Person-Centered Therapy

The __________ is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination

Actualizing tendency

Characteristics of a self-actualized person include all of the following, except: a. ​welcomes uncertainty in his or her life. b. ​has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships. c. ​has artificial dichotomies within himself or herself. d. ​is spontaneous and creative.

C - has artificial dichotomies within himself or herself

Person-Centered Therapy - Contributions of the Approach

Clients take an active stance and assume responsibility for the direction of therapy. This unique approach has been subjected to empirical testing, and as a result both theory and methods have been modified. It is an open system. People without advanced training can benefit by translating the therapeutic conditions to both their personal and professional lives. Basic concepts are straightforward and easy to grasp and apply. It is a foundation for building a trusting relationship, applicable to all therapies.

The person-centered approach's view of human nature:

Emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others.

(T/F) According to Carl Rogers, personality change occurs only when clients develop insight into the origin of their personality problem.

False

(T/F) Accurate empathic understanding implies an objective understanding of a client.

False

(T/F) Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) emerged as a behavioral approach informed by understanding the role of an emotion in human functioning and psychotherapeutic change.

False

(T/F) Free association and dream analysis are a typical part of the person-centered therapist's procedures.

False

(T/F) If the therapeutic core conditions exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will not occur.

False

(T/F) Maslow believed not enough research was being conducted on anxiety, hostility, and neuroses and too much into joy, creativity, and self-fulfillment.

False

(T/F) Natalie Rogers is no longer an active contributor to the person-centered approach.

False

(T/F) Person-centered therapy groups emphasize the unique role of the group counselor as a leader.

False

(T/F) The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an accepting and approving attitude toward all actions taken by their clients.

False

(T/F) The person-centered approach is baed on a set of specific therapeutic techniques designed to promote behavior change.

False

(T/F) The person-centered approach is not particularly well-suited to multi-cultural counseling.

False

(T/F) The person-centered model has become stagnant and shows little sign of evolution

False

(T/F) Therapists are encouraged to use positive regard for clients only as a means of shaping their behavior.

False

(T/F) When Rogers challenged the basic assumption that "the counselor knows best," he thought that this radical idea would affect the power dynamics and politics of the counseling profession, but to his surprise, it did not.

False

Person-Centered Therapy - Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Focus is on breaking cultural barriers and facilitating open dialogue among diverse cultural populations. Main strengths are respect for client's values, active listening, welcoming of differences, nonjudgmental attitude, understanding, willingness to allow clients to determine what will be explored in sessions, and prizing cultural pluralism.

Which of the following personal characteristic of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?

Genuineness

Person-Centered Therapy - Application of the Approaches

Has wide applicability to individual and group counseling. It is especially well suited for the initial phases of crises intervention work. Its principles have been applied to couples and family therapy, community programs, administration and management, and human relations training. It is an useful approach for teaching, parent-child relations, and for working with groups from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate? a. ​ MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking. b. ​ MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems. c. ​ MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization. d. ​ MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and reframe resistance as a healthy response.

MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization

Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Roger's approach to counseling?

Non-directive to client-centered to person-centered

Person-Centered Therapy - Basic Philosophy

Positive view of people; we have inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness. The client is the expert.

Person-Centered Therapy - Limitations of the Approach

Possible danger from the therapist who remains passive and inactive, limiting responses to reflection. Many clients feel a need for greater direction, more structure, and more techniques. Clients in crisis may need more directive measures. Applied to individual counseling, some cultural groups will expect more counselor activity.

Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at which stage of change?

Precontemplation

What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?

The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's life.

Person-Centered Therapy - Key Concepts

The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to reslove them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. Focus is on the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings

What is the most important factor related to process in person-centered therapy?

The relationship between the client and therapist

Person-Centered Therapy - Therapeutic Relationship

The relationship is of primary importance. The qualities of the therapist, including genuineness, warmth, accurate empathy, respect, and non-judmentalness -- and communication of these attitudes to clients - are stressed. Both client and therapist can be changed by the encounter.

Person-Centered Therapy - Techniques of Therapy

This approach uses few techniques but stresses the attitudes of the therapist and a "way of being." Therapists strive for active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, "being there" for the client, and focusing on the moment-to-moment experiencing of the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning or probing for information.

Person-Centered Therapy - Goals of Therapy

To provide a safe climate conducive to clients' self-exploration, so that they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness. To find meaning in life and to experience life fully. To become more self-directed.

(T/F) An assumption of person-centered therapy is that the counselor's presence is far more powerful than techniques he or she uses to facilitate change.

True

(T/F) Carl Rogers encouraged counselors to use a non-confrontational manner with their clients.

True

(T/F) Carl Rogers is often called the "father of psychotherapy research"

True

(T/F) Carl Rogers's approach is based on the assumption that humans are trustworthy and that clients desire to grow.

True

(T/F) Carl Rogers's original emphasis was on reflection of feelings expressed by the client.

True

(T/F) Congruence is a basic characteristic of effective therapists.

True

(T/F) Empathy is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.

True

(T/F) Immediacy is highly valued in the person-centered approach.

True

(T/F) Maslow postulated a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological needs.

True

(T/F) Person-centered expressive arts therapy can be used in both group and individual contexts

True

(T/F) The person-centered approach evolved from a non-directive therapy to an experiential therapy.

True

(T/F) The person-centered approach places emphasis on the necessary and sufficient conditions for change.

True

(T/F) The person-centered model has been widely adapted to include such areas as family therapy, crisis counseling and classroom education.

True

(T/F) The term "presence" refers to the counselor's ability to be fully engaged in the therapeutic relationship with the client.

True

(T/F) The underlying vision of humanistic philosophy is captured by the metaphor of how an acorn will automatically grow in positive ways, pushed naturally toward its actualization as an oak.

True

(T/F) Therapists who have little respect for their clients can anticipate that their therapeutic work will not be fruitful.

True

Methods of expressive arts therapy are based on humanistic principles. Which of the following principles is not one? a. ​ Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression. b. ​ The creative process is transformative and healing. c. ​ The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious. d. ​ Our feelings and emotions are a source of energy.

a - releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression

36. Accurate empathic understanding helps clients in all the following areas, except: a. ​ to notice and devalue their experiences. b. ​ to view prior experiences in new ways. c. ​ to process their experience both cognitively and bodily. d. ​ to increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action

a - to notice and devalue their experiences

A common theme originating in Carl Roger's early writings and continuing to permeate all of his works is

a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present

From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by

a sense of equality

Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as

allies who play a major role in their resent and future success

Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy?

b - a reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction

Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centered therapy? a. ​ It could be referred to as holistic therapy. b. ​ Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used. c. ​ It emphasizes an increased involvement of the therapist as a person. d. ​ It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship.

b - acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used

Which of the following is NOT true about Carl Rogers? a. ​ He was raised with strict religious standards in his home. b. ​ He developed cognitive therapy. c. ​ At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry. d. ​ He made a contribution toward achieving world peace.

b - he developed cognitive therapy

Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach? a. ​ Therapists should give advice when clients need it. b. ​ The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes. c. ​ Therapists should function largely as teachers. d. ​ Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.

b - the techniques a therapist uses are less important that his or her attitudes

Carl Roger's position on confronting the client is that

confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a non-confrontational manner

In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must

connect emotionally to the client's subjective world

Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework? a. ​Unconditional positive regard b. ​Creative expression c. ​Accurate empathetic understanding d. ​Congruence

creative expression

Concerning research on psychotherapy and Carl Rogers, which of the following is NOT true? a. ​ Rogers stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research. b. ​ Rogers literally opened the field for psychotherapy research. c. ​ Rogers inspired others to conduct extensive research on counseling process and outcome. d. ​ Rogers did not conduct the research himself.

d - Rogers did not conduct the research himself

In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists should do all of the following, except: a. ​ communicate a deep sense of understanding. b. ​ provide genuine support and warmth. c. ​ use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction. d. ​ do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves.

d - do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach? a. The focus is on the phenomenological world of the client. b. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research. c. The client-centered approach emphasized the role of the therapist as a facilitator of growth and honored the inherent power of the client. d. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy

d - emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy

Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach? a. ​ The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment. b. ​ In a climate of safety in the therapeutic session, the client comes to realize that there are more authentic ways of being. c. ​ The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy. d. ​ The focus is on exploration of a client's past.

d - the focus is on exploration of a client's past

In person-centered group therapy, the leader

displays a sense of trust in the members.

The person-centered therapist is best described as a

facilitator

Person-centered therapy is a

humanistic approach to therapy

From a person-centered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is that

individual client

According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is define as

looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence

The technique of reflection involves the therapist

mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.

Person-centered therapy is best described as

philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence?

physical and safety needs

The ______________________that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.

positive psychology movement

In the 1960s and 1970s, Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of

student-centered teaching and encounter groups

A potential limitation of the person-centered approach is:

that some students-in-training and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without being challenging

Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to:

the client/therapist relationship

One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves

the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive

A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches is the

therapist's role as facilitator

The person-centered therapist generally does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis

to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client