PBS Cumulative EOC Study Set
Epidemiology
A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, causes, and control of health problems in a population
Endemic
A disease perpetually present in a community or population within a specific geographic area
Sporadic disease
A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
disease
A disorder of structure or function in an organism that results in specific signs or symptoms, may affect a specific location in the organism, and is not a direct result of physical injury; if an when the invasion and growth of a pathogen impairs bodily functions
Herd Immunity
A form of artificially acquired immunity that occurs when majority of a population, but not all, has been given a vaccine and becomes resistant to infection
Antibodies
A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin.
Vaccine
A substance used to stimulate an immune response with the goal of creating antibodies and providing immunity to specific infections
Epidemic
A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population
Outbreak
A sudden increase in the occurrence of disease in a localized area
R-naught
A term used to measure how infectious an agent of disease is----the expected number of new infections that come about from one infected person
T lymphocytes (T cells)
A type of white blood cell produced by the thymus and involved in the immune response; The body responds to the entry of a foreign invader into the body by sending these cells to the site of infection. They work to kill the pathogen by secreting toxins or by ingesting and digesting the toxins.
B lymphocytes (B cells)
A type of white blood cells that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies.
Chain of Infection
Agent of Disease-->Reservoir-->Portal of Exit-->Mode of Transmission-->Portal of Entry-->Susceptible Hosts
Pandemic
An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents and affects a large number of people
Nosocomial infection
An infection acquired in a hospital; also known as a hospital-acquired infection or HAI
host
An organism in which another organism lives
Block pathogens from entering cells, prevent bacteria from ingesting nutrients, and bind toxins released by pathogens to prevent them from harming us
Antibody functions?
Antigen
Anything that stimulates an immune response
genus and species
Bacteria are named by their?
Invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce harmful toxins
Bacteria damage?
Tuberculosis (TB)
Bacteria examples?
orifice, ingesting contaminated food/water, inhalation, sexual contact, or imbalance in normal flora
Bacteria exposure?
colonies
Bacteria grow in groups called
agar
Bacteria growth media; Nutrient-rich solid used to culture bacteria, usually in petri dishes, also known as plates
Antibiotics
Bacteria treatment?
Formal invitation
Before the DDT can begin an on-site investigation, they must receive a
1 in 31 patients
CDC estimate for patients in a hospital at any given time with at least one nosocomial infection
Pneumonia, Gastrointestinal infections, Urinary tract infections, Bloodstream infections, Skin and soft tissue infections
Common nosocomial infection
DDT
Disease Defense Team
Indirect Contact
Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host inhales infected particles, touches an infected object, or is bitten by an infected insect
Direct Contact
Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host touches an infected individual or is exposed to their body fluids
S Protein (Spike Protein)
Enables the virus to bind to lung cells in a host, infecting them
Clinical medicine, pathology, biostatistics, and social science
Epidemiologists need to have knowledge of
R-naught only applies when
Everyone is a susceptible host, meaning no one is immune and there is no way to control of the spread of the disease
Tissue damage
Fungi damage?
Athlete's Foot; Skin rash or vaginal infection with abnormal discharge
Fungi examples?
spores, reproductive cells, are inhaled or land on a host
Fungi exposure?
Antifungals
Fungi treatment?
Epidemiologists
Health care experts who study trends in health issues in a population and deploy public announcements, education initiatives, and protocols to protect the health of the nation
Deprive host of essential nutrients found in food and can cause organ and tissue damage
Helminth damage?
Tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid or leech
Helminth examples?
Consumption of contaminated foods or water, being bit by an infected insect
Helminth exposure?
Deworming medications
Helminth treatment?
E Protein (Envelope Protein)
Helps in assembling the virus within host cells and supports release of the virus from host cells
M Protein (Membrane Protein)
Helps the virus form it's characteristic shape
50
How many bacteria are known to cause disease?
~30 Trillion (10%-30%)
Human Cells
Takes over host cells' protein synthesis processes, and destroys host cells and tissue
Virus damage?
Influenza virus, the flu
Virus examples?
Touch, saliva, blood, sexual contact
Virus exposure?
Antivirals; Over-the-counter--alleviate symptoms
Virus treatment?
Living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms
What are Helminths?
Living, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
What are fungi?
Non-living, submicroscopic, proteins
What is a prion?
Living, microscopic, single-celled, eukaryotic, animal-like organisms
What is a protist?
Non-living, microscopic agents made up of an outer protein shell, called a capsid, and either DNA or RNA
What is a virus?
Living, microscopic unicellular, prokaryotic organisms
What is bacteria?
Method of Delivery
What is the best way to deliver this information? Examples include press releases, media interviews, social media, and journal articles
Timing
When's the right time? For example, releasing information too early could cause undue panic but communicating too late may risk additional exposure or incidents
Audience
Who will receive this information? For example, the public, health care professionals, government organizations
Etiology
The cause of a disease or condition
Metabolism
The chemical reaction processes of breaking down molecules for energy and of using simple building blocks to build up more complex molecules needed for growth and repair
Social Science
The study of human behavior and society
Urine Sample
Urinary Tract Infection Sample:
M Cells
Memory; Remember the antigen and antibody that kills it; Memory of T-cells--Naturally acquired immunity
~100 Trillion (70%-90%)
Microbial Cells
Innate Immunity
Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that we are born with. These mechanisms work to keep anything outside of us from coming in.
Susceptible Host
One that is vulnerable to infection
Agents of Disease
Organisms that cause disease: Prions, Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Helminths
What's the difference between outbreak and epidemic?
Outbreak is often used to describe a more limited geographic area
Mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and kuru
Prion Examples?
consumption of tainted meats, contaminated medical equipment, or by receiving corneas or organs from infected individuals
Prion exposure?
Cause normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally
Prions damage?
No Cure
Prions treatment?
Deprive host of essential nutrients found in food--cause tissue and organ damage
Protist damage?
Giardiasis; Gastrointestinal Problems
Protist examples?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water
Protist exposure?
Antiprotozoal medication
Protist treatment?
Mucus sample---using a nose and throat swab
Respiratory Tract Infection Sample:
Pure cultures
Samples with only one type of bacteria; One in which all organisms have the same lineage, meaning they all are decedents from the same original organism
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; RNA virus that causes the disease, COVID-19
Skin culture
Skin Infection Sample:
Acquired Immunity
Specific immune defense mechanisms. This forms of immunity is acquired over a lifetime and uses antibodies to respond to specific antigens. There are two forms: Active and Passive
Innate, or nonspecific, defense mechanisms
Tears, Digestive enzymes, Nasal mucosa and cilia, Cilia, Phagocytes, Stomach acid, Normal Flora, and Secretions
Immunity
The ability to defend against a pathogen by preventing its entry and/or development or by neutralizing its pathogenic cellular products
Biostatistics
The application of statistical methods to data relating to human biology, health, and medicine
Active Immunity
acquired following infection and recovery, or from a vaccine. Your body makes its own antibodies.
Passive Immunity
acquired from the mother. Antibodies are given to a child through the placenta or through breast feeding.
Normal Flora (Normal microbiota)
bacteria that live in us and on us
R0 calculation
number of new cases / number of existing cases
Petri dish
clear plastic container, used to culture bacteria
Pathogens
disease-causing organism
Congenital
existing at birth
culture
grow
Macroscopic
larger agents visible to the naked eye
Artificially acquired immunity
occurs when you receive a vaccine
Morphology
shape of cells
infection
the establishment of a disease-causing microorganism within a host
Infectious dose
the number of organisms it takes to cause illness following exposure
Microscopic
tiny agents, called microbes, visible only with a powerful microscope