public announcements, education initiatives, and protocols to protect the health of the nation

Deprive host of essential nutrients found in food and can cause organ and tissue damage

Helminth damage?

Tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid or leech

Helminth examples?

Consumption of contaminated foods or water, being bit by an infected insect

Helminth exposure?

Deworming medications

Helminth treatment?

E Protein (Envelope Protein)

Helps in assembling the virus within host cells and supports release of the virus from host cells

M Protein (Membrane Protein)

Helps the virus form it's characteristic shape

50

How many bacteria are known to cause disease?

~30 Trillion (10%-30%)

Human Cells

Takes over host cells' protein synthesis processes, and destroys host cells and tissue

Virus damage?

Influenza virus, the flu

Virus examples?

Touch, saliva, blood, sexual contact

Virus exposure?

Antivirals; Over-the-counter--alleviate symptoms

Virus treatment?

Living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms

What are Helminths?

Living, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms

What are fungi?

Non-living, submicroscopic, proteins

What is a prion?

Living, microscopic, single-celled, eukaryotic, animal-like organisms

What is a protist?

Non-living, microscopic agents made up of an outer protein shell, called a capsid, and either DNA or RNA

What is a virus?

Living, microscopic unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

What is bacteria?

Method of Delivery

What is the best way to deliver this information? Examples include press releases, media interviews, social media, and journal articles

Timing

When's the right time? For example, releasing information too early could cause undue panic but communicating too late may risk additional exposure or incidents

Audience

Who will receive this information? For example, the public, health care professionals, government organizations

Etiology

The cause of a disease or condition

Metabolism

The chemical reaction processes of breaking down molecules for energy and of using simple building blocks to build up more complex molecules needed for growth and repair

Social Science

The study of human behavior and society

Urine Sample

Urinary Tract Infection Sample:

M Cells

Memory; Remember the antigen and antibody that kills it; Memory of T-cells--Naturally acquired immunity

~100 Trillion (70%-90%)

Microbial Cells

Innate Immunity

Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that we are born with. These mechanisms work to keep anything outside of us from coming in.

Susceptible Host

One that is vulnerable to infection

Agents of Disease

Organisms that cause disease: Prions, Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Helminths

What's the difference between outbreak and epidemic?

Outbreak is often used to describe a more limited geographic area

Mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and kuru

Prion Examples?

consumption of tainted meats, contaminated medical equipment, or by receiving corneas or organs from infected individuals

Prion exposure?

Cause normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally

Prions damage?

No Cure

Prions treatment?

Deprive host of essential nutrients found in food--cause tissue and organ damage

Protist damage?

Giardiasis; Gastrointestinal Problems

Protist examples?

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Protist exposure?

Antiprotozoal medication

Protist treatment?

Mucus sample---using a nose and throat swab

Respiratory Tract Infection Sample:

Pure cultures

Samples with only one type of bacteria; One in which all organisms have the same lineage, meaning they all are decedents from the same original organism

SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; RNA virus that causes the disease, COVID-19

Skin culture

Skin Infection Sample:

Acquired Immunity

Specific immune defense mechanisms. This forms of immunity is acquired over a lifetime and uses antibodies to respond to specific antigens. There are two forms: Active and Passive

Innate, or nonspecific, defense mechanisms

Tears, Digestive enzymes, Nasal mucosa and cilia, Cilia, Phagocytes, Stomach acid, Normal Flora, and Secretions

Immunity

The ability to defend against a pathogen by preventing its entry and/or development or by neutralizing its pathogenic cellular products

Biostatistics

The application of statistical methods to data relating to human biology, health, and medicine

Active Immunity

acquired following infection and recovery, or from a vaccine. Your body makes its own antibodies.

Passive Immunity

acquired from the mother. Antibodies are given to a child through the placenta or through breast feeding.

Normal Flora (Normal microbiota)

bacteria that live in us and on us

R0 calculation

number of new cases / number of existing cases

Petri dish

clear plastic container, used to culture bacteria

Pathogens

disease-causing organism

Congenital

existing at birth

culture

grow

Macroscopic

larger agents visible to the naked eye

Artificially acquired immunity

occurs when you receive a vaccine

Morphology

shape of cells

infection

the establishment of a disease-causing microorganism within a host

Infectious dose

the number of organisms it takes to cause illness following exposure

Microscopic

tiny agents, called microbes, visible only with a powerful microscope