Geology CH3 Master

Oceans cover approximately ________ of Earth's surface area?

70%

________ involves movement on a zone of compressed air.

A rock avalanche

Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form? A) A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream downcuts upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream. B) A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream aggrades its channel upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream. C) Base level rises; the stream downcuts, and the old floodplain is left well above the elevation of the present-day channel. D) Base level drops; the stream aggrades its channel, and the former floodplain is left below the present elevation of the stream.

A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream downcuts upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream.

________ account(s) for the largest usage of groundwater in the United States.

Agriculture and irrigation

The ________ are a geologically old mountain range folded and deformed during the Paleozoic.

Appalachians in the Eastern United States

A low lying, coral limestone island with a central lagoon is called a(n) ________.

Atoll

________ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.

Capacity

________ proposed a hypothesis (that later became a theory) on the creation of atolls.

Charles Darwin

Which of the following is a measure of a stream's ability to transport particles based on size, rather than quantity?

Competence

Which of the following statements about meandering channels is true? A)Point bars are deposited on the outsides of meanders. B)The outside of a meander is a zone of slow flowing water. C)The inside of a meander is the area of fastest flow. D)Cut banks are located on the outside of meanders.

Cut banks are located on the outside of meanders.

________ are NOT associated with a mid-ocean ridge.

Deep ocean trenches

The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of a(n) ________.

Dome

________ are components of the hydrologic cycle that release water vapor directly to the atmosphere.

Evaporation and transpiration

Young oceanic lithosphere typically experiences what type of subduction and at what angle?

Forced Subduction; shallow angle

________ in a delta are essentially cross strata inclined toward deeper water.

Foreset beds

Which of the following factors affect a stream's flow velocity? A)discharge B)channel size and roughness C)gradient D)cross-sectional shape E)Gradient, cross-sectional shape, channel size and roughness, and discharge all affect a stream's flow velocity.

Gradient, cross-sectional shape, channel size and roughness, and discharge all affect a stream's flow velocity.

________ is a coefficient that takes into account the viscosity of the fluid and the permeability of the aquifer.

Hydraulic conductivity

Which of the following best describes a graded stream? A)It is actively downcutting its channel. B)It is basically in equilibrium, neither eroding nor depositing material. C)It is rapidly depositing material at its mouth. D)It is rapidly eroding its banks.

It is basically in equilibrium, neither eroding nor depositing material.

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)reverse fault B)joint C)thrust fault D)normal fault

Joint

A thrust fault is best described as ________.

Low angle reverse fault

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A) pillow basalts B)sheeted dikes C)manganese nodules D)gabbro

Manganese Nodules

As an erosional process, how is mass movement unique from wind, water, and ice?

Mass wasting does not require a transporting medium.

Fault-block mountains occur in regions dominated by ________ faulting.

Normal

________ faults form in response to horizontal, tensional stresses that stretch or elongate the rocks.

Normal

Which of the following locations was affected by mudflows triggered by an earthquake in 2011? A)Santa Tecia, El Salvador B)Johannesburg, South Africa C)Nova Friburgo, Brazil D)Oslo, Norway

Nova Friburgo, Brazil

The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel.

Original, old age streams downcut as the land gradually rose.

________ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.

Porosity

________ is (are) not part of an ophiolite complex.

Residual, unmelted, crustal lithosphere

Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams?

Sea level falls; land rises.

________ comprise the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.

Silt and clay-sized, detrital grains

________ would have the largest capacity to naturally remove sewage pollutants.

Slightly clayey sand

The Mariana Trench provides an example of a location where ________ is occurring.

Spontaneous subdouction

________ occur where the water table intersects Earth's surface and natural outflow of groundwater occurs.

Springs

Crustal fragments that have been accreted, and have a geologic history distinct from those of the adjoining fragments are called ________.

Terranes

A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth, canal-like channel. Which of the following statements is correct? A) The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel. B) The straight channel has a higher gradient and more friction than the natural channel. C) The natural channel had a lower gradient and less friction than the modified channel. D) All of the above statements are true.

The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE concerning natural levees? A) They are depositional features formed at times of low discharge. B) They form the high, steep banks of a downcutting stream. C) They are erosional features left behind when meander cutoff occurs. D) They are mostly fine sand and silt that build up during floods.

They are mostly fine sand and silt that build up during floods.

Lahars are associated with which of the following?

Volcanoes

Which of the following best describes how geysers erupt? A) Water below the water table slowly boils in a vertical crack or natural conduit, causing a plume of condensed water vapor to rise above the vent. B) Water suddenly boils in disconnected voids and cracks above the water table, causing the aquifer to explosively fragment. C) With a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent. D) Water slowly boils in a network of vertical cracks above the water table, sending up a plume of steam and hot water.

With a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent.

Where are the most extensive geothermal features in the world?

Yellowstone National Park, United States

The water table is ________.

a boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above

A graben is characterized by ________.

a hanging wall block that has moved down between two normal faults

A(n) ________ is a thick accumulation of sediments and small, tectonic blocks formed of material scraped off a descending, lithospheric plate.

accretionary-wedge complex

________ refers to sediments deposited from streams.

alluvium

All of the following are possible indicators that creep is occurring EXCEPT for ________. A)cracks in roads or sidewalks B)tilted fences or power line poles C)an extremely thick soil profile D)curved tree trunks

an extremely sick soil profile

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A) zone of soil moisture B) capillary fringe C) aquifer D) unsaturated zone

aquifer

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A) aquitard B) porosity C) permeability D) aquifer

aquitard

Highly impermeable layers such as compacted clay or shale are known as ________.

aquitards

Seamounts ________.

are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor

Where in the oceans are biological communities thriving without sunlight?

around seafloor, hot spring vents

What term describes a groundwater system in which water in a well rises above the top of the aquifer without use of a pump?

artesian

Which best describes how an accretionary wedge forms?

as a result of the accumulation of sediment and oceanic crust being scraped off a descending oceanic plate during subduction

Large circular downwarped structures are called ________.

basins

The continental rise is located ________.

between an abyssal plain and continental slope

Which of the following channel types is likely to form at the end of a glacier?

braided channel

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)flow B)capacity C)velocity D)discharge

capacity

In which of the following areas would you expect landslides to be MOST common? A)the Midwest of the United States B)central Texas C)coastal California D)coastal Florida

coastal california

Terrane accretion generally occurs along a ________ boundary between a continental plate and an oceanic plate.

convergent

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. Question 9 options: A)debris flow B)lahar C)creep D)rockslide

creep

Which mass movement process has the slowest rate of movement?

creep

Darcy's law allows for the calculation of ________.

discharge

The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time is called ________.

discharge

Which example best demonstrates groundwater's power as an erosional agent?

dissolution of limestone leading to sinkholes and caverns

Depositional features created by dripping of water over great spans of time are called ________.

dripstone

Which one of the following materials has the maximum, sustainable, slope angle, as determined by the angle of repose?

dry sand

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)earthquake B)water C)vegetation D)slope angle

earthquake

A good example of a present-day, passive continental margin is the ________.

east coast of North America

Talus slopes are associated with what type of motion?

fall

All of the following are factors affecting mass movement EXCEPT for ________. A)slope angle B)gravity C)geologic age D)water

geologic age

A ________ is an upraised block bounded by two reverse faults.

horst

Most rapid and spectacular mass movement events occur ________.

in rugged, geologically young mountains

When water moves in nearly straight-line paths parallel to the stream channel, in slow moving streams, this is called ________.

laminar flow

The unsaturated zone ________.

lies above the water table

The hot spring deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine. What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs?

limestone

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)lahar B)debris flow C)earthflow D)liquefaction

liquefaction

A cross-sectional view of a stream from its source area to its mouth is called its ________.

longitudinal profile

A slow-spreading ridge will generally have ________ compared to a faster spreading ridge.

more rugged topography

Which of the following statements concerning mudflows is NOT true? A)In hilly areas, mudflows move down the canyons and stream valleys. B)Mudflows may be caused by heavy rains or melting snow. C)Mudflows deposit talus slopes. D)Mudflows can move and carry very large boulders and other coarse debris.

mudflows deposit talus slopes

Rock deformation mostly occurs ________.

near the centers of plates

Tensional forces normally cause which one of the following? A)reverse faults B)strike-slip faults C)thrust faults D)normal faults

normal faults

In which of the following locations would you most expect to encounter solifluction?

northern canada

Deep-sea fans are found ________.

on the continental rise

Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?

on the outer parts of the meander loops or bends

Why is a bird-foot delta like that of the present-day Mississippi below New Orleans likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case, Greek letter delta (∆)?

potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels

What force pushes groundwater from pore to pore below the water table?

pressure gradient or hydraulic gradient

The removal of blocks from the bed of a stream channel is known as ________.

quarrying

A drainage pattern comprised of streams that diverge from a central area like spokes is called ________.

radial

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)Rio Grande Rift B)continental rift C)East African Rift D)rift valley

rift valley

Deep, down-faulted structures along the axis of some segments of oceanic ridge are called ________.

rift valleys

If you are standing facing a strike-slip fault, and movement of the crustal block on the opposite side is to your right, it is called a(n) ________ strike-slip fault.

right-lateral

Of the following, which one would most likely be triggered by an earthquake? A)solifluction B)slump C)rock avalanche D)soil creep

rock avalanche

A network of recharge wells can help correct the problem of ________.

saltwater intrusion

Water depths and seafloor topography are now routinely determined by ________.

ship-mounted echo sounders

Which type of movement involves a zone of weakness separating the moving material from the more stable underlying material?

slide

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)flow B)slide C)fall D)solifluction

solifluction

Water-saturated soil moving downslope at a rate of a few millimeters or centimeters per day or per year is known as________.

solifluction

Which one of the following operates primarily in areas of permafrost?

solifluction

An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________.

sound pulse to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back

A ________ is the icicle-like speleothem that grows down from the roof of a cavern.

stalactite

Which is the correct term for water that flows in a channel, regardless of size?

stream

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)abyssal plain B)trench C)seamount D)submarine canyon

submarine canyon

The mountains and valleys of the Basin and Range Province of the western United States formed in response to ________.

tensional stresses and normal-fault movements

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)accretionary wedge B)volcanic arc C)terrane D)forearc basin

terrane

The term karst topography was first used in ________.

the Republic of Slovenia, a province of the former Yugoslavia

A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________.

the channel bottom is above the local water table

Isostasy refers to ________.

the concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance

In thrust faulting, ________.

the crust is shortened and thickened

In a normal fault, ________.

the hanging wall block moves downward relative to the other block

Which of the following provides the best example of an active continental margin?

the west coast of South America

Which one of the following is NOT connected in any way with submarine, hot spring vents?

thick turbidites on the continental rise

Karst development occurs more rapidly in ________ climates.

tropical

In a thrust fault, the hanging wall moves ________ relative to the footwall, and the fault plane is oriented at a low angle.

up

Which one of the following is an example of an isostatic movement?

uplift of areas recently covered by thick, continental ice sheets

An artesian well is one in which ________.

water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. A)waterfall B)point bar C)oxbow lake D)cut bank

waterfall

Which of the following is located in the headwaters region of a river system?

zone of sediment production

The near-surface zone that contains some of the water that soaks into the ground is called the ________.

zone of soil moisture