Period 2: 1607-1754

SELF-GOVERNMENT Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. D) Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: A self-governing colony is a colony with an elected government in which elected rulers are able to make most decisions without referring to the colonial power with nominal control of the colony. Most self-governing colonies have responsible government. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Self-government was a principle that became more popular overtime in the colonies because the colonies enjoyed making their own laws and having a certain amount of autonomy; when the British intruded on that, more colonists rebelled and what would eventually lead to the American Revolution, thus self-government became a fundamental principle of the American way.

AFRICANS Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. C) Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: African-American culture, also known as Black-American culture, in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of African Americans to the culture of the United States, either as part of or distinct from American culture. The distinct identity of African-American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African-American people, including the Middle Passage. The culture is both distinct and enormously influential to American culture as a whole. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Africans developed unique cultures in spite of unsavory conditions, to help cope with their situation, and maintain rituals symbolic to their origins.

ANGLICIZATION Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. B) The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Anglicisation or anglicization, also Englishing, is the process of converting anything to more "English" norms. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Ultimately, the primary political institutions in the colonies were modeled after the English models. This also lead to an increase in Protestant Evangelicalism, showing how the colonies still remained close in cultural ties, to the Motherland.

ENGLISH Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. C. English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland before the Acts of Union, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The English, and later the British, were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The English were the prominent colonial power in North America aside from the Spanish. The British controlled what would become the U.S. and established the first 13 colonies (later to became states) along the east coast touching the Atlantic, and growing through the Atlantic trade.

SPANISH Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. A. Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Spanish played major role in the discovering of the new world because Christopher Columbus, by accident, discovered North America when he was in search of a faster route to Asia, and his discovery led to European powers other than Spain, such as the British and the French to gain colonial interests in the newly-found Americas.

EPIDEMIC DISEASES Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. B. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Disease in colonial America that afflicted the early immigrant settlers was a dangerous threat to life. Some of the diseases were new and treatments were ineffective. Malaria was deadly to many new arrivals, especially in the Southern colonies. Of newly arrived able-bodied young men, over one-fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas. Mortality was high for infants and small children, especially for diphtheria, yellow fever, and malaria. Most sick people turn to local healers, and used folk remedies. Others relied upon the minister-physicians, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, and ministers; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain, or an apprenticeship in the colonies. One common treatment was blood letting. The method was crude due to a lack of knowledge about infection and disease among medical practitioners. There was little government control, regulation of medical care, or attention to public health. By the 18th century, Colonial physicians, following the models in England and Scotland, introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century, and made some advances in vaccination, pathology, anatomy and pharmacology. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Epidemic diseases were the key reason to the decimation of many indigenous people in North America, such as the Native Americans. These diseases were brought from Europe and wiped out a significant amount of the native population.

ATLANTIC ECONOMY Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas A. An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Following Columbus and the earliest European voyages to the New World and the west African coast Africa and the division of the Americas between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire was effected by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The West Coast of Africa played a special role as the source of slave labor.There emerged an elaborate network of economic, geopolitical and cultural exchange—an "Atlantic World" comparable to "Mediterranean World." It linked the nations and peoples that inhabited the Atlantic coast of North and South America, Africa and Western Europe. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Atlantic economy helped stimulate trade between the New World and Europe, and gave rise to a new market of labor resources known as Slavery which would offset the system of triangular trade, and make slaves in demand which came from primarily Africa, and would be subject to the horrific middle passage.

IMPERIAL SYSTEM Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another D) Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word "imperium", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is "a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means." HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Imperial system became increasingly scrutinized by the colonies of European empires because the colonies started feeling mistreated by things such as mercantilism or increased taxes, or the reduction of self-government.

INDENTURED SERVITUDE Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Indentured servitude was a labor system where people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years. It was widely employed in the 18th century in the British colonies in North America and elsewhere. It was especially used as a way for the poor in Britain and the German states to get passage to the American colonies. They would work for a fixed number of years, then be free to work on their own. The employer purchased the indenture from the sea captain who brought the people over; he did so because he needed labor. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Indentured Servitude was the primary form of labor utilized in he colonies, before the arrival of slavery. Many people became indentured servants to gain passage to the new world, or to help support their families back home.

METACOM'S WAR Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. E. British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: King Philip's War, sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78. The war is named for the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, who had adopted the English name "King Philip" in honor of the previously-friendly relations between his father and the original Mayflower Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This was the first major war between the English colonists and Indians, it showed how the primary interactions between the 2 groups were negative and frequently led to bloodshed.

MERCANTILISM Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. C) The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Mercantilism was an economic theory and practice, dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism or absolute monarchies.Mercantilism includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Historically, such policies frequently led to war and also motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varies in sophistication from one writer to another and has evolved over time. High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods, are an almost universal feature of mercantilist policy. Other policies have included. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Mercantilism perfectly illustrated how the colonies, were subject to the power of the Motherland, and existent for the sole purpose of benefitting the Motherland. The idea of Mercantilism led to more economical subjection for the colonies to Britain. Many of these mercantilist policies enacted by the Brits were responded to negatively by the colonies, thus causing more colonial discontent.

PLANTATION Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. D. The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Plantation was an early method of colonization in which settlers were "planted" abroad in order to establish a permanent or semi-permanent colonial base. Such plantations were also frequently intended to promote Western culture and Christianity among nearby indigenous peoples, as can be seen in the early East-Coast plantations in America (such as that at Roanoke). Although the term "planter" to refer to a settler first appears as early as the 16th-century, the earliest true colonial plantation is usually agreed to be that of the Plantations of Ireland. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Plantation economies gave rise to new markets for cash/staple crops such as tobacco. These economies became more dependent on Slavery, which led to an increase Slavery market and demand. The amount of Africans in the Americas also increased.

CHATTEL SLAVERY Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. B) As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Slavery is a legal or economic system in which principles of property law are applied to humans allowing them to be classified as property, to be owned, bought and sold accordingly, and they cannot withdraw unilaterally from the arrangement. While a person is a slave, the owner is entitled to the productivity of the slave's labour, without any remuneration. The rights and protection of the slave may be regulated by laws and customs in a particular time and place, and a person may become a slave from the time of their capture, purchase or birth. Such slavery is commonly referred to as chattel slavery or traditional slavery. It is the least prevalent form of slavery in the world today. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Slavery, during the Colonial Era, was the most prominent source of labor and offset by the demand for staple crops such as tobacco, and stimulated trade between the Old and New worlds, while creating a cycle of Triangular and Atlantic trade.

AMERICAN INDIANS (CONFLICT/WARS) Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. C. Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The American Indian Wars, or Indian Wars, were the multiple conflicts between American settlers or the United States government and the native peoples of North America from the time of earliest colonial settlement until 1924. In some cases, wars resulted from conflicts and competition for resources between the European colonists and Native Americans. There was population pressure as settlers expanded their territory, generally pushing indigenous people northward and westward. Warfare and raiding also took place as a result of wars between European powers; in North America, these enlisted their Native American allies to help them conduct warfare against each other's settlements. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: American Indians were the primary obstacle for the American Colonists. They were inhabiting the colonist's desired land and often clashed socially due to completely different cultures.

ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those enslaved that were transported to the New World, many on the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, were West Africans from the central and western parts of the continent sold by other western Africans to western European slave traders, with a small minority being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids, and brought to the Americas. The numbers were so great that Africans who came by way of the slave trade became the most numerous Old World immigrants in both North and South America before the late 18th century. Far more slaves were taken to South America than to the north. The South Atlantic and Caribbean economic system centered on producing commodity crops, and making goods and clothing to sell in Europe, and increasing the numbers of African slaves brought to the New World. This was crucial to those western European countries which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Atlantic Save trade and it's it's importance to the colonial economies showed a greater link in trade between different parts of the world, such as Africa, Europe, and America; this showed the prominence of slavery as the premier labor resource which helped produce staple crops which would stimulate more trade.

CHESAPEAKE AND NORTH CAROLINA COLONIES Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The Chesapeake Colonies were the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Province of Maryland, later Maryland, both colonies located in British America and centered on the Chesapeake Bay. The Province of North Carolina (also known as North Carolina Colony or Royal Colony of North Carolina) was originally part of the Province of Carolina in British America, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietor. The province later became the U.S. states of North Carolina and Tennessee, and parts of the province combined with other territory to form the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies were the primary producers of the new staple crop: tobacco. This crop made gave economic prosperity to these colonies and would rely on the usage of labor systems such as slavery and indentured servitude.

EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT: Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. A) The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The Enlightenment, known in French as the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenment), and in German as the Aufklärung, was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The principal goals of Enlightenment thinkers were liberty, progress, reason, equality, tolerance, fraternity and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These new ideas that emerged in Europe, helped inspire new ways of thinking in the colonies. Principles from the Enlightenment such opposition to monarchies, and Liberty, would be the pushing principles behind the future American Revolution.

MIDDLE COLONIES Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. C. The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The Middle Colonies comprised the middle region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in North America. Much of the area was part of the New Netherland until the British exerted their control over the region. The English captured much of the area in its war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York. The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Middle colonies were known for being more diverse than the other colonies, offering more religious diversity and tolerance. Quakers were a prominent example of peaceful people who where religiously devout, but accepted many other types of beliefs; William Penn, was a famous Quaker.

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. B. The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The New England Colonies of British America included the colonies of Connecticut, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts, and Province of New Hampshire. They were part of the Thirteen Colonies, along with the Middle Colonies and the Southern Colonies. These were early colonies of what would later be the states in New England. Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work A Description of New England, and first applied the term "New England" to coastal lands of North America from the Long Island Sound to Newfoundland. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The New England Colonies, were predominantly Puritan and had farm-based economies. Major port cities such as Boston would emerge here in response to increased trade between the Old and New worlds.

PUEBLO REVOLT: Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. F. American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 — also known as Popé's Rebellion — was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Pueblo Revolt shows how many indigenous people acted negatively in response to the arrival of colonists, and would often rebel which led to bloodshed and many lives lost. The indigenous people of the area's were one of the colonists greatest threats at the time.

PURITANS Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. B. The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The Puritans were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning clergy exiled under Mary I shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Puritans who fled to America sought religious freedom, which would become a fundamental principle of the future nation to come. The culture of many colonial states would be shaped by puritan beliefs and practices.

GREAT AWAKENING Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. A) The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The term Great Awakening can refer to several periods of religious revival in American religious history. Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 19th century. Each of these "Great Awakenings" was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase of interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, an increase in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Great Awakening helped inspire new ideas on the concept of religion, and helped offset new religious denominations while also increasing the publics interest on religion, and going to church more.

TOBACCO Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: Tobacco cultivation and exports formed an essential component of the American colonial economy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Tobacco plantations were distinct from other cash crops in terms of agricultural demands, trade, slave labor, and plantation culture. Many influential American revolutionaries, including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, owned tobacco plantations, and were financially devastated by debt to British tobacco merchants shortly before the American Revolution. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Tobacco was a cash crop, that became very popular and essential to the Colonial economy. This crop helped stimulate trade between the colonies and Europe.

FRENCH & DUTCH Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. B. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

DEFINITION FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG: The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. France founded colonies in much of eastern North America, on a number of Caribbean islands, and in South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, sugar, and furs. Dutch trading posts and plantations in the Americas precede the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch in Asia. When the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 (in present-day Indonesia), the first forts and settlements on the Essequibo River in Guyana and on the Amazon date from the 1590s. Actual colonization, with Dutch settling in the new lands, was not as common as with other European nations. Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of the 17th century, but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of Suriname until it gained independence in 1975, as well as the Netherlands Antilles, of which the islands remain within the Kingdom of the Netherlands today. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The French or Dutch were not as prominent as the Spanish or English, but were nevertheless important. The French allied with certain Indian tribes due to the French's desired fur trade, and would come into confrontations with the British colonies. The Dutch owned the important harbor of New Amsterdam, which would become New York City, when it was purchased by the British.