Penny chapter 18 The Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes

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ovulation occurs approximately on day ...

14

fallopian tube length

7-12cm

malignant degeneration

Developing into cancer

a sex cord-stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization, abnormal menstruation, and hirsutism

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

hemorrhagic cyst

a cyst that contains blood

virilization (female)

changes within the female that are caused by increased androgens; may lead to deepening of the voice and hirsutism

hairlike projections within the fallopian tube are called

cilia

peristalsis

contractions that move in a wavelike pattern to propel a substance

after the graafian follicle has ruptured, its structure is converted into the ...

corpus luteum

the primary role of the fimbria is to...

draw the unfertilized egg into the tube

the most common malignant germ cell tumor

dysgerminoma

the ovarian tumor associated with an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase is the

dysgerminoma

pus and blood appear

echogenic

ascites

excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity

hirsutism

excessive hair grown in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible

cilia

hairlike projections within the fallopian tube

multiloculated

having more than one internal cavity

typical ovarian flow is said to be... during the menstrual and proliferative phases

high-resistant

the doppler analysis of malignant ovarian masses often reveal... because of the abnormal vessels that are created with malignancy

higher diastolic flow

simple serous found within the tube is termed...

hydrosalpinx

pelvic inflammatory disease

infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or the fallopian tubes

true pelvis

inferior portion of the pelvis that contains the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, small bowel, sigmoid colon, and rectum

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneal lining

dermoid mesh

mass of hair within a cystic teratoma

the cortex involves the mass of the ovary and is the site of ....

oogenesis

the three layers of the fallopian tubes

outer serosa, middle muscular, inner mucosa

children with ovarian dysgerminomas present with... and may have an elevation in...

precocious puberty, serum hCG levels

pus within the fallopian tube is termed

pyosalpinx

the fluid from the ruptured follicle most often will settle in the ...

rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

dermoids are most often found in

reproductive age group but may also be found in post-menopausal patients

ovarian torsion occurs most often on the ... side

right

infection of the fallopian tubes

salpingitis

pseudoprecocious puberty

secondary sexual development induced by sex steroids or from other sources like ovarian tumors, adrenal tumors, or steroid use

androblastoma

see Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

vessels found in ovarian carcinoma often lack...., and thus produce a less resistive waveform pattern

smooth muscle

tumor is confined to the ovary

stage 1

tumor involves one or both of the ovaries with pelvic extension

stage 2

tumor involves one or both ovaries with confirmed peritoneal metastasis outside of the pelvis and/or regional lymph node involvement

stage 3

distant metastasis beyond the peritoneal cavity

stage 4

cumulus oophorus

structure that contains the developing oocyte

corpus luteum

temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle after ovulation

hydrosalpinx

the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the fallopian tube

fsh is produced by

the anterior pituitary gland

corpus luteums of pregnancy often resolve by ... weeks gestation and do not exceed ... cm

16, 3

follicular cysts range in size from ... to ... cm

3,8

in a serous cystadenocarcinoma case, pt may have an elevated...

CA-125 level

daughter cyst

a small cyst within a large cyst

cancer of the fallopian tubes is rare and is typically in the form of ...

adenocarcinoma

isthmus (uterus)

area of the uterus between the corpus and the cervix

Meigs syndrome

ascites and pleural effusion in the presence of a benign ovarian tumor

cystic teratoma

benign ovarian mass that is composed of the three germ cell layers; also referred to as a dermoid cyst

mucinous cystadenomas are not often unilateral/bilateral?

bilateral

hematosalpinx

blood within the fallopian tube

the ovarian mass that contains fat, sebum, and teeth is the

cystic teratoma

the most common benign ovarian tumor

cystic teratoma or dermoid cyst

"tip of the iceberg" sign

denotes the sonographic appearance of a cystic teratoma (dermoid) when only the anterior element of the mass is seen, while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing

the visualization of hair within a mass

dermoid mesh

various tissues that is the source of posterior shadowing

dermoid plug

... result from the retention of an unfertilized ovum that differentiates into three germ cell layers

dermoids

lysis

destruction or breaking down (i.e. hemolysis- the breaking down of blood components)

germ cell tumors are composed of ..., ...., and ...

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

which of the following is a tumor of ectopic endometrial tissue?

endometrioma

hemorrhage from endometriosis forms into focal areas of bloody tumors known as...

endometriomas

these lesions have been termed "chocolate cysts" because of their blood content

endometriomas

the ovaries release ... and ...

estrogen, progesterone

hyperemesis

excessive vomiting

also referred to as oviducts, uterine tubes, or salpinges

fallopian tubes

Meigs syndrome is associated with what ovarian tumor?

fibroma

unlike thecomas, .... are not associated with hormone (estrogen) production

fibromas

fingerlike projections that extend from the infundibulum

fimbria

the fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube are called

fimbria

the ovaries are stimulated by

follicle-stimulating hormone

should the graafian follicle fail to ovulate, it could continue to enlarge and result in a ...

follicular cyst

ectopic endometrial tissue is ..

functional

endometriosis

functional ectopic endometrial tissue located outside of the uterus

theca lutein cysts

functional ovarian cysts that are found in the presence of elevated levels of hcg; also referred to as a theca luteal cyst

the dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the

graafian follicle

the most common estrogenic tumor

granulosa cell tumors

blood within the fallopian tube is termed

hemosalpinx

follicle-stimulating hormone

hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries

the ... provides an opening to the peritoneal cavity within the pelvis

infundibulum

the distal portion of the fallopian tube

infundibulum

the most distal part of the fallopian tube is the

infundibulum

the intramural extention of the fallopian tube is known as the ... segment

interstitial

within the cornu of the uterus lies the... extension of the fallopian tube

intramural

pseudomyxoma peritonei

intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting cells that result from the rupture of a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor or possibly a malignant tumor of the appendix

the short and narrow segment of the fallopian tube distal to the interstitial segment is the

isthmus

serous cystadenomas are small/large, and are often unilateral/bilateral

large, bilateral

pedunculated uterine leiomyoma

leiomyoma (fibroid) that extends from the uterus on a stalk

what is the correct formula for calculating ovarian volume?

length x width x height x 0.5233

krukenberg tumor

malignant ovarian tumor that metastasizes from the gastrointestinal tract

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

malignant sex-cord stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization

yolk sac tumors are highly... and carries a...

malignant, poor prognosis

endometriomas are most commonly found...

on the ovary

patients with yolk sac tumors present with an elevation in ...

serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

the tumor marker used for dysgerminoma is an elevatioin in...

serum lactate dehydrogenase

brenner tumors

small benign ovarian tumors

if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and becomes ...

the corpus albicans

if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained and becomes...

the corpus luteum of pregnancy

corpus luteum of pregnancy

the corpus luteum that is maintained during an early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and progesterone

infundibulum

the distal segment of the fallopian tube

fimbria

the fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum

the first half of the menstrual cycle is called

the follicular phase

mesoderm

the germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into the circulatory system, muscles, reproductive system, and other structures.

endoderm

the germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

the dominant follicle is also known as

the graafian follicle

the second half of the menstrual cycle is called...

the luteal phase

the ovarian cyst associated with distinctly elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin is the

theca lutein cyst

the largest and least common of functional cysts

theca lutein cysts

most often found in postmenopausal women and may be associated with Meigs syndrome

thecoma

which of the following is an estrogen-producing

thecoma

a serous cystadenocarcinoma looks similar to its benign counterpart with an exception...

there appears to be more prominent papillary projections and thicker septations

a yolk sac tumor occurs in females...

younger than 20 years

dysgerminomas arise more often in patients...

younger than 30 years of age

gestational trophoblastic disease

a disease associated with an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy; may also be referred to as molar pregnancy

ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

a syndrome resulting from hyperstimulation of the ovaries by fertility drugs; results in the development of multiple, enlarged follicular ovarian cysts

germ cell tumor

a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may also be found outside of the reproductive tract

endometrioid tumor

a typically malignant ovarian tumor that is often associated with a history of endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and endometrial hyperplasia

all follicles except the dominant follicle will...

atrophy

postmenopausal ovaries...

atrophy

the ovum is contained within the .... of the dominant follicle

cumulus oophorus

anterior cul-de-sac

peritoneal outpouching located between the bladder and the uterus; also referred to as the vesicouterine pouch

corpus luteum cyst

physiologic cyst that develops after ovulation had occured

Corpus ablicans

the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration

isthmus (tube)

the segment of the fallopian tube that is located between the interstitial and ampulla

interstitial

the segment of the fallopian tube that lies within the uterine horn (cornu)

ovarian cystectomy

the surgical removal of an ovarian cyst

papillary projections

a small protrusion of tissue

thecoma

benign ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor that produces estrogen in older women

after the graafian follicle ruptures, the remaining structure is termed the

corpus luteum

the cystic mass commonly noted with a pregnancy is the

corpus luteum

the most common masses seen during a first-trimester sonographic examination

corpus luteum of pregnancy

the ovary consists of an outer ... and an inner....

cortex, medulla

the yolk sac tumor is also known as

endodermal sinus tumor

unilocular

having only one internal cavity

the hormones of menstruation act on the ectopic tissue just as if it were located within the uterus, causing it to...

hemorrhage

human chorionic gonadotropin

hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males

a short and narrow segment of the tube connecting the interstitial area to the ampulla

isthmus

which of the two are typically the largest? serous or mucinous cystadenomas

mucinous

The malignant ovarian mass that is associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei is the

mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

the inner layer of the wall of the fallopian tube is the

mucosal layer

a 24-year-old female patient presents to the emergency department with severe left lower quadrant pain, nausea and vomiting. The osnographic examination reveals an enlarged ovary with no detectable Doppler signal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

ovarian torsion

sex cord-stromal tumors

ovarian tumors that arise from the gonadal ridges

mittelschmerz

pain at the time of ovulation

dyspareunia

painful sexual intercourse

During a pelvic sonogram you visualize a small cyst located adjacent to the ovary. what is the most likely etiology of this cyst?

paraovarian cyst

all of the following adnexal masses may appear sonographically similar to a uterine leiomyoma except

paraovarian cyst

dermoid plug

part of a dermoid tumor that contains various tissues and may produce a posterior shadowing during a sonographic examination

salpingitis is often caused by...

pelvic inflammatory disease

the testicular equivalent of an ovarian dysgerminoma is the ...

seminoma

a 55-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of perlvic pressure, abdominal swelling, and abnormal uterine bleeding. A pelvic sonogram reveals a large, multiloculated cystic mass with papillary projections. what is the most likely diagnosis?

serous cystadenocarcinoma

what is the most common malignancy of the ovary?

serous cystadenocarcinoma

adnexa

the area located posterior to the broad ligaments, adjacent to the uterus, which contains the ovaries and fallopian tubes

oogenesis

the creation of an ovum

ampulla

the longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube

graafian follicle

the name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulation

ectoderm

the outer germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into skin, hair, and nails, and other structures

the medulla contains...

the ovarian vasculature and lymphatics

serum lactate dehydrogenase

tumor marker that is elevated in the presence of an ovarian dysgerminoma and other abdominal abnormalities

in utero, the ovaries form in the....

upper abdomen and descend into the pelvis in utero

the proximal portion of the fallopian tube is located closest to the...

uterus

ovarian volume can be determined with the formula...

volume = length x width x height x 0.52332

the sonographic sign that shows only the anterior element of the mass while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing

"tip of the iceberg"

the cumulus oophorus can be seen sonographically as...

a daughter cyst

hysterosalpingography utilizes what substance for the visualization of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes

x-ray dye

a patient with an ovarian mass presents with an elevated serum alpha-fetopretein. which of the following would be the most likely?

yolk sac tumor

septations

a partition separating two or more cavities

menorrhagia

abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation

the mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is associated with a condition known as...

pseudomyxoma peritonei

a malignant tumor that metastasized from the GI tract, most frequently the stomach

Krunkenberg tumor

the malignant ovarian tumor with gastrointestinal origin is the

Krunkenberg tumor

serous cystadenomas appear sonographically as....

a predominately anechoic lesion that contains septations and/or papillary projections

hysterosalpingography

a radiographic procedure that uses a dye instilled into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate for internal abnormalities

a significant portion of the tube because it is the location of fertilization and the area where ectopic pregnancies often embed

ampulla

the ... is the longest and most tortuous segment of the tube

ampulla

chocolate cysts

another name for endometriomas

endometrioma

benign, blood-containing tumor that forms from the implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue; tumor associated with endometriosis

the most common cause of ovarian torsion is....

cyst or mass

the most common benign ovarian tumor is the

cystic teratoma

normal ovarian flow is said to be

high resistant during menstruation and low resistant at the time of ovulation

typical ovarian flow is said to be.... at midcycle

low-resistant

yolk sac tumor (ovary)

malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary

the ovaries have a dual blood supply from the....

ovarian and uterine arteries

the primary purpose of the fallopian tube is to...

provide an area for fertilization and to offer a means of transportation for the products of conception to reach the uterine cavity

pyosalpinx

the presence of pus within the fallopian tube

ovulation

the release of the mature egg from the ovary

the ovarian cyst associated with gestational trophoblastic disease is the

theca lutein cyst

the second-most common malignant germ cell tumor

yolk sac tumor

the longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube is the

ampulla

the segment of the fallopian tube where fertilization typically occurs is the

ampulla

ovarian torsion

an abnormality that results from the ovary twistin on its mesenteric connection, consequently cutting off the blood supply to the ovary

Whirlpool sign

an indicator of the torsed ovarian pedicle adjacent to the ovary, appearing as a round mass w/ concentric hypoechoic and hyperechoic rings that demonstrate swirling color Doppler signature

sebum

an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands

fibroma

an ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor found in middle-aged women

sonohysterography

an ultrasound procedure that uses saline instillation into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate fro internal abnormalities

a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor is also known as

androblastoma

hydrosalpinx appears....

anechoic

dermoid cyst

another name for a cystic teratoma

follicular cyst

ovarian cyst that forms from the failure of the graafian follicle to ovulate


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