Period 1

Neo-Confucianism

combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, this reinforced the civil service exams and Confucian scholar ranks

What do large empires cultivate

cultural and intellectual transfer

Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by

expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research

Asia and western Europe (crusades)

first time they come in direct contact since the fall of Rome

The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200-1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the

fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

Hinduism

had a dharma, caste system, they believed in reincarnation, etc.

As people moved south, there were

more rice varietes

Bubonic plague effect on trade and population

population fell, leading to a greater demand for labor (the peasants and serfs make a stand) trade declines so prices rise

Islamic empire innovations

saddles, caravanserai(an inn), the camel, dhow, astrolabe, etc.

Order of Chinese dynasties

shang, zhoe, qin, han, sui, tang, song, yuan, ming qing, republic, mao zedong

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

the Silk road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially

What trade routes were mainly used by the Caliphates

the Trans-Saharan, the Silk Road, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following?

the growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain

Mongol conquest

the mongols had superior horsemanship and bows. They were able to utilize non-Mongol soldiers in their armies and adopt new military techniques/technologies. They would take advantage of rivalries and over time obtained a barbaric reputation of slaughtering those who did not surrender

Mongol innovation

they adapted the technology, military power, etc. that they obtained from the empires that they conquered

Mongol rule

they had an adaptive government, and even utilized the Uyghur alphabet. There were adaptive cultural practices which the leaders would sometimes take part in

How did the caliphates expand to such a great amonunt

they had large and sophisticated militaries, many converted, and they utilized diplomacy/trade

Crusades effect on trade

trade improved because the wars created a demand for supplies, etc.

As the bubonic plague progressed, peasants...

were in higher demand, so they demanded higher wages

Feudal social pyramid

1) POPE/church 2) monarch 3) nobles 4)knights/vassals 5)merchants, tradesman, farmers, etc. 6) peasants/serfs

What was the last large caliphate

Abbasid

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., states in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam had which of the following in common?

All were culturally influenced by China

Dhimmi

Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, government officials that help stop political fighting between powerful muslim families; however, this group had to pay a tax which was not majorly accepted

filial piety

Confucian virtue of honoring the elders in your family

Important Islamic crops

Cotton, sugar, and citrus

The photograph above shows a fourteenth century C.E. mosque in the city of Xi'an, central China. This image most clearly supports which of the following conclusions about the spread of Islam?

Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings

The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems?

Feudalism

Confucianism in China, Korea, and Japan

For a time, China had a great political influence in Japan and Korea which diffused Confucianism and led to Neo-Confucianism (majorly in the Song)

Bubonic plague spreading

It followed trade routes (the Silk road is improved by the Mongols-->more trade-->more contact-->more PLAGUE) and moved to Italy on ships. Due to a lack of sanitation people could obtain the plague through animals, vermin, etc. in cities and towns

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire?

It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe

The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe?

Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates

Mongol impact on Russia

Kievan Rus, former Russia, was conquered by the Golden Horde and delayed Russia's economic developments

In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments?

Local elites need for military protection from more powerful lords

Silk Road

Major trade route that aided the economy and, one improved by the Mongols, was able to diffuse different cultures, ideas, innovations, etc. over longer distances; however the things being carried along the Silk Road were not always good, such as the bubonic plague.

Yuan dynasty

Mongol rule of China, utilized Confucian scholars in government, and was tolerant of religions (sometimes)

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?

Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war

Effect of trade on city growth/decline

More trade=More growth

Muslim scholars' incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that

Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia

Serfdom in the middle ages

Once the population fell after the hit by the bubonic plague, serfs were able to leave their homes to find better jobs in towns

What were the major Tang/Song innovations

Porcelain, mechanical clocks, printing (Tang-block, Song-movable), gunpowder(Tang-incendiary, Song-Explosive), paper money, and the magnetic compass

"Seeing that it is a girl's destiny, on reaching womanhood, to go to a new home, and live in submission to her father-in-law and mother-in-law, it is even more incumbent upon her than it is on a boy to receive with all reverence her parents' instructions. Should her parents, through excess of tenderness, allow her to grow up self-willed, she will infallibly show herself capricious and thus alienate his affection." Kaibara Ekken, Japanese author, Greater Learning for Women, 1716 The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following?

The Confucian emphasis on filial admission

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

The Mongol Empire

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions?

The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia

Mongol empire vs khanates

The Mongol empire was ruled by Genghis Khan, but once he died civil wars broke out and the Mongol empire became 4 khanates which were ruled by Khan's descendants

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs was indispensible in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar." Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984 The passage above best illustrates which of the following?

The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology

What were the 4 Mongol khanates

The golden horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan dynasty, and the Chagatai khanate

"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils." Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E. Which of the following made possible the Chinese cultivation of the staple crops described in the passage?

The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia

Feudalism in Early Middle Ages

There is a major social pyramid which leads to decentralization and power to the pope and lords

Mongol impact on trade

They opened trade routes and led to an influx of long-distance trade in Eurasia

Persian influence on Islamic Empires

They utilized diplomacy and trade in Persia and even adopted Persian languages

Muslim Diasporic Trading Communities

They were major traders for SE Asia

The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade?

Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China

Confucian civil service exams

a system to choose the individuals to become bureaucrats (this was the longest meritocracy)

Society in Islamic empires (social ranking)

arab-muslims, non-arab-muslims, dhimmi, slavery