PED 110 Test 2 study guide
Time (duration) of training
A total duration of 20 to 60 minutes per day is recommended.
During exercise
Heart rate increases. Breathing speeds up and becomes deeper. Working muscles receive more blood. Systolic blood pressure increases, while diastolic pressure remains steady or decreases slightly.
Which defines atherosclerosis?
It is thickening of artery walls by deposit of fatty substances.
Cancer
Type 2 diabetes Osteoporosis
Cardiorespiratory endurance exercises
activities that involve rhythmic use of large-muscle groups for an extended period of time.
Cell pump
activity that maintains internal cellular health is boosted by exercise.
Cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume
Stroke volume
amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat
Stroke
an impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
What is an arrhythmia?
an irregular heartbeat
Anaerobic
occurring in the absence of oxygen
Ventricle
one of the two lower chambers of the heart from which blood flows through arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body
Atrium
one of the two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles
Coronary arteries
pair of large blood vessels that branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
Immune system
physiological processes that protect us from diseases
Systole
contraction of the heart
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
heart disease caused by atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease (CAD)
Target heart rate zone
heart rates that should be reached and maintained during cardiorespiratory exercise to obtain training effects
Maximal oxygen consumption (V O2max)
highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body's ability to transport and use oxygen
Two types of strokes
ischemic and hemorrhagic
Venae cavae
large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart
Which cholesterol profile would place someone at greatest risk for heart disease?
low HDL and high LDL
Lactic acid
metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen
Oxidative (aerobic) energy system
supplies energy to cells through breakdown of glucose, glycogen, and fats; also called the aerobic system
Immediate ("explosive") energy system
supplies energy to muscle cells through breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP)
Nonoxidative (anaerobic) energy system
supplies energy to muscle cells through breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen
Hypertension
sustained, abnormally high blood pressure; occurs when too much force is exerted against the walls of the arteries
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
system of monitoring exercise intensity based on assigning a number to the subjective perception of target intensity
Cardiorespiratory system
system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
Smoking
-Damages the lining of arteries -Reduces levels of HDL -Raises triglycerides and LDL -Reduces oxygen available to body -Speeds development of fatty deposits in arteries.
Diabetes Warning Signs
-Frequent urination -Extreme hunger or thirst -Unexplained weight loss -Extreme fatigue -Blurred vision -Frequent infections -Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal -Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet -Generalized itching with no rash
Tobacco use
-Pack-a-day smokers are at twice the risk for heart attack as nonsmokers. -Smoking two or more packs a day triples the risk. -Heart attack victims are two to three times more likely to die if they smoke.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
-the energy "currency" of cells -energy source for cellular processes
Which blood pressure readings for an adult would cause a diagnosis of hypertension?
140/96
Aging
70% of heart attack victims are over age 65. For people over 55, the incidence of stroke more than doubles in each successive decade.
Type 2 diabetes
90 to 95% of American with diabetes have this form. Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, cells are resistant to insulin, or both
Diabetes mellitus
A disease that disrupts normal metabolism, interfering with cells' ability to take in glucose for energy production
Atherosclerosis
A form of CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by plaque deposits; arteries become narrowed, and blood supply is reduced
Cardiorespiratory endurance exercise helps the body:
Become more efficient Cope better with physical challenges Resist chronic diseases
Stroke
Blockage of a cerebral artery
Heart attack
Blockage of the coronary artery
Three classes of energy containing nutrients
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Physical inactivity
Exercise is the closest thing to a magic bullet against heart disease.
Frequency of training
Experts recommend 3 to 5 days per week.
Heart
Fist-sized muscle with four chambers
Physical fitness and energy production
Fitness programs should target the energy system most important to your goals. The cardio-respiratory system is the key to overall fitness.
Obesity
For every 5-unit increment of BMI, a person's risk of death from coronary heart disease increases by 30%. Distribution of body fat is also significant.
Endurance exercises enhance heart health
Maintains or increases the heart's blood and oxygen supply Improves the heart muscle's function Strengthens the heart's contractions Increases the heart's cavity size Increases blood volume Reduces blood pressure
Genetics
Multiple genes contribute to the development of CVD and its risk factors.
Gestational diabetes
Occurs in 2 to 10% of women during pregnancy 5 to 10% of women with gestational diabetes go on to have type 2 diabetes immediately after pregnancy.
Heart attack symptoms may include
Pain or pressure in the chest Pain in the arm, neck, or jaw Difficulty breathing Excessive sweating Nausea and vomiting Loss of consciousness
SMART
Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time frame-specific
Energy systems in combination
The intensity and duration of exercise determines which energy system predominates.
Type 1 diabetes
The most serious form of diabetes. 5 to 10% of American with diabetes have this form. The body's immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
Congestive heart failure treatment
Treatments include reducing heart workload, lowering salt intake, and taking drugs to eliminate fluids
Arrhythmia
a change in the normal pattern of the heartbeat
Nitric oxide
a chemical messenger released by the endothelial cells to promote blood flow
What is the definition of congestive heart failure?
a condition resulting from the heart's inability to maintain its regular pumping force
What occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked?
a heart attack
Sudden cardiac death
a nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease
Ischemic stroke
blockage in a blood vessel.
Thrombotic
blood clot in cerebral or carotid artery
Triglycerides
blood fats absorbed from food and manufactured by the body.
Hemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel in the brain bursts.
Inflammation
body's response to tissue and cell damage, environmental poisons, or poor metabolic health
What is the leading cause of death in the United States
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Platelets
cell fragments in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots Smoking also causes platelets to stick together in the bloodstream, leading to clotting.
Mitochondria
cell structures that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use
Endothelial cells
cells lining the blood vessels
Pulmonary circulation
circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart
Systemic circulation
circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels Leading cause of death in the United States Largely due to way of life
Glycogen
complex carbohydrate stored in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuel source during most forms of intense exercise; the storage form of glucose
Angina pectoris
condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, causing severe pain in the chest and often in the arm and shoulder
Congestive heart failure
condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins, leading to the heart causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
Heart attack
damage to, or death of, heart muscle, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infarction (M I)
Aerobic
dependent on the presence of oxygen
Plaque
deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of the arteries
Heart rate reserve
difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in some methods of determining target heart rate zone
What are the six major risk factors for cardiovascular disease that people can change?
elevated cholesterol levels, tobacco use, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes
Calories per session
energy expenditure of an exercise session expressed in calories
MET-minutes
exercise intensity in METs times minutes of exercise
Which of the following cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are NOT modifiable?
family history of CVD
Lactate
fuel substance generated as lactic acid breaks down in the body
Diffusion
process of oxygen moving from lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide moving from blood to the lungs
Metabolic rate
rate at which the body uses energy
Diastole
relaxation of the heart
Glucose
simple sugar that circulates in blood and is used by cells to fuel ATP production
Which problem does blockage of blood supply to the brain cause?
stroke
Aorta
the body's large artery, which receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body
Blood pressure
the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping action of the heart
Respiratory system
the lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide
Alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood
Four valves prevent blood back flow
tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic
MET
unit of measure that represents body's resting metabolic rate
Capillaries
very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body
Arteries
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins
vessels that carry blood to the heart
Embolic
wandering blood clot (embolus)
At rest
your heart beats at a rate of about 50 to 90 beats per minute, you take about 12 to 20 breaths per minute, and your blood pressure is about 120/80 mmHg.