PD BIO MID II - (Lesson 13: ALL CARDIO) finalized

Cardiovascular System

Also known as Circulatory System Maintains distribution of blood throughout body Composed of heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, and veins Made of two parts

Mitral Valve

Also known as the bicuspid valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs flow through this to the left ventricle and CANNOT go back up to the left atrium.

Cardiac Arrest

Complete stopping of heart activity

Muscular Action

Contractions help in movement of blood in veins

Septum

That portion of the septum that separates the two upper chambers (the right and left atria) of the heart is termed the atrial (or interatrial) septum while the portion of the septum that lies between the two lower chambers (the right and left ventricles) of the heart is called the ventricular (or interventricular)

Atria

Two of the four chambers of the heart Receiving chambers Blood is first collected here Upper

Vena Cava

Two veins where deoxygenated blood travels into the right atrium

2 cardiovascular pathways in the body

Pulmonary circuit, Systemic circuit

Atroventricular Node

Stimulated by SA node Transfers it to the atrioventricular bundle

The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and produces lubricant for heart contraction is the____________ . a. epicardium b. myocardium c. pericardium d. reticulocardium e. endocardium

c. pericardium

Septa

Partitions separating right and left sides of the heart: inter atrial and inter ventricular

Varicose veins

Permanently swollen veins from pooled blood. When standing for long periods, blood pools because it has to work against gravity.

4 chambers of heart and basic job

Right atrium - receives oxygen poor blood Left atrium - receives oxygen rich blood Right ventricle - sends oxygen poor blood to lungs Left ventricle - pumps oxygen rich blood to body, most muscular

All of the following are part of the cardiac conduction system except________ . a. the chordae tendineae b. the purkinje fibers c. the sinoatrial node d. the atrioventricular bundle

a. the chordae tendineae

the right AV valve is known as the a. tricuspid valve b. bicuspid valve c. aortic semilunar valve d. mitral valve e. pulmonary semilunar valve

a. tricuspid valve

Arterials

are small arteries that regulate blood pressure

Heart - 4 chambers

atria -right and left ventricles -right and left

the lub sound is made from which valves closing ?

atrioventricular valves

Given the following components of the cardiac conduction cycle, which of the following best describes the movement of the stimulus that causes a heart contraction? a. atrioventricular bundle b. sinoatrial node c. atria d. atrioventricular node e. purkinje fibers f. ventricles a) a, d, e, b, c, f b) b, c, d, a, e, f c) b, c, d, f, a, e, d) b, d, a, c, e, f e) d, a, e, f, b, c

b) b, c, d, a, e, f

As the blood travels through the circulatory system, the greatest drop in pressure occurs in____________ . a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules

b. arterioles

A pacemaker is used to correct________ . a. coronary artery disease b. cardiac arrhythmias c. heart murmurs d. hypertension

b. cardiac arrythmias

what structure divides the left from the right ventricle a. chordae tendinae b. interventricular septum c. bicuspid valve d. tricuspid valve e. interatrial septum

b. interventricular septum

when the ventricles contract, the bicuspid (mitral) valve prevents blood from flowing from the a. right ventricle to the right atrium b. left ventricle to the left atrium c. left ventricle to the right ventricle d. right atrium to the left atrium e. left atrium to the right atrium

b. left ventricle to the left atrium

a heart attack occurs as a result of a. prolonged hypotension b. narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries c. improper closure of semilunar valve d. disruption of the cardiac conduction system

b. narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries

which of the following blood vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? a. aorta b. pulmonary veins c. pulmonary artery d. iliac vein e. carotid artery

b. pulmonary veins

Plaque

A yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery that are the hallmark of atherosclerosis

Valves

Act as restraining gates to control blood flow 4 of them exist. They produce the "lubb" and "dupp" sounds of the heartbeat.

cardiac output

Amount of blood that leaves the heart

Tricuspid Valve

An atrioventricular valve (AV) Controls blood flow through the opening between right atrium and right ventricle ONCE the blood enters the right ventricle, it CANNOT go back up

sinoatrial (SA) node

An electrical impulse from this natural pacemaker (SA node) travels through the muscle fibers of the atria and ventricles, causing them to contract. Form an electrical impulse to produce a wave of electricity through atria, causing them to go into systole

Embolus

An obstacle involved in an embolism, such as blood clot, cholesterol deposits, tissue fragments, cancer cells, bacteria, air bubbles.

Veins

Carry oxygen-poor blood back to heart against gravity Thinner walls, causing easy collapse blood reservoir - 2/3 of blood Contain valves to allow blood to move only toward heart (NO BACKFLOW)

Coronary Circulation

Circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

which blood vessel is best suited for exchange of gases and nutrients with the surrounding tissue a. artery b. vein c. capillary d. arteriole

c. capillary

Arteries

carry oxygen-rich blood away from your heart

which of the following would result in a decrease in cardiac output? a. exercise b. increased heart rate c. activation of the sympathetic nervous system d. strong emotions e. decreased stroke volume

e. decreased stroke volume

varicose veins are caused by a. orthostatic hypotension b. excessive production of the enzyme renin c. the accumulation of fatty substances within blood vessels d. a loss of elasticity in blood vessels e. incompetent venous valves

e. incompetent venous valves

Edema

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues, most commonly noticed in the hands, arms, feet, ankles and legs. Edema happens when your small blood vessels become "leaky" and release fluid into nearby tissues.

During systole

the atria contract together followed by the ventricles contracting together

If blood pressure is so low in the veins

the blood flow increases with the help of Skeletal muscle contraction, Breathing and Valves

Systemic circuit

the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid it of wastes

Pulmonary circuit

the right side of the heart that brings blood from the body to the heart and the lungs

blood pressure in veins is lower than blood pressure in arteries, due in part to the larger diameter of veins T or F

true

coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with nutrients and oxygen T or F

true

the cardiac cycle consists of a period of heart contraction called systole and a period of heart relaxation called diastole T or F

true

the lumen of capillaries is so small that red blood cells must travel through these blood vessels in single file or sometimes actually squeeze through T or F

true

main pathway of blood in the body

Heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - back to the heart

Systolic Pressure

Highest blood pressure reading When the heart undergoes ventricular systole

Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart lining the chambers, very smooth, thin layer that serves to reduce friction as blood passes through

How is the heartbeat controlled

Internal control: -The SA node in the right atrium initiates the heartbeat and causes the atria to contract. -This impulse reaches the AV node, also in the right atrium, to send a signal down the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers that causes ventricular contraction -These impulses travel between gap junctions at intercalated disks External control: -Heartbeat is also controlled by a cardiac center in the brain and hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

Arrhythmia

Irregularity in the heartbeat or action. Comes in many different forms; some are not serious, while others are life threatening

Aorta

LARGEST artery in body

The heart

Large, muscular organ consisting of mostly cardiac tissue called the myocardium - has 4 chambers 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Blood Pressure

Measurement of the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel, usually measured in an artery of the arm.

pulmonary vein

One of four vessels that carry aerated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry bright-red oxygenated blood.

Carbon Dioxide

One of the products wasted by the heart Produced by metaolic reactions

Atrium

One of the two chambers of the heart that receive blood from veins and deliver it to the ventricles.

Pulmonary Artery

One of the two vessels which are formed as terminal branches of the pulmonary trunk and convey un-aerated blood to the lungs. The two pulmonary arteries differ in length and anatomy. The right pulmonary artery is the longer of the two.

Inferior Vena Cava

Carries blood from lower body

Epicardium

Outer layer of heart Enclosed by pericardum

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

-use of tobacco products -drug and alcohol abuse -obesity and a sedentary lifestyle -poor diet -stress -poor dental hygiene

Semilunar valves

1 pulmonary, 1 aortic prevent backflow from main arteries to ventricles

Atherosclerosis

- "Hardening of arteries" -It is a build up of plaque (fatty deposits) on and in artery walls -Plaque that is stationary is called a thrombus, and an embolus when it detaches and can move to distant sites -It is associated with a stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm

Blood flow

-Blood flow is under the highest pressure in the arteries but remember the thick, muscular walls. -Blood flow is slower in the capillaries which is important to allow time for exchange between cells. -Blood pressure is minimal in the veins and venules but blood flow increases

Hypertension

-High blood pressure results when blood moves through vessels at a rate higher than normal, often due to arterial plaque -140/90 mmHg is considered hypertension -It is a silent killer because there are few symptoms -It can lead to a heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure

Disorders of the blood vessels

-Hypertension/high blood pressure -Atherosclerosis -Stroke -Heart attack -Aneurysm

Aneurysm

-It is a ballooning of a blood vessel -atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken a vessel and cause ballooning -The most commonly affected is the abdominal artery or the arteries leading to the brain

electrocardiogram (ECG)

-It is a record of the electrical changes in the heart muscle during a cardiac cycle -The atria produce an electrical current, called the P wave, when stimulated by the SA node -The contraction of the ventricles is the QRS complex -The recovery of the ventricles is called the T wave -Looking at these electrical changes allows doctors to detect abnormalities

hepatic portal system

-It is a system that brings amino acid- and glucose-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver -The liver synthesizes blood proteins and stores the glucose as glycogen. -The liver also plays a role in purifying blood from the digestive tract. -Finally, the blood will return to the heart via the inferior vena cava

Capillaries

-Network of blood vessels -Thin walled, allowing diffusion of oxygen and nutrients, and allows waste to be carried away -Small in diameter, blood will not flow quickly (has time to exchange) -As blood exits, it returns to heart through a vein -Microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules -Made of one layer of epithelial tissue -Form beds of vessels where exchange with body cells occurs -Combined large surface area

How do the structure of the vessels and heart match their functions?

-The left ventricle is much more muscular than the right ventricle because it must pump blood to the entire body -The arteries are more muscular than veins to withstand the higher pressure exerted on them -The veins have a thinner wall and a larger center to contain blood

The heart's blood supply is Coronary circulation

-There are small coronary arteries that supply the heart -They are separate from the systemic and pulmonary pathways of the body

3 layers of artery, venue, and vein walls

-Thin inner epithelium -Thick smooth muscle layer -Outer connective tissue

The 3 layers of artery walls

-Thin inner epithelium -Thick smooth muscle layer -Outer connective tissue

Stroke

-also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) -It usually occurs when a cranial artery is blocked or bursts -Part of the brain dies dues to lack of oxygen -Symptoms may include numbness of hands or face, difficulty speaking, and inability to see in one eye

What is the cardiovascular system?

-includes the heart and blood vessels -brings nutrients to cells and helps get rid of wastes -Blood is refreshed in the lung, kidneys, intestine, and liver

Flow of Blood

1) Deoxygenated blood from all tissues enters a relaxed right atrium into the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava 2) Right atrium contracts and blood flows through the triscuspid valve into the right ventricle (relaxed) 3) Right ventricle contracts and blood is pumped to pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries lungs for oxygenation 4) Left atrium receives blood after oxygenation, enters through the four pulmonary veins (relaxed) 5) Left atrium contacts and blood flows through mitral valve into the relaxed left ventricle 6) When it contracts, blood is pumped through aortic valve to the aorta, LARGEST artery in body, which carries blood to all parts

4 Functions of the cardiovascular system

1) Generate blood pressure 2) Transport blood 3) Exchange of nutrients and wastes at the capillaries 4) Regulate blood flow as needed

Sequence of Electrical Flow/Conduction System of Heart

1) SA node creates electricity 2) Atrioventricular node stimulates 3) Node transfers wave to atroventricular bundle 4) Signal travels down bundle branches in the interventricular septum 5) Fibers in the myocardium stimulate to perform a systole

5 Functions of the circulatory system

1. Carries oxygen and food to cells in the body. 2. Carries carbon dioxide and waste away from cells to excretory glands like kidney, lungs and skin. 3. Aids in coagulation process. 4. Assists in defending body against disease. 5. Aids in regulation of body temperature.

plasma

1. Yellow liquid component of blood in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended 2. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume 3. Intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid 4. mostly water (93% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide

How many chambers are in the heart?

4 chambers

Beats per minute of the heart (bpm)

60 to 100 bpm

stroke volume is how many ml?

75

Approximately how many times does the heart beat in a minute?

75x

Pulmonary Valve

A semilunar (half moon) valve that controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen. Located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Prevents blood ejected into pulmonary artery from returning to the right ventricle as it relaxes.

Congestive Heart Failure

A series of issues causing more fluid than usual into interstitial space. A progressive decline of the heart weakening pumping, causing the blood to back up in veins, so pressure in veins and capillaries rises, so higher pressure lets more fluid out.

Deoxygenated blood always flows _________ . a. toward the left atrium b. from capillaries to arterioles c. toward the right atrium d. into the left ventricle e. in the systemic circuit

As blood collects in the upper chambers (the right and left atria), the heart's natural pacemaker (the SA node) sends out an electrical signal that causes the atria to contract. This contraction pushes blood through the tricuspid and mitral valves into the resting lower chambers (the right and left ventricles).

diastole

As blood collects in the upper chambers (the right and left atria), the heart's natural pacemaker (the SA node) sends out an electrical signal that causes the atria to contract. This contraction pushes blood through the tricuspid and mitral valves into the resting lower chambers (the right and left ventricles). -RELAXED phase in the heart. -Blood is not pushed at all -Lowest blood pressure reading

Explain how blood pressure is created and regulated and its significance to health and well-being.

BP CREATED: Blood pressure is the pressure created on the walls of blood vessels (especially on arteries) by the circulating blood. The heart pumps blood with a certain amount of pressure into arteries to achieve successive attainment of nutritional requirements by the whole body. This pressure is essential for blood to reach every tissue. Entire circulatory system maintains a harmony of this pressure on blood vessels, which is calculated as blood pressure. A disruption of this normal pressure results in either an increase or a decrease in blood pressure levels, with an increase referred to as hypertension. BP REGULATED: The body has mechanisms to alter or maintain blood pressure and blood flow. There are sensors that sense blood pressure in the walls of the arteries and send signals to the heart, the arterioles, the veins, and the kidneys that cause them to make changes that lower or increase blood pressure. There are several ways in which blood pressure can be adjusted; by adjusting the amount of blood pumped by the heart into the arteries (cardiac output), the amount of blood contained in the veins, the arteriolar resistance, and the volume of blood. 1) The heart can speed up and contract more frequently and it can eject more blood with each contraction (more forcefully). Both of these responses increase the flow of blood into the arteries and increase blood pressure. 2) The veins can expand and narrow. When veins expand, more blood can be stored in the veins and less blood returns to the heart for pumping into the arteries. As a result, the heart pumps less blood, and blood pressure is lower. On the other hand, when veins narrow, less blood is stored in the veins, more blood returns to the heart for pumping into the arteries, and blood pressure is higher. 3) The arterioles can expand and narrow. Expanded arterioles create less resistance to the flow of blood and decrease blood pressure, while narrowed arterioles create more resistance and raise blood pressure. 4) The kidney can respond to changes in blood pressure by increasing or decreasing the amount of urine that is produced. Urine is primarily water that is removed from the blood. When the kidney makes more urine, the amount (volume) of blood that fills the arteries and veins decreases, and this lowers blood pressure. If the kidneys make less urine, the amount of blood that fills the arteries and veins increases and this increases blood pressure. Compared with the other mechanisms for adjusting blood pressure, changes in the production of urine affect blood pressure slowly over hours and days. (The other mechanisms are effective in seconds.) For example, low blood volume due to bleeding (such as a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or from a severe laceration from an injury) can cause low blood pressure. The body quickly responds to the low blood volume and pressure by the following adjustments which all increase blood pressure: 1. The heart rate increases and the forcefulness of the heart's contractions increase, pumping more blood through the heart. 2. Veins narrow to return more blood to the heart for pumping. 3. Blood flow to the kidneys decreases to reduce the formation of urine and thereby increases the volume of blood in the arteries and veins. 4. Arterioles narrow to increase resistance to blood flow. These adaptive responses will keep the blood pressure in the normal range unless blood loss becomes so severe that the responses are overwhelmed.

veins in the arm

Basillic, Cephalic median, Cubital median., Each arm has 2 sets of veins: superficial and deep. The superficial veins are in the subcutaneous tissue, are are responsible for most of the venous return

Pulmonary Circulation

Between heart and lungs Transport DEOXYGENATED blood to lungs to get OXYGEN, and then back to the heart.

Systemic Circulation

Between heart and tissues and cells Transport OXYGENATED blood away from heart to tissues and cells, and then back to heart

Thromboembolism

Blockage of blood vessel by breakage of blood clot

Thrombus

Blood clot in vessel that stays there

Arterioles

Blood vessels that are smaller branches off of arteries. help regulate amount of blood that flows to each capillary

Compare and contrast the pulmonary and systemic circuits from one another.

Both the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit are parts of the cardiovascular system, responsible for transporting blood through the body. The PULMONARY circuit is on the RIGHT SIDE of the heart, and forms a closed loop BETWEEN the HEART and the LUNGS. Pulmonary carries DEoxygenated blood/venous blood to lungs then back to the heart This is necessary to keep the blood oxygenated and also to keep blood pressure up; without the pressure from the heart, the blood flowing out of the lungs would not have enough pressure to continue through the body. Because of this, the blood travels through the lungs and then returns to the heart, where it is pumped out through arteries and then through the rest of the body. The SYSTEMIC circuit is on the LEFT SIDE of the heart, and forms a closed loop from the HEART THROUGHOUT the BODY, carries OXYGENATED blood from aorta to tissues., and then returns to the heart. The systemic circuit contains veins and arteries; the arteries pump oxygenated blood away from the heart and the veins transport the newly de-oxygenated blood back to the heart. After circulating through the body, the now deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart mainly by way of two large veins: the superior and inferior vena cava. Systemic circulation is a much larger and higher pressure system than pulmonary circulation because it must force greater volumes of blood farther through the body compared to pulmonary circulation.

Coronary Arteries

Branch from aorta to provide blood to myocardium

Superior Vena Cava

Carries blood from upper body

pericardium

Double layered pleural sac that encloses heart. Fluid in between reduces friction as heart beats

Other Factors to Blood Pressure

Elasticity of arteries, Diameter of blood vessels, Viscosity of blood, Volume of blood flowing through the vessels, Amount of resistance to flow

Pulse

Felt in wrist or throat Surge of blood cause by heart contraction Normally equals heart rate

Purkinje Fibers

Fibers out in the ventricular myocardium to perform a ventricular systole

Cardiac Muscle

Found in heart Contraction results in ejection of blood from the heart

Aortic Valve

Semilunar valve between left ventricular and aorta which opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, your body's largest artery, where it is delivered to the rest of your body. Once blood leaves ventricle and CANNOT return to the ventricle

Angina pectoris

Sensation of severe pain and tightness in the chest caused by blood supply to the heart.

septum

Separates right and left side of heart

Cardiac Cycle

Sequence of contraction and relaxation 1. contraction of 2 atria 2. contraction of 2 ventricles 3. relaxation

Hemorrhoids

Sometimes painful condition caused by swollen veins in the lining of the anus.

Embolism

Sudden blockage of blood vessel by material floating in bloodstream.

Heart Attack

Sudden death of an area of heart tissue due to oxygen starvation, caused by impairment of blood flow within heart tissues. "myocardial infarction"

List the primary components of the circulatory system.

System components: A. cardiovascular: heart, blood vessels, and blood B. lymphatic: lymph muscles, lymph nodes and lymph

Heart - 4 valves

TWO atrioventricular - a. LEFT bicuspid (mitral) b. RIGHT tricuspid TWO semilunar - a. LEFT aortic b. RIGHT pulmonary

the conduction system within the heart itself.

The cardiac conduction system is a group of specialized, highly excitable cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract. The heartbeat is coordinated by this. Its composed of an internal pacemaker and nerve-like conduction pathways through the myocardium. The main components of the cardiac conduction system are the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. STEPS: 1. SA node fires 2.excitation spreads through atrial myocardium 3.AV node fires 4. excitation spreads down AV bundle 5. Pukinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium. FUNCTION: 1. To spontaneously generate and conduct action potentials 2. These action potentials in turn trigger action potentials in cardiac muscle, allowing the heart to contract

Describe how the heart rate is regulated and the electrical activity that controls heart rate and how it is measured.

The contraction of the heart muscle constantly regulates this flow in the form of a pulse, measured in heartbeats per minute. The right atrium, which is one of four heart chambers, contains the sinus node, which acts as the pacemaker for the heart. The body's nervous system, neurotransmitters and hormones regulate the sinus node. In addition, exercise, physical activity and emotional and physical stress also affect heart rate. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Two opposing mechanisms -- the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems -- regulate the heart rate. Your heart keeps beating whether you are awake or asleep, and the parasympathetic nervous system carries out this constant background beating. The sympathetic nervous system, when activated, causes the heart rate to speed up. When the heart rate is high, the parasympathetic system brings the heart rate down again to the background level. In a part of the brain, called the medulla, a "cardiac center" receives information from different parts of the body and decides whether to activate the parasympathetic system to slow the heart rate down or to stimulate the sympathetic system to increase the heart rate. NEUROTRANSMITTERS & HORMONES: Neurotransmitters are substances or chemicals that activate nerve cells and allow them to communicate with other nerve cells and muscle cells. Norepinephrine, or noradrenaline, and epinephrine, or adrenaline, activate the sympathetic nervous system and cause the heart rate to speed up. Acetylcholine stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and lowers the heart rate. Thyroid hormones, which affect virtually all cells in the body, increase the heart rate. During hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone levels are abnormally high and force the heart to beat at a high rate that can harm the heart muscle. ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY: 1. Atrial depolarization begins 2. Atrial depolarization complete (atria contracted) 3. Ventricles begin to depolarize at apex; atria repolarize (atria relaxed) 4. Ventricular depolarization complete (ventricles contracted) 5. Ventricles begin to repolarize at apex 6. Ventricular repolarization complete (ventricles relaxed) MEASUREMENT: Your pulse is the rate at which your heart beats. Your pulse is usually called your heart rate, which is the number of times your heart beats each minute (bpm). But the rhythm and strength of the heartbeat can also be noted, as well as whether the blood vessel feels hard or soft.

systole

The electrical signals from the SA node travel along a pathway of cells to the ventricles, causing them to contract.

Heart - 4 attached blood vessels

The great vessels of the heart provide passage of blood to and from the arteries and veins. There are four great vessels in all (corresponding to the number of chambers and valves). 1. Aorta: Largest artery in the body; receives blood from the left ventricle via the aortic valve; branches into the left common carotid, left subclavian, and brachiocephalic trunk. 2. Pulmonary trunk: Artery that supports pulmonary circulation by carrying deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange; the pulmonary trunk and its branching arteries are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood. 3. Superior vena cava: Vein that drains deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body, which is received by the right atrium. 4. Inferior vena cava: Vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body, which is received by the right atrium.

Diastolic pressure

The lowest point of arterial blood pressure during a cardiac cycle. Diastolic pressure is the second of two numbers recorded by the health care provider, the first being systolic pressure.

Ventricles

The other two chambers of the heart Pumping chambers Much thicker myocardium, thus contraction ejects blood out of heart Lower

Explain the processes that make up the heart's function, including the actions responsible for heart sounds and their significance.

The sound of a heartbeat is caused by the heart valves opening and closing as they pump blood. The first and second heart sounds, symbolized S1 and S2 are often described as a "lub-dub". The heartbeat sounds a bit like lub-DUB, lub-DUB, lub-DUB. The" lub" is the sound of the tricuspid and mitral valves closing. The" DUB" is the sound of the aortic and pulmonary valves closing. Together, they're the sound of someone's heart doing its job. S1 (lub) is louder and longer; Closing of AV valve S2 (DUB) a little softer and sharper; the closing of SL valve

ANP

The walls of the atria of the heart release ____ in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure. This hormone inhibits the release of renin from the JGA, inhibits NaCL reabsorption by the collecting ducts.

Compare and contrast the different kinds of blood vessels that are present in the body for structure and function.

There are three types of blood vessel in the human body - 1. Arteries 2. Veins 3. Capillaries ARTERIES: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The largest is the aorta. The circulation to all the body except the lungs is called the systemic circulation and carries oxygenated blood. The circulation to the lungs is called the pulmonary circulation and carries deoxygenated blood.Arteries divide into smaller ARTERIOLES which divide again and again and eventually become capillaries. Arteries have thick muscular walls, which enable them to resist the pressure of blood flow. The innermost wall (the tunica intima) is a single layer of cells and provides a smooth lining which allows the least possible frictional resistance to the flow of blood. The middle layer (the tunica media) is made up of elastic tissue which can stretch when the heart beats. The outer layer (the tunica adventitia) is in the form of a thin covering. VEINS: Veins are large blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart. Systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood. The largest veins are the superior and inferior vena cava, which return blood to the heart from the upper body and lower body respectively. Veins have a system of valves to prevent back-flow. The flow of blood is aided by the action of muscles, especially the large muscles of the leg. Like the artery the vein has a single cell layer, the tunica intima, as its lining. Unlike the artery the vein has a poorly developed middle layer, the tunica media. This is because the vein is not working under pressure and does not stretch in the same way as the artery. Unlike the artery, the vein has a thick outer layer, the tunica adventitia. It needs this for strength, as it does not have muscle in its walls. The lumen (inside) of the vein is much larger than in an artery, reflecting the slower rate of blood flow. CAPILLARIES: Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. The average diameter is eight micrometers with a very thin wall of 0.2 micrometers. The body has approximately 100,000 km. of capillaries. They are the site for exchange of gases, nutrients and waste between circulation and body tissues.

Arteries of the Head/Upper Torso

There are two routes that supply arterial blood to the head. Branches from both of these routes connect to the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis), a ring of blood vessels on the inferior surface of the brain.

Pacemaker cells

These cardiac muscle cells are the fastest of the cells., and other cells follow their pace.

Myocardium

Thick middle layer of the heart Contraction develops pressure needed to pump blood through the vessels

Angioplasty

Threading a tube with balloon attached into blocked artery. Balloon is then inflated to widen the lumen.

veins in the leg

Tibial, peroneal, and popliteal

Apex

Tip of the heart at the lower edge

cardiac output can be calculated by _____________ . a. monitoring changes in blood pressure for a specific period of time, but for at least 15 minutes b. measuring the number of heartbeats in one hour c. multiplying heart rate by stroke volume d. summing heart rate, stroke volume and blood pressure e. dividing stroke volume by arterial blood pressure

What is the most common cause of death in the Western world?

electrical impulse

When an electrical impulse is released from this natural pacemaker(SA Node), it causes the atria to contract. The signal then passes through the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node checks the signal and sends it through the muscle fibers of the ventricles, causing them to contract

Atrioventricular Bundle

Where the atrioventricular node transfers their wave Formerly called bundle of His

Diastole

a rest phase, when the chambers relax

All of the following mechanisms assist in returning venous blood to the heart except___________ . a. an increase in heart rate b. pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic cavities due to breathing c. contraction of skeletal muscles d. one-way valves located inside veins

a. an increase in heart rate

blood pressure is highest in ____________ . a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules

a. arteries

which of the choices represents the order of vessels through which blood passes after leaving the heart a. artery - arterioles - capillary - venule - veins b. artery - capillary - arteriole - venule - vein c. vein - venule - capillary - arteriole - artery d. artery - vein - capillary - arteriole - venule

a. artery - arterioles - capillary -venule - vein

when the force of blood on the walls of blood vessels drops below normal, the condition is referred to as a. hypotension b. blood pressure c. angina d. aneurysm e. hypertension

a. hypotension

Blood pressure in veins is lower than in arteries and a series of ____ are necessary to prevent backflow of blood. a. one-way valves b. endothelial cells c. two or three-way valves d. varicose veins e. tricuspid valves

a. one-way valves

which of the following is true regarding baroreceptors a. respond to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart contraction b. regulate blood pressure c. respond to low blood pressure by causing vasodialation of the arterioles d. send nerve impulses directly to the heart e. are lovated in the right atrium

b. regulate blood pressure

the sinoatrial node a. sends out a signal for contraction once every 2 minutes b. regulates the rate of heart contraction c. typically causes problems with the rhythm of the heartbeat d. is located in the left atrium e. is also known as the atrioventricular node

b. regulates the rate of heart contraction

which vein(s) carry oxygenated blood? a. superior vena cava and inferior vena cava b. right and left pulmonary veins c. aorta d. both (a) and (b)

b. right and left pulmonary veins

the aortic semilunar valve opens when a. the atrium is in systole b. the arterial pressure is lower than the ventricular pressure c. the atrioventricular valves open d. the right ventricle is in diastole e. all of the above

b. the arterial pressure is lower than the ventricular pressure

pulmonary veins a. return blood to the right atrium of the heart b. transport oxygenated blood to the heart c. transport blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs d. transport oxygenated blood to the lungs e. split off the pulmonary trunk

b. transport oxygenated blood to the heart

which of the following would be an appropriate homeostatic response to a drop in blood pressure below what is normal a. heart rate decreases b. vasoconstriction of arterioles c. force of cardiac contraction decreases d. both (a) and (c)

b. vasoconstriction of arterioles

Atrioventricular valve

between the atria and ventricle prevent blood from flowing back into atria

arteries in the arm

brachial (medial to biceps tendon), radial (lateral flexor surface), ulnar (medial flexor surface), vascular arches (connect the radial and uldar arteries protecting the distal circulation in the hand from arterial occlusion)

Pulmonary veins

bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium

which of the following represents the order of structures beginning inside the ventricle and traveling outward? a. pericardium, - epicardium - myocardium - endocardium b. epicardium - myocardium - endocardium - pericardium c. endocardium - myocardium - epicardium - pericardium d. endocardium - pericardium - myocardium - epicardium

c. endocardium - myocardium - epicardium - pericardium

where in the body is the regulation of cardiac output centered? a. spinal cord b. pericardium c. medulla oblongata d. aorta e. myocardium

c. medulla oblongata

cardiac output can be calculated by a. monitoring changes in blood pressure for a specific period of time, but for at least 15 minutes b. measuring the number of heartbeats in one hour c. multiplying heart rate by stroke volume d. summing heart rate, stroke volume and blood pressure e. dividing stroke volume by arterial blood pressure

c. multiplying heart rate by stroke volume

the thick layer of the heart wall that contains contractile cardiac muscle tissue is the a. endocardium b. visceral pericardium c. myocardium d. parietal pericardium e. epicardium

c. myocardium

veins a. transport oxygen-rich blood b. branch into smaller vessel called arterioles c. often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood d. carry blood away from the heart e. operate under high pressure

c. often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

which of the following might be treated appropriately by administering clot-dissolving drugs? a. hypertension b. hypotension c. pulmonary embolism d. a hemorrhagic stroke

c. pulmonary embolism

The atrioventricular valves close when ______ . a. the ventricles are relaxed b. the right atrium is contracting c. the ventricles contract d. the heart is completely relaxed e. the P wave of an electrocardiogram appears

c. the ventricles contract

which of the following statements regarding the cardiac cycle is false? a. when the ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close b. when the ventricles relax, the semilunar valves close c. when the atria contract, the semilunar valves open d. when the atria contract, the atrioventricular valves open

c. when the atria contract, the semilunar valves open

which of the following is/are involved in regulating blood pressure a. heart b. baroreceptors c. cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata d. all of the above

d. all of the above

When blood leaves the heart, it first enters a. arterioles b. veins c. capillaries d. arteries e. venules

d. arteries

____ carry blood away from the heart and ____ carry blood toward the heart a. veins and arteries b. arteries and arterioles c. veins and capillaries d. arteries and veins e. arteries and capillaries

d. arteries and veins

which of the following might cause the heart rate to increase from 68 bpm to 120 bpm a. epinephrine b. stimulation via parasympathetic system c. stimulation via sympathetic system d. both (a) and (c)

d. both (a) and (c)

the exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues is the primary function of____________ . a. interstitial fluid b. veins c. arteries d. capillaries e. epicardium

d. capillaries

blood pumped from the right ventricle is ____ and enters the ____ . a. oxygenated, pulmonary vein b. oxygenated, pulmonary trunk c. deoxygenated, aorta d. deoxygenated, pulmonary trunk e. deoxygenated, coronary vein

d. deoxygenated, pulmonary trunk

the sinoatrial node is located in the a. interventricular septum b. right ventricle c. aorta d. right atrium e. left atrium

d. right atrium

which area of the heart receives blood from the systemic veins a. aorta b. left atrium c. right ventricle d. right atrium e. left ventricle

d. right atrium

Electrical impulses that stimulate contraction of heart muscles are initiated in the _________ . a. atrioventricular node b. bundle of his c. purkinje fibers d. sinoatrial node e. left ventricle

d. sinoatrial node

Inferior and superior vena cava

dump blood into the right atrium

A person with a heart rate of 75 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 60 mL per beat has a cardiac output of ________ . a. 1.25 mL/min b. 0.8 mL/min c. 120 mL/min d. 6000 mL/min e. 4500 mL/min

e. 4500 mL/min

Blood movement in veins is aided by___________ . a. contractions of skeletal muscles b. pressure changes associated with breathing c. one-way valves inside of veins d. movement of limbs e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Artherosclerosis is a condition that results in a thickening of arterial walls due to build up of fatty deposits containing____________ . a. albumin b. phospholipids c. glycerol d. glucose e. cholesterol

e. cholesterol

the left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle a. pumps blood into the atria b. receives blood directly from major arteries c. pumps blood more rapidly than the other chambers d. must decrease the amount of pressure on the blood so it can flow more smoothly e. must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into atria

e. must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into atria

which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood a. pulmonary artery b. coronary artery c. inferior vena cava d. superiod vena cava e. pulmonary veins

e. pulmonary veins

After blood flows through the right atrium of the heart, its next major destination is the___________ . a. left atrium b. aorta c. left ventricle d. lungs e. right ventricle

e. right ventricle

which one is the correct sequence going from the outermost to the innermost layer of blood vessel wall a. tunica externa, tunica intima, tunica media b. tunica mediua, tunica externa, tunica intima c. tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa d. tunica media, tunica intima, tunica externa e. tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

e. tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

veins in the Head/Upper Torse

external and internal jugulor, vertebral ,subclavian, superior vena cava

vasoconstriction causes an increase in the diameter of blood vessels, thus causing an increase in blood flow to the tissues T or F

false

veins carry blood away from the heart T or F

false

arteries in the leg

femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial

5 things blood contains

hormones, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and gases

Left ventricle

large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta and to the rest of the body

Blood pressure in veins is ________ than in arteries.

lower

Primary Heart Sounds

lub-closure of two atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole dub - aortic and pulmonary semilunar close during ventricular diastole

how does afterload affect cardiac output?

more afterload, more cardiac output

how does preload affect cardiac output?

more preload, more cardiac output

How many beats in a cardiac cycle, or heartbeats per min?

occurs 70 times/minute on average

Average blood pressure

recorded at about 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)

the dub sound is made from which valves closing?

semilunar valves

2 sets of valves in heart

semilunar valves and atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

Venules

small veins that receive blood from the capillaries and transport blood back to the heart (bigger than capillaries). At the downstream end, capillaries converge into these, which converge into veins.