PED 110 Test 2 study guide

Time (duration) of training

A total duration of 20 to 60 minutes per day is recommended.

During exercise

Heart rate increases. Breathing speeds up and becomes deeper. Working muscles receive more blood. Systolic blood pressure increases, while diastolic pressure remains steady or decreases slightly.

Which defines atherosclerosis?

It is thickening of artery walls by deposit of fatty substances.

Cancer

Type 2 diabetes Osteoporosis

Cardiorespiratory endurance exercises

activities that involve rhythmic use of large-muscle groups for an extended period of time.

Cell pump

activity that maintains internal cellular health is boosted by exercise.

Cardiac output

amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume

Stroke volume

amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat

Stroke

an impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

What is an arrhythmia?

an irregular heartbeat

Anaerobic

occurring in the absence of oxygen

Ventricle

one of the two lower chambers of the heart from which blood flows through arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body

Atrium

one of the two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles

Coronary arteries

pair of large blood vessels that branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Immune system

physiological processes that protect us from diseases

Systole

contraction of the heart

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

heart disease caused by atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease (CAD)

Target heart rate zone

heart rates that should be reached and maintained during cardiorespiratory exercise to obtain training effects

Maximal oxygen consumption (V O2max)

highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body's ability to transport and use oxygen

Two types of strokes

ischemic and hemorrhagic

Venae cavae

large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart

Which cholesterol profile would place someone at greatest risk for heart disease?

low HDL and high LDL

Lactic acid

metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen

Oxidative (aerobic) energy system

supplies energy to cells through breakdown of glucose, glycogen, and fats; also called the aerobic system

Immediate ("explosive") energy system

supplies energy to muscle cells through breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP)

Nonoxidative (anaerobic) energy system

supplies energy to muscle cells through breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen

Hypertension

sustained, abnormally high blood pressure; occurs when too much force is exerted against the walls of the arteries

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)

system of monitoring exercise intensity based on assigning a number to the subjective perception of target intensity

Cardiorespiratory system

system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system

Smoking

-Damages the lining of arteries -Reduces levels of HDL -Raises triglycerides and LDL -Reduces oxygen available to body -Speeds development of fatty deposits in arteries.

Diabetes Warning Signs

-Frequent urination -Extreme hunger or thirst -Unexplained weight loss -Extreme fatigue -Blurred vision -Frequent infections -Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal -Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet -Generalized itching with no rash

Tobacco use

-Pack-a-day smokers are at twice the risk for heart attack as nonsmokers. -Smoking two or more packs a day triples the risk. -Heart attack victims are two to three times more likely to die if they smoke.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

-the energy "currency" of cells -energy source for cellular processes

Which blood pressure readings for an adult would cause a diagnosis of hypertension?

140/96

Aging

70% of heart attack victims are over age 65. For people over 55, the incidence of stroke more than doubles in each successive decade.

Type 2 diabetes

90 to 95% of American with diabetes have this form. Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, cells are resistant to insulin, or both

Diabetes mellitus

A disease that disrupts normal metabolism, interfering with cells' ability to take in glucose for energy production

Atherosclerosis

A form of CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by plaque deposits; arteries become narrowed, and blood supply is reduced

Cardiorespiratory endurance exercise helps the body:

Become more efficient Cope better with physical challenges Resist chronic diseases

Stroke

Blockage of a cerebral artery

Heart attack

Blockage of the coronary artery

Three classes of energy containing nutrients

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Physical inactivity

Exercise is the closest thing to a magic bullet against heart disease.

Frequency of training

Experts recommend 3 to 5 days per week.

Heart

Fist-sized muscle with four chambers

Physical fitness and energy production

Fitness programs should target the energy system most important to your goals. The cardio-respiratory system is the key to overall fitness.

Obesity

For every 5-unit increment of BMI, a person's risk of death from coronary heart disease increases by 30%. Distribution of body fat is also significant.

Endurance exercises enhance heart health

Maintains or increases the heart's blood and oxygen supply Improves the heart muscle's function Strengthens the heart's contractions Increases the heart's cavity size Increases blood volume Reduces blood pressure

Genetics

Multiple genes contribute to the development of CVD and its risk factors.

Gestational diabetes

Occurs in 2 to 10% of women during pregnancy 5 to 10% of women with gestational diabetes go on to have type 2 diabetes immediately after pregnancy.

Heart attack symptoms may include

Pain or pressure in the chest Pain in the arm, neck, or jaw Difficulty breathing Excessive sweating Nausea and vomiting Loss of consciousness

SMART

Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time frame-specific

Energy systems in combination

The intensity and duration of exercise determines which energy system predominates.

Type 1 diabetes

The most serious form of diabetes. 5 to 10% of American with diabetes have this form. The body's immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Congestive heart failure treatment

Treatments include reducing heart workload, lowering salt intake, and taking drugs to eliminate fluids

Arrhythmia

a change in the normal pattern of the heartbeat

Nitric oxide

a chemical messenger released by the endothelial cells to promote blood flow

What is the definition of congestive heart failure?

a condition resulting from the heart's inability to maintain its regular pumping force

What occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked?

a heart attack

Sudden cardiac death

a nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease

Ischemic stroke

blockage in a blood vessel.

Thrombotic

blood clot in cerebral or carotid artery

Triglycerides

blood fats absorbed from food and manufactured by the body.

Hemorrhagic stroke

blood vessel in the brain bursts.

Inflammation

body's response to tissue and cell damage, environmental poisons, or poor metabolic health

What is the leading cause of death in the United States

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Platelets

cell fragments in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots Smoking also causes platelets to stick together in the bloodstream, leading to clotting.

Mitochondria

cell structures that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use

Endothelial cells

cells lining the blood vessels

Pulmonary circulation

circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart

Systemic circulation

circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels Leading cause of death in the United States Largely due to way of life

Glycogen

complex carbohydrate stored in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuel source during most forms of intense exercise; the storage form of glucose

Angina pectoris

condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, causing severe pain in the chest and often in the arm and shoulder

Congestive heart failure

condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins, leading to the heart causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body

Heart attack

damage to, or death of, heart muscle, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infarction (M I)

Aerobic

dependent on the presence of oxygen

Plaque

deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of the arteries

Heart rate reserve

difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in some methods of determining target heart rate zone

What are the six major risk factors for cardiovascular disease that people can change?

elevated cholesterol levels, tobacco use, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes

Calories per session

energy expenditure of an exercise session expressed in calories

MET-minutes

exercise intensity in METs times minutes of exercise

Which of the following cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are NOT modifiable?

family history of CVD

Lactate

fuel substance generated as lactic acid breaks down in the body

Diffusion

process of oxygen moving from lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide moving from blood to the lungs

Metabolic rate

rate at which the body uses energy

Diastole

relaxation of the heart

Glucose

simple sugar that circulates in blood and is used by cells to fuel ATP production

Which problem does blockage of blood supply to the brain cause?

stroke

Aorta

the body's large artery, which receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body

Blood pressure

the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping action of the heart

Respiratory system

the lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide

Alveoli

tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood

Four valves prevent blood back flow

tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic

MET

unit of measure that represents body's resting metabolic rate

Capillaries

very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body

Arteries

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

vessels that carry blood to the heart

Embolic

wandering blood clot (embolus)

At rest

your heart beats at a rate of about 50 to 90 beats per minute, you take about 12 to 20 breaths per minute, and your blood pressure is about 120/80 mmHg.