Penny chapter 18 The Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes
ovulation occurs approximately on day ...
14
fallopian tube length
7-12cm
malignant degeneration
Developing into cancer
a sex cord-stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization, abnormal menstruation, and hirsutism
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
hemorrhagic cyst
a cyst that contains blood
virilization (female)
changes within the female that are caused by increased androgens; may lead to deepening of the voice and hirsutism
hairlike projections within the fallopian tube are called
cilia
peristalsis
contractions that move in a wavelike pattern to propel a substance
after the graafian follicle has ruptured, its structure is converted into the ...
corpus luteum
the primary role of the fimbria is to...
draw the unfertilized egg into the tube
the most common malignant germ cell tumor
dysgerminoma
the ovarian tumor associated with an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase is the
dysgerminoma
pus and blood appear
echogenic
ascites
excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity
hirsutism
excessive hair grown in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible
cilia
hairlike projections within the fallopian tube
multiloculated
having more than one internal cavity
typical ovarian flow is said to be... during the menstrual and proliferative phases
high-resistant
the doppler analysis of malignant ovarian masses often reveal... because of the abnormal vessels that are created with malignancy
higher diastolic flow
simple serous found within the tube is termed...
hydrosalpinx
pelvic inflammatory disease
infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or the fallopian tubes
true pelvis
inferior portion of the pelvis that contains the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, small bowel, sigmoid colon, and rectum
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneal lining
dermoid mesh
mass of hair within a cystic teratoma
the cortex involves the mass of the ovary and is the site of ....
oogenesis
the three layers of the fallopian tubes
outer serosa, middle muscular, inner mucosa
children with ovarian dysgerminomas present with... and may have an elevation in...
precocious puberty, serum hCG levels
pus within the fallopian tube is termed
pyosalpinx
the fluid from the ruptured follicle most often will settle in the ...
rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
dermoids are most often found in
reproductive age group but may also be found in post-menopausal patients
ovarian torsion occurs most often on the ... side
right
infection of the fallopian tubes
salpingitis
pseudoprecocious puberty
secondary sexual development induced by sex steroids or from other sources like ovarian tumors, adrenal tumors, or steroid use
androblastoma
see Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
vessels found in ovarian carcinoma often lack...., and thus produce a less resistive waveform pattern
smooth muscle
tumor is confined to the ovary
stage 1
tumor involves one or both of the ovaries with pelvic extension
stage 2
tumor involves one or both ovaries with confirmed peritoneal metastasis outside of the pelvis and/or regional lymph node involvement
stage 3
distant metastasis beyond the peritoneal cavity
stage 4
cumulus oophorus
structure that contains the developing oocyte
corpus luteum
temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle after ovulation
hydrosalpinx
the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the fallopian tube
fsh is produced by
the anterior pituitary gland
corpus luteums of pregnancy often resolve by ... weeks gestation and do not exceed ... cm
16, 3
follicular cysts range in size from ... to ... cm
3,8
in a serous cystadenocarcinoma case, pt may have an elevated...
CA-125 level
daughter cyst
a small cyst within a large cyst
cancer of the fallopian tubes is rare and is typically in the form of ...
adenocarcinoma
isthmus (uterus)
area of the uterus between the corpus and the cervix
Meigs syndrome
ascites and pleural effusion in the presence of a benign ovarian tumor
cystic teratoma
benign ovarian mass that is composed of the three germ cell layers; also referred to as a dermoid cyst
mucinous cystadenomas are not often unilateral/bilateral?
bilateral
hematosalpinx
blood within the fallopian tube
the ovarian mass that contains fat, sebum, and teeth is the
cystic teratoma
the most common benign ovarian tumor
cystic teratoma or dermoid cyst
"tip of the iceberg" sign
denotes the sonographic appearance of a cystic teratoma (dermoid) when only the anterior element of the mass is seen, while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing
the visualization of hair within a mass
dermoid mesh
various tissues that is the source of posterior shadowing
dermoid plug
... result from the retention of an unfertilized ovum that differentiates into three germ cell layers
dermoids
lysis
destruction or breaking down (i.e. hemolysis- the breaking down of blood components)
germ cell tumors are composed of ..., ...., and ...
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
which of the following is a tumor of ectopic endometrial tissue?
endometrioma
hemorrhage from endometriosis forms into focal areas of bloody tumors known as...
endometriomas
these lesions have been termed "chocolate cysts" because of their blood content
endometriomas
the ovaries release ... and ...
estrogen, progesterone
hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
also referred to as oviducts, uterine tubes, or salpinges
fallopian tubes
Meigs syndrome is associated with what ovarian tumor?
fibroma
unlike thecomas, .... are not associated with hormone (estrogen) production
fibromas
fingerlike projections that extend from the infundibulum
fimbria
the fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube are called
fimbria
the ovaries are stimulated by
follicle-stimulating hormone
should the graafian follicle fail to ovulate, it could continue to enlarge and result in a ...
follicular cyst
ectopic endometrial tissue is ..
functional
endometriosis
functional ectopic endometrial tissue located outside of the uterus
theca lutein cysts
functional ovarian cysts that are found in the presence of elevated levels of hcg; also referred to as a theca luteal cyst
the dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the
graafian follicle
the most common estrogenic tumor
granulosa cell tumors
blood within the fallopian tube is termed
hemosalpinx
follicle-stimulating hormone
hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries
the ... provides an opening to the peritoneal cavity within the pelvis
infundibulum
the distal portion of the fallopian tube
infundibulum
the most distal part of the fallopian tube is the
infundibulum
the intramural extention of the fallopian tube is known as the ... segment
interstitial
within the cornu of the uterus lies the... extension of the fallopian tube
intramural
pseudomyxoma peritonei
intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting cells that result from the rupture of a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor or possibly a malignant tumor of the appendix
the short and narrow segment of the fallopian tube distal to the interstitial segment is the
isthmus
serous cystadenomas are small/large, and are often unilateral/bilateral
large, bilateral
pedunculated uterine leiomyoma
leiomyoma (fibroid) that extends from the uterus on a stalk
what is the correct formula for calculating ovarian volume?
length x width x height x 0.5233
krukenberg tumor
malignant ovarian tumor that metastasizes from the gastrointestinal tract
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
malignant sex-cord stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization
yolk sac tumors are highly... and carries a...
malignant, poor prognosis
endometriomas are most commonly found...
on the ovary
patients with yolk sac tumors present with an elevation in ...
serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
the tumor marker used for dysgerminoma is an elevatioin in...
serum lactate dehydrogenase
brenner tumors
small benign ovarian tumors
if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and becomes ...
the corpus albicans
if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained and becomes...
the corpus luteum of pregnancy
corpus luteum of pregnancy
the corpus luteum that is maintained during an early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and progesterone
infundibulum
the distal segment of the fallopian tube
fimbria
the fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum
the first half of the menstrual cycle is called
the follicular phase
mesoderm
the germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into the circulatory system, muscles, reproductive system, and other structures.
endoderm
the germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
the dominant follicle is also known as
the graafian follicle
the second half of the menstrual cycle is called...
the luteal phase
the ovarian cyst associated with distinctly elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin is the
theca lutein cyst
the largest and least common of functional cysts
theca lutein cysts
most often found in postmenopausal women and may be associated with Meigs syndrome
thecoma
which of the following is an estrogen-producing
thecoma
a serous cystadenocarcinoma looks similar to its benign counterpart with an exception...
there appears to be more prominent papillary projections and thicker septations
a yolk sac tumor occurs in females...
younger than 20 years
dysgerminomas arise more often in patients...
younger than 30 years of age
gestational trophoblastic disease
a disease associated with an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy; may also be referred to as molar pregnancy
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
a syndrome resulting from hyperstimulation of the ovaries by fertility drugs; results in the development of multiple, enlarged follicular ovarian cysts
germ cell tumor
a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may also be found outside of the reproductive tract
endometrioid tumor
a typically malignant ovarian tumor that is often associated with a history of endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and endometrial hyperplasia
all follicles except the dominant follicle will...
atrophy
postmenopausal ovaries...
atrophy
the ovum is contained within the .... of the dominant follicle
cumulus oophorus
anterior cul-de-sac
peritoneal outpouching located between the bladder and the uterus; also referred to as the vesicouterine pouch
corpus luteum cyst
physiologic cyst that develops after ovulation had occured
Corpus ablicans
the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration
isthmus (tube)
the segment of the fallopian tube that is located between the interstitial and ampulla
interstitial
the segment of the fallopian tube that lies within the uterine horn (cornu)
ovarian cystectomy
the surgical removal of an ovarian cyst
papillary projections
a small protrusion of tissue
thecoma
benign ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor that produces estrogen in older women
after the graafian follicle ruptures, the remaining structure is termed the
corpus luteum
the cystic mass commonly noted with a pregnancy is the
corpus luteum
the most common masses seen during a first-trimester sonographic examination
corpus luteum of pregnancy
the ovary consists of an outer ... and an inner....
cortex, medulla
the yolk sac tumor is also known as
endodermal sinus tumor
unilocular
having only one internal cavity
the hormones of menstruation act on the ectopic tissue just as if it were located within the uterus, causing it to...
hemorrhage
human chorionic gonadotropin
hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males
a short and narrow segment of the tube connecting the interstitial area to the ampulla
isthmus
which of the two are typically the largest? serous or mucinous cystadenomas
mucinous
The malignant ovarian mass that is associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei is the
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
the inner layer of the wall of the fallopian tube is the
mucosal layer
a 24-year-old female patient presents to the emergency department with severe left lower quadrant pain, nausea and vomiting. The osnographic examination reveals an enlarged ovary with no detectable Doppler signal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
ovarian torsion
sex cord-stromal tumors
ovarian tumors that arise from the gonadal ridges
mittelschmerz
pain at the time of ovulation
dyspareunia
painful sexual intercourse
During a pelvic sonogram you visualize a small cyst located adjacent to the ovary. what is the most likely etiology of this cyst?
paraovarian cyst
all of the following adnexal masses may appear sonographically similar to a uterine leiomyoma except
paraovarian cyst
dermoid plug
part of a dermoid tumor that contains various tissues and may produce a posterior shadowing during a sonographic examination
salpingitis is often caused by...
pelvic inflammatory disease
the testicular equivalent of an ovarian dysgerminoma is the ...
seminoma
a 55-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of perlvic pressure, abdominal swelling, and abnormal uterine bleeding. A pelvic sonogram reveals a large, multiloculated cystic mass with papillary projections. what is the most likely diagnosis?
serous cystadenocarcinoma
what is the most common malignancy of the ovary?
serous cystadenocarcinoma
adnexa
the area located posterior to the broad ligaments, adjacent to the uterus, which contains the ovaries and fallopian tubes
oogenesis
the creation of an ovum
ampulla
the longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube
graafian follicle
the name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulation
ectoderm
the outer germ cell layer of the embryo that develops into skin, hair, and nails, and other structures
the medulla contains...
the ovarian vasculature and lymphatics
serum lactate dehydrogenase
tumor marker that is elevated in the presence of an ovarian dysgerminoma and other abdominal abnormalities
in utero, the ovaries form in the....
upper abdomen and descend into the pelvis in utero
the proximal portion of the fallopian tube is located closest to the...
uterus
ovarian volume can be determined with the formula...
volume = length x width x height x 0.52332
the sonographic sign that shows only the anterior element of the mass while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing
"tip of the iceberg"
the cumulus oophorus can be seen sonographically as...
a daughter cyst
hysterosalpingography utilizes what substance for the visualization of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes
x-ray dye
a patient with an ovarian mass presents with an elevated serum alpha-fetopretein. which of the following would be the most likely?
yolk sac tumor
septations
a partition separating two or more cavities
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation
the mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is associated with a condition known as...
pseudomyxoma peritonei
a malignant tumor that metastasized from the GI tract, most frequently the stomach
Krunkenberg tumor
the malignant ovarian tumor with gastrointestinal origin is the
Krunkenberg tumor
serous cystadenomas appear sonographically as....
a predominately anechoic lesion that contains septations and/or papillary projections
hysterosalpingography
a radiographic procedure that uses a dye instilled into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate for internal abnormalities
a significant portion of the tube because it is the location of fertilization and the area where ectopic pregnancies often embed
ampulla
the ... is the longest and most tortuous segment of the tube
ampulla
chocolate cysts
another name for endometriomas
endometrioma
benign, blood-containing tumor that forms from the implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue; tumor associated with endometriosis
the most common cause of ovarian torsion is....
cyst or mass
the most common benign ovarian tumor is the
cystic teratoma
normal ovarian flow is said to be
high resistant during menstruation and low resistant at the time of ovulation
typical ovarian flow is said to be.... at midcycle
low-resistant
yolk sac tumor (ovary)
malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary
the ovaries have a dual blood supply from the....
ovarian and uterine arteries
the primary purpose of the fallopian tube is to...
provide an area for fertilization and to offer a means of transportation for the products of conception to reach the uterine cavity
pyosalpinx
the presence of pus within the fallopian tube
ovulation
the release of the mature egg from the ovary
the ovarian cyst associated with gestational trophoblastic disease is the
theca lutein cyst
the second-most common malignant germ cell tumor
yolk sac tumor
the longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube is the
ampulla
the segment of the fallopian tube where fertilization typically occurs is the
ampulla
ovarian torsion
an abnormality that results from the ovary twistin on its mesenteric connection, consequently cutting off the blood supply to the ovary
Whirlpool sign
an indicator of the torsed ovarian pedicle adjacent to the ovary, appearing as a round mass w/ concentric hypoechoic and hyperechoic rings that demonstrate swirling color Doppler signature
sebum
an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
fibroma
an ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor found in middle-aged women
sonohysterography
an ultrasound procedure that uses saline instillation into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate fro internal abnormalities
a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor is also known as
androblastoma
hydrosalpinx appears....
anechoic
dermoid cyst
another name for a cystic teratoma
follicular cyst
ovarian cyst that forms from the failure of the graafian follicle to ovulate
