Perspective on Wellness Final Test

Intrauterine Contraceptives

(intrauterine contraceptive device) IUD (intrauterine contraceptive device): A device inserted into the uterus (womb) to prevent conception (pregnancy). ... An IUD is inserted into the uterus by a health-care professional.

Stretch reflex

(myotatic reflex) is a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. When a muscle lengthens, the muscle spindle is stretched and its nerve activity increases.

Flexibility:

Flexibility is defined as the range of motion of a given joint or group of joints or the level of tissue extensibility that a muscle group possesses. That means that each joint and each group of muscles in your body might have a different range of motion (ROM) or a different level of flexibility.

Food safety

Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potential health hazards.

Gonorrhea

A bacterial infection that is transmitted by sexual contact. Gonorrhea is one of the oldest known sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and it is caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. Men with gonorrhea may have a yellowish discharge from the penis accompanied by itching and burning. More than half of women with gonorrhea do not have any symptoms. If symptoms occur, they may include burning or frequent urination, yellowish vaginal discharge, redness and swelling of the genitals, and a burning or itching of the vaginal area. If untreated, gonorrhea can lead to severe pelvic infections and even sterility. Complications in later life can include inflammation of the heart valves, arthritis, and eye infections. Gonorrhea can also cause eye infections in babies born of infected mothers. Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics.

Appestat

A brain center (probably in the hypothalamus) concerned in controlling the appetite. *The mechanism in the brain (possibly in the hypothalamus) concerned with the appetite and control of food intake.

Omega-3

A class of essential fatty acids found in fish oils, especially from salmon and other cold-water fish, that acts to lower the levels of cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoproteins) in the blood. ... Omega-3 fish oil is considered a nutraceutical, a food that provides health benefits.

Asthma

A common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties that may range from mild to life-threatening. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and chest tightness. The diagnosis of asthma is based on evidence of wheezing and is confirmed with breathing tests. Many allergens and irritants can precipitate attacks of asthma. Avoidance of precipitating factors can be helpful. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, activity reduction, allergy shots, and medications to prevent or reverse the bronchospasm.

Hangover

A common nonmedical term for the disagreeable physical effects following excessive consumption of alcohol (or the use of other psychoactive drugs). Veisalgia is the little-used medical name for the condition. Symptoms may include headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and concentration difficulties.

Marijuana

A common street and recreational drug that comes from the marijuana plant: the hemp plant cannabis sativa. The pharmacologically active ingredient in marijuana is tetra-hydro-cannabinol (THC). Marijuana is used to heighten perception, affect mood, and relax. Many people think marijuana is harmless, but it is not. Signs of marijuana use include red eyes, lethargy, and uncoordinated body movements. The long-term effects may include decrease in motivation and harmful effects on the brain, heart, lungs, and reproductive system. People who smoke marijuana are also at increased risk of developing cancer of the head and neck. A pharmaceutical product, Marinol, that contains synthetic THC, is available as a prescription medication. It comes in the form of a pill (eliminating the harmful and cancer-causing chemicals present when marijuana is smoked) and is used to relieve the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy for cancer patients and to treat loss of appetite in AIDS patients. *THC is the main active ingredient in marijuana. When THC enters the body it stimulates receptors in the brain and can reduce pain and increase appetite. *Medical marijuana is mainly used to treat chronic pain, nausea, and muscle spasms, but it has many other uses.

Complete Protein

A complete protein (or whole protein) is a source of protein that contains an adequate proportion of all nine of the essential amino acids necessary for the dietary needs of humans or other animals.

Starch

A complex carbohydrate and main energy reserve in plants, is present in grains, legumes, tubers, fruits, and root vegetables. It is a slow-burning carbohydrate and is difficult to digest.

Heat stroke

A condition caused by your body overheating, usually as a result of prolonged exposure to or physical exertion in high temperatures. This most serious form of heat injury, heatstroke, can occur if your body temperature rises to 104 F (40 C) or higher.

Simple carbohydrates

Simple carbohydrates are sugars. All simple carbohydrates are made of just one or two sugar molecules. They are the quickest source of energy, as they are very rapidly digested.

Fat mass

That portion of the human body that is composed strictly of fat (as opposed to fat-free mass). *The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat.

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

A molecule that is a combination of lipid (fat) and protein. Lipoproteins are the form in which lipids are transported in the blood. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transports cholesterol from the liver to the tissues of the body. LDL cholesterol is therefore considered the "bad" cholesterol.

Withdrawal

Abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence. In example, common opiates withdrawal symptoms include sweating, goosebumps, vomiting, anxiety, insomnia, and muscle pain.

Ballistic stretching

Ballistic stretching uses bouncing movements to push your body beyond its normal range of motion. This type of forceful stretching may help increase range of motion for athletes such as dancers, football players, martial artists, or basketball players.

Fat soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and can be stored in the body's fatty tissue. They come from plant and animal foods or dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.

Fetal alcohol Syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome causes brain damage and growth problems. The problems caused by fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome are not reversible. There is no amount of alcohol that's known to be safe to consume during pregnancy.

Principle of Individuality:

The Individualization Principle dictates that fitness training should be adjusted according to each person's characteristics and needs, such as age, gender, rate of progress, and previous experience. The goal of individualization is to capitalize on each person's strengths, exploit their genetic potential, and strengthen their weaknesses.

Personality Types

Type A and Type B personality theory describes two contrasting personality types. In this theory, personalities that are more competitive, highly organized, ambitious, impatient, highly aware of time management and/or aggressive are labeled Type A, while more relaxed personalities are labeled Type B. The two cardiologists who developed this theory came to believe that Type A personalities had a greater chance of developing coronary heart disease. Following the results of further studies and considerable controversy about the role of the tobacco industry funding of early research in this area, some reject, either partially or completely, the link between Type A personality and coronary disease. Nevertheless, this research had a significant effect on the development of the health psychology field, in which psychologists look at how an individual's mental state affects their physical health. *There are many ways to measure personality, but psychologists have mostly given up on trying to divide humanity neatly into types. Instead, they focus on personality traits. The most widely accepted of these traits are the Big Five: Openness: Openness is shorthand for "openness to experience." Conscientiousness:People who are conscientious are organized and have a strong sense of duty. Extraversion: Extraversion versus introversion is possibly the most recognizable personality trait of the Big Five. The more of an extravert someone is, the more of a social butterfly they are. Agreeableness:Agreeableness measures the extent of a person's warmth and kindness. The more agreeable someone is, the more likely they are to be trusting, helpful and compassionate. Neuroticism: People high in neuroticism worry frequently and easily slip into anxiety and depression.

Type (specificity):

Type or specificity, refers to the specific physical activity chosen to improve a component of health-related fitness. For example, an individual wishing to increase arm strength must exercise the triceps and biceps, while an individual wishing to increase aerobic endurance needs to jog, run, swim or perform some other aerobically challenging activity.

Hydrostatic weighing

Underwater weighing: A method for determining the lean body mass. This method weighs a person underwater and then calculates the lean body mass (muscle) and body fat. This method is one of the more accurate ones. ... Also called hydrostatic weighing.

Calories

Units of food energy.

Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

* A stress response syndrome, including, grief, and adjustment disorders. Anger was examined through the use of the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) in male veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),male veterans with other psychiatric disorders, and women with sexual-trauma-related PTSD. Male veterans with PTSD scored higher on the BDHI Assault, Irritability, Negativism, and Verbal Hostility scales than male veterans with other psychiatric diagnoses, which supports past research. In addition, male veterans with combat-related PTSD scored higher than women with sexual-trauma-related PTSD on the Assault, Indirect Hostility, Irritability, and Verbal Hostility scales of the BDHI. Scale differences are attributed to diagnosis and gender, while some nonsignificant differences are discussed as characteristic of PTSD. *Until recently, our understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relied almost entirely on studies of war veterans and disaster victims. A handful of epidemiologic studies have now been conducted that investigate the natural course of PTSD as it occurs in the general population. Estimates of PTSD prevalence have tended to vary according to the diagnostic criteria used to define the disorder, assessment procedures, sample characteristics, and the definition of qualifying traumatic events. Possible reasons for the observed difference in lifetime prevalence of PTSD between the sexes (a female-to-male lifetime prevalence ratio of 2:1 is typically reported) and factors thought to be associated with an increased risk for the disorder after exposure to trauma are reviewed.

STI Treatments

**Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection: there are two basic types of genital infections that are not "true" sexually transmitted infections - fungal or yeast infections and bacterial vaginosis. Sometimes partners can re-infect each other with these infections through sex, but they are not technically considered sexually transmitted infections. *Vaginal Yeast Infection: vaginal Yeast Infection, or "Candidal Vulvovaginitis," is caused by the fungus "candida." A yeast infection is not an STI; many women who are not sexually active have this infection. However, it is included here because a vaginal yeast infection is more common in sexually active women. It can be treated by creams, many of which are available without a prescription. It can also be treated by the oral medication Diflucan, which does require a prescription. *Bacterial Vaginosis: bacterial Vaginosis is caused by several different types of bacteria that live in the vagina and the bowel. Treatment includes antibiotics taken by mouth or antibiotic gels that go into the vagina. Here are some common infections related to bacterial vaginosis: *Chlamydia is caused by the bacteria chlamydia trachomatis. This is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in teens and young adults and is on the rise. It can lead to infertility if left untreated. Chlamydia is usually treated with antibiotics, some of which can be taken for one day, others for 7 to 10 days. *Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is treated with either a single injection or antibiotics for 7 to 10 days. *Syphilis is caused by an organism called "spirochete," which is considered a bacteria but also has characteristics of a parasite. Syphilis is easily treated with a penicillin injection. *Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is found only in females and is caused by multiple types of bacteria in the genital tract and bowel. PID is a severe infection of the uterus, and sometimes ovaries, in which the bacteria invade deep into the tissue. It can cause abscesses in the ovaries. Treatment often includes draining any abscesses and a lengthy course of antibiotics (at least two weeks). Severe PID can cause scarring of the uterus and fallopian tubes and can lead to infertility. **Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections: *Herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus. It can be treated with antiviral medications at the time of outbreaks, and daily antiviral medications to prevent frequent outbreaks. There is currently no vaccine or cure for herpes. *Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), also known as the "genital wart virus," can be treated with lotions and liquid nitrogen to freeze the warts. Currently, there is no cure for HPV. There is an HPV vaccine, recommended for teens now. It is thought that perhaps 80 to 90 percent of the general population carries the virus in their skin, even if they don't have symptoms. This virus is especially important to be aware of because certain sub-types can significantly increase a woman's risk for cervical cancer. Condoms cannot prevent spread of the virus to sex partners. *Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus. Although this infection is difficult to treat, certain oral medications or injections are generally used. People who have chronic Hepatitis B may need prolonged or even lifelong treatment with injectable medications, which are sometime quite toxic. Hepatitis B can also lead to liver failure and increases the risk for liver cancer. There is an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B, but no cure. *Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be treated and the progression slowed by using a combination of antiviral medications - usually a minimum of three to four medications. There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV.

Diagnosing and treating CVD

**Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease: With respect to cardiovascular disease, there are many tools in a doctor's tool belt, if you will, for diagnosing cardiovascular disease. We'll cover some big ones in this lesson. *The first is known as a radiograph, or more commonly, an X-ray. You know what this is; it's the thing that can see right through your clothing and skin to produce a black and white image of internal structures. One of these structures is the heart, which in some cases of heart disease may be really big, immediately pointing to a problem. But X-rays aren't always diagnostic. Some cardiovascular issues are just too subtle for an X-ray. Therefore, we can sometimes use advanced imaging modalities, or techniques, to diagnose a problem. These include: *A CT scan: this is a procedure that takes many X-ray slices through a person in order to come up with a very detailed and even a 3D image of the heart or blood vessels. *An MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, which is a procedure that uses a magnetic field to peer inside the body. *Angiography, a procedure where a dye is injected into the blood vessels in order to visualize them. The dye that's injected is able to be visualized thanks to X-rays. *Ultrasound, a medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to peer into the body. If you've ever seen those movies where they show a baby moving inside the womb, that happens thanks to ultrasound. Doctors also use it to see what the heart is doing inside the body. *And, finally, an electrocardiogram (ECG), a procedure that measures and plots the electrical activity of the heart on paper or a computer screen. This procedure is very useful because it helps to pinpoint the exact electrical problem occurring in the heart and how best to treat it. **Treating Cardiovascular Disease Once these and many other diagnostic techniques are used to help diagnose the cardiovascular disease or its causes, then the doctor must decide on the most appropriate treatment plan for the patient. As you can only imagine, there are a ton of different medications and procedures that are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, so we'll cover as many of the more famous or important ones as we can. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is managed with everything from dietary modification (meaning decreasing the intake of salt) to medication such as ACE inhibitors, which are drugs that help to lower blood pressure. People suffering from coronary heart disease can take statins to lower cholesterol. Those who have arrhythmias of the heart can take medication to stop these potentially dangerous things, such as beta blockers. But not every kind of cardiovascular issue can be treated with medication. It's kind of like having a broken leg. You will need medication, but the reality is that you'll likely need surgery as well. As with broken bones, a broken heart may also need surgical intervention.

Characteristics of healthy and unhealthy relationships

*A healthy relationship should bring more happiness than stress into your life. Every relationship will have stress at times, but you want to prevent prolonged mental stress on either member of the relationship. A healthy relationship is when two people develop a connection based on: Mutual respect, Trust, Honesty, Support, Fairness/equality, Separate identities, Good communication, A sense of playfulness/fondness. *At times all relationships will have some of the characteristics listed below. However, unhealthy relationships will exhibit these characteristics more frequently and cause you stress and pressure that is hard to avoid. This tension is unhealthy for both members of the relationship and may lead to problems in other areas of your life. Feel pressure to change who you are for the other person Feel worried when you disagree with the other person, Feel pressure to quit activities you usually/used to enjoy, Pressure the other person into agreeing with you or changing to suit you better, Notice one of you has to justify your actions (e.g., where you go, who you see) Notice one partner feels obligated to have sex or has been forced, Have a lack of privacy, and may be forced to share everything with the other person, Attempt to control or manipulate each other, Notice your partner attempts to controls how you dress and criticizes your behaviors Do not make time to spend with one another Have no common friends, or have a lack of respect for each others' friends and family Notice an unequal control of resources (e.g., food, money, home, car, etc.) Experience a lack of fairness and equality

Myocardial Infarction

*A heart attack. Abbreviated MI. -The term "myocardial infarction" focuses on the myocardium (the heart muscle) and the changes that occur in it due to the sudden deprivation of circulating blood. The main change is necrosis (death) of myocardial tissue. -The word "infarction" comes from the Latin "infarcire" meaning "to plug up or cram." It refers to the clogging of the artery.

STI Prevention

*Abstinence: the most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have sex (i.e., anal, vaginal or oral). *Vaccination: vaccines are safe, effective, and recommended ways to prevent hepatitis B and HPV. HPV vaccines for males and females can protect against some of the most common types of HPV. It is best to get all three doses (shots) before becoming sexually active. However, HPV vaccines are recommended for all teen girls and women through age 26 and all teen boys and men through age 21, who did not get all three doses of the vaccine when they were younger. You should also get vaccinated for hepatitis B if you were not vaccinated when you were younger. *Reduce Number of Sex Partners: reducing your number of sex partners can decrease your risk for STDs. It is still important that you and your partner get tested, and that you share your test results with one another. *Mutual Monogamy: mutual monogamy means that you agree to be sexually active with only one person, who has agreed to be sexually active only with you. Being in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner is one of the most reliable ways to avoid STDs. But you must both be certain you are not infected with STDs. It is important to have an open and honest conversation with your partner. *Use Condoms : correct and consistent use of the male latex condom is highly effective in reducing STD transmission. Use a condom every time you have anal, vaginal, or oral sex. If you have latex allergies, synthetic non-latex condoms can be used. But it is important to note that these condoms have higher breakage rates than latex condoms. Natural membrane condoms are not recommended for STD prevention.

Fibrillation

*An abnormal and erratic twitching of the heart muscle. An abnormal and irregular heart rhythm in which electrical signals are generated chaotically throughout the upper chambers (atria) of the heart. Many people with atrial fibrillation have no symptoms. Among those who do, the most common symptom is an uncomfortable awareness of the rapid and irregular heartbeat (palpitations). Atrial fibrillation can promote the formation of blood clots that travel from the heart to the brain, resulting in stroke. Treatment of atrial fibrillation involves risk-factor control, use of medications to slow the heart rate and/or convert the heart to normal rhythm, and prevention of blood clots. Also known as auricular fibrillation.

Lymphomas

*Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system. -Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

Stress on the College Student

*Eating disorders are relatively common among college students and can be caused due to changes in lifestyle and stress levels.[4][5] Examples of common stressors with college students are relationships, classwork, and lack of sleep, which can cause students to exhibit eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or binge eating *Marijuana use is more prevalent among college students than the general population. A 2015 study, for example, found the daily use of marijuana was more common than cigarettes among college students. *According to The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug dependence, studies have also shown that drinking alcohol moderately can be helpful to the coronary system. In general, for healthy people, one drink per day for women and no more than two drinks per day for men would be considered the maximum amount of alcohol consumption to be considered moderate use. This shows that drinking can be beneficial in moderation. Binge drinking and alcoholism, however, have proven to be harmful. *The entrance of a new life means changing and adapting. Beginning freshmen enter a new phase that affects the way they eat. They are unaware of their nutrition and they only want something from what they see.

Stress Management Techniques

*Exercise can be a key, central method to compensate for stressors. Physical exercise not only promotes overall fitness, but it helps you to manage emotional stress and tension as well. Exercise can also aid in relaxation and improve sleep. For one thing, exercise can emotionally remove one temporarily from a stressful environment or situation. Being fit and healthy also increases your ability to deal with stress as it arises. *Autogenic training: Developed in the early 20th century, this technique is based upon passive concentration and awareness of body sensations. Through repetition of so-called autogenic "formulas" one focuses upon different sensations, such as warmth or heaviness, in different regions of the body. *Biofeedback: Biofeedback is one method of learning to achieve relaxation, control stress responses, or modify the body's reactions through the use of monitoring equipment that provides information from the body which would normally not be available. *Imagery: Imagery, sometimes referred to as guided imagery, is the use of pleasant or relaxing images to calm the mind and body. *Meditation techniques: Ranging from practices associated with specific religions or beliefs to methods focusing purely on physical relaxation, meditation is one of the most popular techniques to achieve physical and mental relaxation. *Progressive muscle relaxation: Progressive muscle relaxation is a method in which muscle groups are tightened and then relaxed in succession. This method is based upon the idea that mental relaxation will be a natural outcome of physical relaxation. *Yoga: There are many forms of yoga, an ancient Indian form of exercise based upon the premise that the body and breathing are connected with the mind.

Principle of Progression:

*Overload refers to the amount of load or resistance, providing a greater stress, or load, on the body than it is normally accustomed to in order to increase fitness. *Progression is the way in which an individual should increase the load. -The Progression Principle states that there is a perfect level of overload in-between a too slow increase and a too rapid increase.

Surgical Methods

*Problems with ovulating. Treatment may include taking medicine, such as: Clomiphene. It stimulates your ovaries to release eggs. Metformin. It's used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome. *Unexplained infertility. If your doctor can't find out why you and your partner haven't been able to get pregnant, treatment may include: Clomiphene. Hormone injections. Insemination. *Blocked or damaged tubes. If your fallopian tubes are blocked, treatment may include tubal surgery. Endometriosis: If mild to moderate endometriosis seems to be the main reason for your infertility, treatment may include laparoscopic surgery to remove endometrial tissue growth. This treatment may not be an option if you have severe endometriosis. *Female Surgical Options: Laparoscopy - An outpatient surgical procedure which uses a small, fiber optic telescope inserted through an incision near the navel. The telescope can then look for and remove adhesions in the pelvic cavity, remove ovarian cysts or repair a fluid-filled hydrosalpinx. Hysteroscopy - Outpatient procedure that inserts a fiber optic telescope into the uterus through the cervix. The telescope can then seek out and remove adhesions in the uterus. Hydrosalpinx removal - Blockage of the fallopian tube can be caused by a hydrosalpinx, which can lead to an accumulation of fluid. Removal of the hydrosalpinx can clear the obstruction and increase pregnancy or IVF success rates. Reanastomosis (fallopian tube sterilization reversal) - Reversal of a fallopian tube sterilization procedure. Reanastomosis connects the two previously disconnected ends of the fallopian tubes in order to reverse the sterilization. *Male Surgical Options: Testicular Biopsy - A procedure in which several pieces of testicular tissue are removed and examined for sperm which can later be used for fertility procedures. Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA) - MESA is a procedure which inserts a needle into the epididymis to locate and aspirate an area of sperm. Vasectomy reversal - Often performed as an outpatient procedure. A vasectomy reversal is done to restore the male's ability to release sperm from the testicles into the semen.

Effects of alcohol

*Short-Term Health Risks: excessive alcohol use has immediate effects that increase the risk of many harmful health conditions. These are most often the result of binge drinking and include the following: Injuries, such as motor vehicle crashes, falls, drownings, and burns. Violence, including homicide, suicide, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence. Alcohol poisoning, a medical emergency that results from high blood alcohol levels. Risky sexual behaviors, including unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners. These behaviors can result in unintended pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Miscarriage and stillbirth or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) among pregnant women. *Long-Term Health Risks: Over time, excessive alcohol use can lead to the development of chronic diseases and other serious problems including: High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems. Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon. Learning and memory problems, including dementia and poor school performance. Mental health problems, including depression and anxiety. Social problems, including lost productivity, family problems, and unemployment. Alcohol dependence, or alcoholism.

Intellectual and Psychological effects of stress

*Stress and Depression: Byproducts of stress hormones can act as sedatives (chemical substances which cause us to become calm or fatigued). When such hormone byproducts occur in large amounts (which will happen under conditions of chronic stress), they may contribute to a sustained feeling of low energy or depression. Habitual patterns of thought which influence appraisal and increase the likelihood that a person will experience stress as negative (such as low self-efficacy, or a conviction that you are incapable of managing stress) can also increase the likelihood that a person will become depressed. *Stress and Bipolar Disorder: chronic and/or severe stress can also negatively affect people with Bipolar Disorder. This illness, also known as manic depression or bipolar affective disorder, involves dramatic shifts in mood, energy level, and behavior from the highs of mania (one pole) to the lows of major depression (the opposite pole). *Stress and Anxiety Disorders: some people who are stressed may show relatively mild outward signs of anxiety, such as fidgeting, biting their fingernails, tapping their feet, etc. In other people, chronic activation of stress hormones can contribute to severe feelings of anxiety (e.g., racing heartbeat, nausea, sweaty palms, etc.), feelings of helplessness and a sense of impending doom. Thought patterns that lead to stress (and depression, as described above) can also leave people vulnerable to intense anxiety feelings. *Stress and Cognitive Functioning: the continuous presence of stress hormones in the body may alter the operation and structure of some aspects of the nervous system. More specifically, stress hormones may decrease the functioning of neurons (brain cells) in a region of the brain known as the hippocampus (a part of the brain that is important for laying down new long-term memories) and in the frontal lobes (the part of the brain that is necessary for paying attention, filtering out irrelevant information, and using judgment to solve problems). As a result, people who are chronically stressed may experience confusion, difficulty concentrating, trouble learning new information, and/or problems with decision-making. *Stress and Personality Changes: the term personality is used to describe the consistent individual patterns of thoughts, emotion, and behavior that characterize each person across time and situations. Each individual's personality is thought to be influenced by both an inherited "genetic" component (usually called temperament) and by their interactions with the environment. Some people experience personality changes in response to stress hormones, which are part of their internal environment. The following changes in personality are not uncommon to observe in people who are stressed: Irritability Hostility Frustration Anger Aggressive feelings and behavior Decreased interest in appearance Decreased concern with punctuality Obsessive/compulsive behavior (trying to cope with unwanted repeated thoughts or obsessions, by engaging in compulsive behavior rituals such as counting, checking, washing, etc.) Reduced work efficiency or productivity Lying or making excuses to cover up poor work Excessive defensiveness or suspiciousness Problems in communication Social withdrawal and isolation Impulsivity (expressed as impulse buying, gambling, sexual behavior, or similar).

Osteoporosis

A condition of fragile bone with an increased susceptibility to fracture. -weakens bone and increases risk of bones breaking. Bone mass (bone density) decreases after 35 years of age, and bone loss occurs more rapidly in women after menopause. Key risk factors for osteoporosis include genetics, lack of exercise, lack of calcium and vitamin D, personal history of fracture as an adult, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, history of rheumatoid arthritis, low body weight, and family history of osteoporosis. Patients with osteoporosis have no symptoms until bone fractures occur. The diagnosis of osteoporosis can be suggested by X-rays and confirmed by tests to measure bone density. Treatments for osteoporosis, in addition to prescription osteoporosis medications, include stopping use of alcohol and cigarettes, and assuring adequate exercise, calcium, and vitamin D.

Heat exhaustion

A condition whose symptoms may include heavy sweating ,rapid pulse, and confusion, as a result of your body overheating. It's one of three heat-related syndromes, with heat cramps being the mildest and heatstroke being the most severe... Fortunately, heat exhaustion is preventable.

Atherosclerosis

A disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.

Chronic disease

A disease that persists for a long time. A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more, by the definition of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just disappear.

Halucinogens

A drug that causes hallucinations (profound distortions in a person's perceptions of reality). Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds, and feel sensations that seem real but do not exist. Some hallucinogens also produce rapid, intense emotional swings. Hallucinogens cause their effects by disrupting the interaction of nerve cells and the neurotransmitter serotonin. Distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord, the serotonin system is involved in the control of behavioral, perceptual, and regulatory systems, including mood, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, muscle control, and sensory perception. *LSD ( "lysergic acid diethylamide") is the drug most commonly identified with the term "hallucinogen" and the most widely used in this class of drugs. It is considered the typical hallucinogen, and the characteristics of its action and effects apply to the other hallucinogens, including mescaline, psilocybin, and ibogaine.

Saturated fat

A fat that contains only saturated fatty acids, is solid at room temperature, and comes chiefly from animal food products. Some examples of saturated fat are butter, lard, meat fat, solid shortening, palm oil, and coconut oil. Saturated fat tends to raise the level of cholesterol in the blood.*This is a type of fat that comes mainly from animal sources of food, such as red meat, poultry and full-fat dairy products. Saturated fat raises total blood cholesterol levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, which can increase your risk of cardiovascular disease. Saturated fat may also increase your risk of type 2 diabetes.

Unsaturated fat

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and comes from a plant, such as olive, peanut, corn, cottonseed, sunflower, safflower, or soybean oil. Unsaturated fat tends not to raise the level of LDL ('bad') cholesterol in the blood.

Psychoneuroimmunology

A field of medicine that deals with the influence of emotional states (as stress) and nervous system activity on immune function especially in relation to their effect on the onset and progression of disease.

Oncogenes

A gene that is a mutated (changed) form of a gene involved in normal cell growth. Oncogenes may cause the growth of cancer cells. Mutations in genes that become oncogenes can be inherited or caused by being exposed to substances in the environment that cause cancer.

Inflammation

A localized reaction that produces redness, warmth, swelling, and pain as a result of infection, irritation, or injury. Inflammation can be external or internal. *Inflammation is a process by which the body's white blood cells and substances they produce protect us from infection with foreign organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. However, in some diseases, like arthritis, the body's defense system -- the immune system -- triggers an inflammatory response when there are no foreign invaders to fight off. In these diseases, called autoimmune diseases, the body's normally protective immune system causes damage to its own tissues. The body responds as if normal tissues are infected or somehow abnormal.

Sarcomas

A malignant tumor that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other "soft" supporting tissues of the body. Soft tissue sarcomas do not originate in bone or cartilage. *Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

Basal metabolic rate

A measurement of the number of calories needed to perform your body's most basic (basal) functions, like breathing, circulation and cell production. BMR is most accurately measured in a lab setting under very restrictive conditions.

Resting metabolic rate

A measurement of the number of calories that your body burns at rest. Resting metabolic rate is usually measured in the morning before you eat or exercise and after a full night of restful sleep.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

A method of stretching muscles to maximize their flexibility that is often performed with a partner or trainer and that involves a series of contractions and relaxations with enforced stretching during the relaxation phase —abbreviation PNF.*abbreviation for proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.

3 Trimesters of Pregnancy

A normal, full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks, and can range from 37-42 weeks. It's divided into three trimesters. Each trimester lasts between 12 and 14 weeks, or about three months. Each trimester comes with its own specific hormonal and physiological changes. Being aware of the ways that your growing baby is affecting your body will help you to better prepare yourself for these changes as they happen. It's also helpful to be aware of the specific risk factors (and associated medical tests) for each of the three trimesters. *First trimester: pregnancy date counting starts with the first day of your last normal menstruation cycle, and conception takes place in week 2. The first trimester lasts from the first through the 13th week of pregnancy. *Second trimester: the second trimester (weeks 13-27) is the most comfortable period of time for the majority of pregnant women. Most of the early pregnancy symptoms will gradually disappear. You will likely feel a surge in energy levels during the daytime and be able to enjoy a more restful night's sleep. *Third trimester: the third trimester lasts from the 28th week through to the birth of your baby. During the third trimester, you'll start seeing your healthcare provider more frequently. *Due date: a normal, full-term pregnancy can last anywhere from 37 to 42 weeks.

Angiography

A procedure performed to view blood vessels after injecting them with a radiopaque dye that outlines them on x-ray. This technique can be usefully used to look at arteries in many areas of the body, including the brain, neck (carotids), heart, aorta, chest, pulmonary circuit, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and limbs.

Psychoactive drugs

A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. These drugs may be used recreationally to purposefully alter one's consciousness (such as coffee, alcohol or cannabis), as entheogens for spiritual purposes (such as the mescaline-containing peyote cactus or psilocybin-containing mushrooms), and also as medication (such as the use of narcotics in controlling pain, stimulants to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders, as well as anti-depressants and anti-psychotics for treating neurological and psychiatric illnesses).

Electrocardiogram

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart. Abbreviated ECG and EKG. An ECG is a simple, noninvasive procedure. Electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest and connected in a specific order to a machine that, when turned on, measures electrical activity all over the heart. Output usually appears on a long scroll of paper that displays a printed graph of activity on a computer screen. The initial diagnosis of heart attack is usually made through observation of a combination of clinical symptoms and characteristic ECG changes. An ECG can detect areas of muscle deprived of oxygen and/or dead tissue in the heart. If a medication is known to sometimes adversely affect heart function, a baseline ECG may be ordered before the patient starts taking the medicine, and follow-up testing may occur at regular intervals to look for any changes.

Repetitions

A rep is the number of times you perform a specific exercise.

Routes of drug administration

A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Action may be topical (local), enteral (system-wide effect, but delivered through the gastrointestinal tract), or parenteral (systemic action, but delivered by routes other than the GI tract).

Bioelectrical impedance

A seemingly simple method for determining the lean body mass. Abbreviated BIA. There are two methods of the BIA. One involves standing on a special scale with footpads. A harmless amount of electrical current is sent through the body, and then the percentage of body fat is calculated.

Sets

A set is the number of cycles of reps that you complete. For example, suppose you complete 15 reps of a bench press.

Stressor

A stressor is the stimulus or threat that causes stress. Negative personal stressors include: • The death of a spouse or family member. • Hospitalization, injury or illness of oneself or family member. • Being abused or neglected.

Carcinogen

A substance or agent that causes cancer. Related terms include the adjective "carcinogenic" and the nouns "carcinogenesis" and "carcinogenicity." One of the best-known carcinogens is ionizing radiation.

Carcinogens

A substance or agent that causes cancer. Related terms include the adjective "carcinogenic" and the nouns "carcinogenesis" and "carcinogenicity." One of the best-known carcinogens is ionizing radiation. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified some 60 substances and processes as probably or definitely carcinogenic in humans. These substances and processes are divided into three categories -- Agents and groups of agents, Mixtures, and Exposure circumstances.

Ergogenic aids

A substance, such as a steroid, used by athletes with the expectation that it will provide a competitive edge. *A popular term for any device intended to enhance athletic performance, which can be conceptually divided into mechanical, physiological and mental factors.

Atrophy

A wasting away or diminution. Muscle atrophy is a decrease in muscle mass, often due to extended immobility.

Body Mass Index

Abbreviated BMI. BMI is a person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by his or her height in meters squared. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to BMI rather than the traditional height/weight charts.

Coronary bypass

Abbreviated CABG. A form of bypass surgery that can create new routes around narrowed and blocked coronary arteries, permitting increased blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. Coronary artery bypass graft is an option for selected groups of patients with significant narrowings and blockages of the heart arteries. The bypass graft for a CABG can be a vein from the leg or an inner chest-wall artery. CABG surgery is one of the most commonly performed major operations. Coronary artery disease develops because of hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) that supply blood to the heart muscle. Diagnostic tests prior to (and after) CABG include the electrocardiogram (EKG), stress test, echocardiogram, and coronary angiography.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Acquired means you can get infected with it; Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's system that fights diseases. Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease. *AIDS is caused by a virus called the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). If you get infected with HIV, your body will try to fight the infection. It will make "antibodies," special immune molecules the body makes to fight HIV. Tests for HIV look for these antibodies in your blood or mouth lining. If you have them in your blood, it means that you have HIV infection. People who have the HIV antibodies are called "HIV-Positive." Fact Sheet 102 has more information on HIV testing. Being HIV-positive, or having HIV disease, is not the same as having AIDS. Many people are HIV-positive but don't get sick for many years. As HIV disease continues, it slowly wears down the immune system. Viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria that usually don't cause any problems can make you very sick if your immune system is damaged. These are called "opportunistic infections."

Benefits of flexibility

Activities that lengthen and stretch muscles can help you prevent injuries, back pain, and balance problems. A well-stretched muscle more easily achieves its full range of motion.

Gambling

Addiction is a condition that results when a person ingests a substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, nicotine) or engages in an activity (e.g., gambling, sex, shopping) that can be pleasurable but the continuation of which becomes compulsive and interferes with ordinary responsibilities and concerns, such as work, relationships, or health. People who have developed an addiction may not be aware that their behavior is out of control and causing problems for themselves and others.

Addiction

Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain; they change its structure and how it works.

Air displacement

Air displacement plethysmography or ADP (also known as whole-body air displacement plethysmography/(i.e. BOD POD)) is a recognized and scientifically validated densitometric method to measure human body composition. *The BOD POD is a single fiberglass unit composed of two chambers. The test chamber accommodates the subject during testing and the reference chamber contains instrumentation for measuring changes in pressure between the two chambers [1].

Proof

Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol (alcohol) in an alcoholic beverage. The term was originally used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume (ABV). ... In the United States, alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV.

Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a long-term (chronic) disease. It should also be acknowledged that there is a growing trend away from using the term "alcoholic" as it is perceived to be a negative label. Instead, you may hear the person referred to as "a person who suffers from alcohol use disorder."

Aerobic activity (requiring the presence of air or free oxygen):

Also called aerobic exercises. Any of various sustained exercises, as jogging, rowing, swimming, or cycling, that stimulate and strengthen the heart and lungs, thereby improving the body's utilization of oxygen. *During exercise with adequate fuel and oxygen, muscle cells can contract repeatedly without fatigue. *requiring the presence of air or free oxygen.

Epinephrine

Also known as adrenaline. A substance produced by the medulla inside of the adrenal gland. Technically speaking, epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. It causes quickening of the heart beat, strengthens the force of the heart's contraction, opens up the airways (bronchioles) in the lungs, and has numerous other effects. The secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal gland is part of the fight-or-flight reaction. Adrenaline is a synonym of epinephrine and is the official name in the British Pharmacopoeia.

Cancer

An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread). Cancer is not one disease. It is a group of more than 100 different and distinctive diseases. Cancer can involve any tissue of the body and have many different forms in each body area. Most cancers are named for the type of cell or organ in which they start. If a cancer spreads (metastasizes), the new tumor bears the same name as the original (primary) tumor. The frequency of a particular cancer may depend on gender. While skin cancer is the most common type of malignancy for both men and women, the second most common type in men is prostate cancer and in women, breast cancer. Cancer frequency does not equate to cancer mortality. Skin cancers are often curable. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer for both men and women in the United States today. Benign tumors are NOT cancer; malignant tumors are cancer. Cancer is NOT contagious.

Cancer

An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread). Cancer is not one disease. It is a group of more than 100 different and distinctive diseases. Cancer can involve any tissue of the body and have many different forms in each body area. Most cancers are named for the type of cell or organ in which they start. If a cancer spreads (metastasizes), the new tumor bears the same name as the original (primary) tumor. The frequency of a particular cancer may depend on gender. While skin cancer is the most common type of malignancy for both men and women, the second most common type in men is prostate cancer and in women, breast cancer. Cancer frequency does not equate to cancer mortality. Skin cancers are often curable. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer for both men and women in the United States today. Cancer is the Latin word for crab. The ancients used the word to mean a malignancy, doubtless because of the crab-like tenacity a malignant tumor sometimes seems to show in grasping the tissues it invades. Cancer may also be called malignancy, a malignant tumor, or a neoplasm (literally, a new growth).

Neoplasm

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called tumor.

Tumor

An abnormal mass of tissue. Tumors are a classic sign of inflammation, and can be benign or malignant (cancerous). There are dozens of different types of tumors. Their names usually reflect the kind of tissue they arise in, and may also tell you something about their shape or how they grow. For example, a medulloblastoma is a tumor that arises from embryonic cells (a blastoma) in the inner part of the brain (the medulla). Diagnosis depends on the type and location of the tumor. Tumor marker tests and imaging may be used; some tumors can be seen (for example, tumors on the exterior of the skin) or felt (palpated with the hands). Treatment is also specific to the location and type of the tumor. Benign tumors can sometimes simply be ignored, or they may be reduced in size (debulked) or removed entirely via surgery. For cancerous tumors, options include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. See also blastoma, carcinoembryonic antigen test, desmoid tumor, ear tumor, epidermoid carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, esophageal cancer, syringoma, fibroid, tumor marker.

Accidents

An accident is an unplanned and undesired occurrence which results in injury to a person/persons. A dangerous occurrence is an unplanned and undesired occurrence (incident) which has the potential to cause injury and which may or may not cause damage to property, equipment or the environment.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

An adrenocorticotropic hormone test measures the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood to check for problems with the pituitary gland and adrenal glands . ... In turn, the adrenal glands then make a hormone called cortisol, which helps your body manage stress.

Diabetes Type I

An autoimmune disease that occurs when T cells attack and destroy most of the beta cells in the pancreas that are needed to produce insulin, so that the pancreas makes too little insulin (or no insulin). Without the capacity to make adequate amounts of insulin, the body is not able to metabolize blood glucose (sugar), to use it efficiently for energy, and toxic acids (called ketoacids) build up in the body. There is a genetic predisposition to type 1 diabetes. The disease tends to occur in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood (before age 30) but it may have its clinical onset at any age. The symptoms and signs of type 1 diabetes characteristically appear abruptly, although the damage to the beta cells may begin much earlier and progress slowly and silently. The symptoms and signs include a great thirst, hunger, a need to urinate often, and loss of weight. Among the risks of the disease are serious complications, among them blindness, kidney failure, extensive nerve damage, and accelerated atherosclerosis. The long-term aim with treatment is to avoid these complications or, at the least, to slow their progression. There is no known cure. To treat the disease, the person must inject insulin, follow a diet plan, exercise adequately (ideally, daily), and test their blood glucose several times a day. This type of diabetes used to be known as "juvenile diabetes," "juvenile-onset diabetes," and "ketosis-prone diabetes." It is now called type 1 diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent diabetes. *A type of white blood cell that is of key importance to the immune system and is at the core of adaptive immunity, the system that tailors the body's immune response to specific pathogens. ... T cell are also known as T lymphocytes. The "T" stands for "thymus" -- the organ in which these cells mature.

6 Essential Nutrients / their source and functions

An essential nutrient is a nutrient that the body cannot synthesize on its own -- or not to an adequate amount -- and must be provided by the diet. These nutrients are necessary for the body to function properly. The six essential nutrients include carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water. Carbohydrates are the main energy source for the brain. Without carbohydrates, the body could not function properly. Sources include fruits, breads and grains, starchy vegetables and sugars. Make at least half of the grains you consume whole grains. Whole grains and fruit are full of fiber, which reduces the risk of coronary heart disease and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels. Protein is the major structural component of cells and is responsible for the building and repair of body tissues. Protein is broken down into amino acids, which are building blocks of protein. Nine of the 20 amino acids, known as essential amino acids, must be provided in the diet as they cannot be synthesized in the body. Ten to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from lean protein sources such as low-fat meat, dairy, beans or eggs. Fat is an energy source that when consumed, increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins including vitamins A, D, E and K. Twenty to 35 percent of your daily intake should come from fat. Choose healthy options such as omega-3-rich foods like fish, walnuts and vegetable-based oils. Omega-3s help with development and growth. Limit intake of saturated fats such as high-fat meats and full-fat dairy. Other smart choices include nuts, seeds and avocado. Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, which provides structure to blood vessels, bone and ligaments. Rich sources include citrus fruits, strawberries and peppers. Folate, found in foods, helps to prevent birth defects. Pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant should speak with their physician about taking a folic acid supplement, the synthetic form of folate, in addition to their diet. Vitamin D helps to maintain calcium homeostasis. It can be found in food sources or synthesized by the sun. Minerals: Sodium helps to maintain fluid volume outside of the cells and helps cells to function normally. Keep intake under 2,400 milligrams per day. Potassium maintains fluid volume inside and outside of cells and prevents the excess rise of blood pressure with increased sodium intake. Rich sources include bananas, potatoes and tomatoes. Calcium helps to maintain and build strong bones and teeth. Include three servings of calcium-rich foods per day including milk, low-fat cheese and yogurt. Water helps to maintain homeostasis in the body and transports nutrients to cells. Water also assists in removing waste products from the body. All beverages and high-moisture foods such as soup and watermelon contain water and count towards your daily water requirement. Adults should consume 25 to 35 milliliters of fluids per kilogram body weight or 2 to 3 liters per day.

Plaque

An semi-hardened accumulation of substances from fluids that bathe an area. Examples include dental plaque and cholesterol plaque. - Minerals form dental plaque around the teeth as a result of bacterial action on food particles. Dental plaque provides an ideal environment for dental caries (cavities) to develop. To reduce the risk, plaque should be removed by daily brushing and flossing, and by regular dental cleanings. When allowed to remain, plaque hardens and is called tartar or calculus. - Cholesterol is a key component in plaques on the inner walls of blood vessels and can lead to blood clot formation. heart attacks, and stroke. The risk of these problems can be reduced by maintaining normal blood cholesterol and sometimes requires medications.

Essential fat

An unsaturated fatty acid that is essential to human health, but cannot be manufactured in the body. Abbreviated EFA.

Lipids

Another word for "fats." Lipids can be more formally defined as substances such as a fat, oil or wax that dissolves in alcohol but not in water. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have far less oxygen proportionally than carbohydrates.

Blood alcohol concentration

Any alcohol is found in the blood. Legal intoxication is defined as having a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or greater. But the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for people under age 18 may be lower, such as 0.02.

Physical Activity

Any bodily movement. *Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.

Incomplete Protein

Any protein lacking one or more essential amino acids in correct proportions as necessary for good nutrition and health, true of many plant foods; also called partial protein.

Heat cramps

Are painful, brief muscle cramps that occur during or after exercise or work in a hot environment. Muscles may spasm or jerk involuntarily; cramping may also be delayed and occur a few hours later.

Arthritis

Arthritis is inflammation of one or more of your joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis causes cartilage — the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint — to break down. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that first targets the lining of joints (synovium). Treatments vary depending on the type of arthritis. The main goals of arthritis treatments are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Symptoms The most common signs and symptoms of arthritis involve the joints. Depending on the type of arthritis you have, your signs and symptoms may include: Pain Stiffness Swelling Redness Decreased range of motion

Reproductive Choices

Article 96 of the Code provides that citizens have the right to free reproductive choice; reproductive health and family planning services; reliable and complete information on their reproductive health; treatment of infertility, including modern assisted reproductive techniques and technologies permitted in Kazakhstan; the donation of gametes; the use and free choice of contraceptive methods; surgical sterilization; abortion; and the protection of their reproductive rights.

Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system: A part of the nervous system that regulates key involuntary functions of the body, including the activity of the heart muscle; the smooth muscles, including the muscles of the intestinal tract; and the glands.

Barrier Method

Barrier methods of birth control block sperm from entering the uterus. Using a spermicide with a barrier method gives you the best possible barrier method protection. The spermicide kills most of the sperm that enter the vagina. The barrier method then blocks any remaining sperm from passing through the cervix to fertilize an egg. Barrier methods include the diaphragm, cervical cap, male condom, and female condom and spermicidal foam, sponges, and film. Unlike other methods of birth control, barrier methods are used only when you have sexual intercourse. Be sure to read the instructions before using a barrier method. It is very important that you use a barrier method correctly every time you have sex.

Malignant

Benign tumors are NOT cancer; malignant tumors are cancer. Cancer is NOT contagious *Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.

Benign

Benign tumors are NOT cancer; malignant tumors are cancer. Cancer is NOT contagious.

Hypertension

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. High blood pressure, sometimes called hypertension, happens when this force is too high. Health care workers check blood pressure readings the same way for children, teens, and adults.

Human Body Composition :

Body composition is the proportion of fat and fat-free mass in your body. A healthy body composition is one that includes a lower percentage of body fat and a higher percentage of fat-free mass, which includes muscle, bones, and organs. Body composition is measured to assess your health and fitness level. *BMI is a person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by his or her height in meters squared. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to BMI rather than the traditional height/weight charts.

Carcinomas

Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover body organs. Examples are carcinoma of the breast, colon, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate, or stomach. *Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide poisoning typically occurs from breathing in too much carbon monoxide (CO). Symptoms are often described as "flu-like" and commonly include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion. Large exposures can result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, or death. The classically described "cherry red skin" rarely occurs. Long term complications may include feeling tired, trouble with memory, and movement problems. In those exposed to smoke, cyanide toxicity should also be considered. Smoking can cause atherosclerosis leading to coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease. *Tobacco stains on primarily the 2nd and 3rd fingers in a heavy smoker. Inhalation of tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and blood vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to rise, increasing by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. *Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts negative effects by reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

Types of Cancers

Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Lymphomas, Leukemias

Benefits of Cardiovascular Fitness:

Cardio exercise is any exercise that raises your heart rate. This movement makes them stronger and stronger muscles make for a more efficient and healthy body. Your heart is a muscle. Therefore working it makes it stronger. A stronger cardio-vascular system means more capillaries delivering more oxygen to cells in your muscles. This enables your cells to burn more fat during both exercise and inactivity. *Improved heart health: the first one is an improved condition of your heart. By getting the heart pumping at a faster rate on a regular basis you will keep it in shape and healthy. *Increased metabolism:Another reason to perform cardio is for its effects on the metabolism. Generally speaking, the more intense the cardio session, the more noticeable increase you will see with regards to your metabolic rate. *Improved hormonal profile: Performing cardiovascular exercise also changes the hormonal profile in your body considerably. It releases 'feel good' hormones that will help ease symptoms of depression and fatigue as well as releasing hormones that decrease the appetite; stress relieving benefits from this hormones. Improved recovery ability: Certain types of cardio exercise, usually lower, more moderately paced forms, can decrease your recovery time too. *Management of diabetes: For those who have diabetes, cardiovascular exercise helps them manage this condition. By performing the exercise you will increase your muscle's ability to utilize glucose.

Health Related Components of Physical Fitness

Cardio-respiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Flexibility, and Body Composition

Angina pectoris

Chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. The pain is typically severe and crushing, and it is characterized by a feeling of pressure and suffocation just behind the breastbone. Angina can accompany or be a precursor of a heart attack.

Chronic lower respiratory disease

Chronic obstructed pulmonary disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis and other respiratory illnesses are all grouped together under the name chronic lower respiratory disease. Chronic lower respiratory disease is the third leading cause of death in the United States. *chronic lower respiratory disease is an umbrella term for diseases of the lungs.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production and wheezing. It's caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and a variety of other conditions. COPD is treatable. With proper management, most people with COPD can achieve good symptom control and quality of life, as well as reduced risk of other associated conditions. *COPD is characterized by limitation of airflow into and out of the lungs. This limitation of airflow can be caused by a number of things, including a loss of elasticity in the air tubes and alveoli, destruction of the walls that lie between the alveoli, thickening and inflammation of the lining of the air tubes or the air tubes secreting more mucus than they should, causing them to clog. COPD is not fully reversible, but its progression can be slowed through treatment.

Cigars

Cigar: A small roll of tobacco leaf for smoking. *a National Cancer Institute report outlined cause-and-effect connections between cigar smoking and disease, including cancer of the mouth and lungs, heart disease and emphysema, and stressed the danger of secondhand cigar smoke. Cigar Smoking Can Cause Cancers Of The Mouth And Throat, Even If You Do Not Inhale Cigar Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer And Heart Disease Tobacco Use Increases The Risk Of Infertility, Stillbirth And Low Birth Weight Cigars Are Not A Safe Alternative To Cigarettes Tobacco Smoke Increases The Risk Of Lung Cancer And Heart Disease, Even In Nonsmokers. *Regular cigar smoking is associated with an increased risk for cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx (voice box), and oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth, throat). Cigar smoking is linked to gum disease and tooth loss. Heavy cigar smokers and those who inhale deeply may be at increased risk for developing coronary heart disease. Heavy cigar smoking increases the risk for lung diseases, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Cigarettes

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This is nearly one in five deaths. Smoking causes more deaths each year than the following causes combined: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Illegal drug use Alcohol use Motor vehicle injuries Firearm-related incidents More than 10 times as many U.S. citizens have died prematurely from cigarette smoking than have died in all the wars fought by the United States. Smoking causes about 90% (or 9 out of 10) of all lung cancer deaths. More women die from lung cancer each year than from breast cancer. Smoking causes about 80% (or 8 out of 10) of all deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking increases risk for death from all causes in men and women. The risk of dying from cigarette smoking has increased over the last 50 years in the U.S. *Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer. *Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease). *Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. *Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body. *Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects a person's overall health.

Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. ... Decompensated cirrhosis is the term used to describe the development of specific complications resulting from the changes brought on by cirrhosis. *Cirrhosis: Liver disease characterized by irreversible scarring. Alcohol and viral hepatitis, including both hepatitis B and hepatitis C, are among the many causes of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can cause yellowing of the skin (jaundice), itching, and fatigue. Diagnosis is suggested by physical examination and blood tests, and it can be confirmed by liver biopsy. Complications of cirrhosis include mental confusion, coma, fluid accumulation (ascites), internal bleeding, and kidney failure. Treatment is designed to limit any further damage to the liver and to prevent complications. Liver transplantation is becoming an important option for patients with advanced cirrhosis.

Alcohol& College Students

College drinking is the consumption of alcohol by students on the campus of any college or university. The age at which it is legal to drink varies by country and affects whether college drinking is considered illegal. *Binge drinking occurs when students drink large amounts of alcohol in a relatively short space of time in order to feel the full effects of alcohol consumption. *There are many health hazards that are caused from drinking. When students drink too much, the alcohol affects one's brain and ability to comprehend what is going on. One such problem is alcohol poisoning.

Complex carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates are found in foods such as peas, beans, whole grains, and vegetables. Both simple and complex carbohydrates are turned to glucose (blood sugar) in the body and are used as energy. ... Complex carbohydrate foods provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber that are important to the health of an individual.

Compulsive Buying

Compulsive shopping: An obsession with shopping that significantly interferes with the functioning of the individual. The signs are a preoccupation with shopping; anxiety when not shopping; a constant need for a shopping "fix"; shopping to excess that results in debt and family or marital discord; and the frequent purchase of items that go unused. Although there is debate as to whether compulsive shopping is a mental disorder, there is evidence that use of an antidepressant medication tends to lessen anxiety and decrease or stop compulsive shopping.

Eccentric contraction

Contraction in the presence of a resistive force that results in elongation of a muscle, used to perform negative work or to decelerate a body part. It is less metabolically demanding than a concentric contraction but may cause disruption of associated connective tissue with delayed soreness or frank injury if it occurs in an unaccustomed manner. Called also lengthening contraction.

Concentric contraction

Contraction resulting in shortening of a muscle, used to perform positive work or to accelerate a body part. It is metabolically more demanding than an eccentric contraction. Called also shortening contraction.

Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease refers to a narrowing of the coronary arteries - the blood vessels that supply oxygen and blood to the heart. It is also known as coronary artery disease. It is a major cause of illness and death. -Coronary heart disease (CHD) normally happens when cholesterol accumulates on the artery walls, creating plaques. The arteries narrow, reducing blood flow to the heart. Sometimes, a clot can obstruct the flow of blood to the heart muscle. -CHD commonly causes angina pectoris (chest pain), shortness of breath, myocardial infarction, or heart attack. CHD is the most common type of heart disease in the United States, where it accounts for 370,000 deaths every year.

Cortisol

Cortisol is released in response to fear or stress by the adrenal glands as part of the fight-or-flight mechanism.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a number of diseases that involve problems with the hormone insulin. Normally, the pancreas (an organ behind the stomach) releases insulin to help your body store and use the sugar and fat from the food you eat. Diabetes can occur when the pancreas produces very little or no insulin, or when the body does not respond appropriately to insulin. As yet, there is no cure. People with diabetes need to manage their disease to stay healthy

Principle of Reversibility:

Dictates that athletes lose the beneficial effects of training when they stop working out. Conversely, it also means that detraining effects can be reversed when athletes resume training. In short, If you don't use it, you lose it.

Physical effects of stress

Distress (bad stress) can lead to physical symptoms including headaches, upset stomach, elevated blood pressure, chest pain, and problems sleeping. Research suggests that stress also can bring on or worsen certain symptoms or diseases. Stress also becomes harmful when people use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs to try to relieve their stress. Unfortunately, instead of relieving the stress and returning the body to a relaxed state, these substances tend to keep the body in a stressed state and cause more problems

Treatments (for drug use):

Drug rehabilitation (often drug rehab or just rehab) is the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to confront substance dependence, if present, and cease substance abuse to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse. Treatment includes medication for depression or other disorders, counseling by experts and sharing of experience with other addicts. *Psychological dependency is addressed in many drug rehabilitation programs by attempting to teach the patient new methods of interacting in a drug-free environment. *Types of treatment: the brain's chemical structure is impacted by drugs of abuse and these changes are present long after an individual stops using, This change in brain structure increases risk for relapse, making treatment an important part of the rehabilitation process. Various types of programs offer help in drug rehabilitation, including: residential treatment (in-patient), out-patient, local support groups, extended care centers, recovery or sober houses, addiction counselling, mental health, and medical care. Some rehab centers offer age- and gender-specific programs. *Types of behavioral therapy include: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, which seeks to help patients to recognize, avoid and cope with situations in which they are most likely to relapse. Multidimensional family therapy, which is designed to support recovery of the patient by improving family functioning. Motivational interviewing, which is designed to increase patient motivation to change behavior and enter treatment. Motivational incentives, which uses positive reinforcement to encourage abstinence from the addictive substance. *Certain opioid medications such as methadone and more recently buprenorphine (In America, "Subutex" and "Suboxone") are widely used to treat addiction and dependence on other opioids such as heroin, morphine or oxycodone.

Dynamic flexibility

Dynamic flexibility refers to an individual's absolute range of motion that can be achieved with movement. In other words, how far we can reach, bend or turn by using velocity to achieve maximum range of motion.

Eating disorders

Eating disorders are serious conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions and your ability to function in important areas of life. The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Most eating disorders involve focusing too much on your weight, body shape and food, leading to dangerous eating behaviors. *Symptoms vary, depending on the type of eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are the most common eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa — often simply called anorexia — is a potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of weight or shape. Bulimia nervosa — commonly called bulimia — is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. When you have bulimia, you have episodes of bingeing and purging that involve feeling a lack of control over your eating. Binge-eating: when you have binge-eating disorder, you regularly eat too much food (binge) and feel a lack of control over your eating. You may eat quickly or eat more food than intended, even when you're not hungry, and you may continue eating even long after you're uncomfortably full. Pica is persistently eating nonfood items, such as soap, cloth, talcum powder or dirt, over a period of at least one month. Rumination disorder is repeatedly and persistently regurgitating food after eating, but it's not due to a medical condition or another eating disorder such as anorexia, bulimia or binge-eating disorder. Food is brought back up into the mouth without nausea or gagging. Sometimes regurgitated food is rechewed and reswallowed or spit out.

Hypertrophy in muscles

Enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body due to the increased size of the constituent cells.

Secondhand Smoke

Environmental tobacco smoke that is inhaled involuntarily or passively by someone who is not smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke is generated from the sidestream (the burning end) of a cigarette, pipe or cigar or from the exhaled mainstream (the smoke puffed out by smokers) of cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Environmental tobacco smoke was classified as a "known human carcinogen" by the US government.

Ethyl alcohol

Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) is the principal alcohol and psychotrope in alcoholic beverages. It is a colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, and is composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

Eustress

Eustress means beneficial stress—either psychological, physical (e.g. exercise), or biochemical/radiological (hormesis). The term was coined by endocrinologist Hans Selye, consisting of the Greek prefix eu- meaning "good", and stress, literally meaning "good stress". *The human body is designed to experience stress and react to it. Stress can be positive ("eustress") -- such as a getting a job promotion or being given greater responsibilities -- keeping us alert and ready to avoid danger.

Exercise

Exercise addiction is a state characterized by a compulsive engagement in any form of physical exercise, despite negative consequences. While regular exercise is generally a healthy activity, exercise addiction generally involves performing excessive amounts of exercise to the detriment of physical health, spending too much time exercising to the detriment of personal and professional life, and exercising regardless of physical injury.

Isometric training

Exercise involving muscular contractions without movement of the involved parts of the body. Isometric exercise is one method of muscular exercise. *Same length, changing tension

Isokinetic training

Exercise or a program of exercises to increase muscular strength, power, and endurance based on lifting, pulling, or pushing variable weight or resistance at a constant speed.*any specific exercise of this type. When talking about using various fitness machines, many in the fitness industry have begun to refer to isokinetic exercise as a variable resistance type of training. Isokinetic exercise is an exercise that provides a variable resistance to a constant limb movement. These kinds of adaptive exercises require equipment that can quickly accommodate changes in resistance.*One example of an isokinetic exercise is a stationary bike that responds to a constant leg movement by the user.

Isotonic training:

Exercise when a contracting muscle shortens against a constant load, as when lifting a weight. Isotonic exercise is one method of muscular exercise.The muscle maintains equal tone while shortening in isotonic exercise. *Same tension, changing length

Prevention (Take a look at the website of the American Cancer Society).

For those who do not use tobacco, weight control, dietary choices, and levels of physical activity are the most important modifiable determinants of cancer risk. Our guidelines reflect the most current scientific evidence related to dietary and activity patterns and cancer risk. They focus on recommendations for individual choices but also present recommendations for community action to create a supportive social and physical environment in which individuals have genuine opportunities to choose healthy behaviors. *These guidelines address the populations for whom testing is recommended or not recommended, the recommended tests and testing intervals, and the benefits, limitations, and harms associated with testing for early cancer detection. ACS (American Cancer Society) guidelines for the early detection of cancer in average-risk adults endorse screening for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colorectal cancer. ACS recommends informed and/or shared decision-making for adults men considering prostate cancer screening based on uncertainties and differing values about the uncertainty of the balance of benefits and harms. ACS lung cancer screening guidelines also stress informed and shared decision-making. ACS guidelines for risk reduction and prevention include recommendations for nutrition and physical activity and for use of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.

Frequency:

Frequency is how often a person performs the targeted health-related physical activity. For each component of health-related fitness, a safe frequency is three to five times a week.

FITT Principle:

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type (specificity)

Herpes

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Sexual contact is the primary way that the virus spreads. After the initial infection, the virus lies dormant in your body and can reactivate several times a year. Genital herpes can cause pain, itching and sores in your genital area. But you may have no signs or symptoms of genital herpes. If infected, you can be contagious even if you have no visible sores. There's no cure for genital herpes, but medications can ease symptoms and reduce the risk of infecting others. Condoms also can help prevent the spread of a genital herpes infection.

Genital Warts

Genital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections. Nearly all sexually active people will become infected with at least one type of human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus that causes genital warts, at some point during their lives. Women are somewhat more likely than men to develop genital warts. As the name suggests, genital warts affect the moist tissues of the genital area. Genital warts may look like small, flesh-colored bumps or have a cauliflower-like appearance. In many cases, the warts are too small to be visible. Like warts that appear elsewhere on your body, genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Some strains of genital HPV can cause genital warts, while others can cause cancer. Vaccines can help protect against certain strains of genital HPV.

Time Management

Good time-management skills are critical for effective stress control. In particular, learning to prioritize tasks and avoid over-commitment are critical measures to make sure that you're not overscheduled. Always using a calendar or planner and checking it faithfully before committing to anything is one way to develop time-management skills. You can also learn to identify time-wasting tasks by keeping a diary for a few days and noticing where you may be losing time.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV. White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells. If too many CD4+ cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself against infection. The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). People with AIDS have a low number of CD4+ cells and get infections or cancers that rarely occur in healthy people. These can be deadly. But having HIV doesn't mean you have AIDS. Even without treatment, it takes a long time for HIV to progress to AIDS-usually 10 to 12 years. When HIV is diagnosed before it becomes AIDS, medicines can slow or stop the damage to the immune system. If AIDS does develop, medicines can often help the immune system return to a healthier state.

Hans Selye

Hans Selye described three predictable stages the body uses to respond to stressors, called general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Technology

Health technology is defined by the World Health Organization as the "application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of lives".

Heart disease and stroke

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.1 Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Together, heart disease and stroke, along with other cardiovascular disease, are among the most widespread and costly health problems facing the Nation today, accounting approximately $320 billion in health care expenditures and related expenses annually.2 Fortunately, they are also among the most preventable. The leading modifiable (controllable) risk factors for heart disease and stroke are: High blood pressure High cholesterol Cigarette smoking Diabetes Unhealthy diet and physical inactivity Overweight and obesity Over time, these risk factors cause changes in the heart and blood vessels that can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes. It is critical to address risk factors early in life to prevent these devastating events and other potential complications of chronic cardiovascular disease. Controlling risk factors for heart disease and stroke remains a challenge. High blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and high blood cholesterol are still major contributors to the national epidemic of cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure affects approximately 1 in 3 adults in the United States,3 and only about half of them have it under control.3 High sodium intake can increase blood pressure and the risk for heart disease and stroke,4 yet about 90% of American adults exceed their daily recommendation for sodium intake.5 Related Topic Areas Chronic Kidney Disease Dementias, Including Alzheimer's Disease Diabetes Nutrition and Weight Status Physical Activity More The risk of Americans developing and dying from cardiovascular disease would be substantially reduced if major improvements were made across the U.S. population in diet and physical activity, control of high blood pressure and cholesterol, smoking cessation, and appropriate aspirin use.6 Why Are Heart Disease and Stroke Important? Currently more than 1 in 3 adults (85.6 million) live with 1 or more types of cardiovascular disease.2 In addition to being the first and fifth leading causes of death, heart disease and stroke result in serious illness and disability, decreased quality of life, and hundreds of billions of dollars in economic loss every year. The burden of cardiovascular disease is disproportionately distributed across the population. There are significant disparities in the following based on gender, age, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and socioeconomic status:7,8 Prevalence of risk factors Access to treatment Appropriate and timely treatment Treatment outcomes Mortality

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

High density lipoprotein cholesterol. Lipoproteins, which are combinations of fats (lipids) and proteins, are the form in which lipids are transported in the blood. c transport cholesterol from the tissues of the body to the liver, so the cholesterol can be eliminated in the bile. HDL cholesterol is therefore considered the 'good' cholesterol: The higher the HDL cholesterol level, the lower the risk of coronary artery disease.The average man has an HDL cholesterol level of 40 to 50 mg/dL. In the average woman, HDL levels range from 50 to 60 mg/dL. An HDL cholesterol of 60 mg/dL or higher gives some protection against heart disease. Regular aerobic exercise, loss of excess weight (fat), and cessation of cigarette smoking increase HDL cholesterol levels. When lifestyle modifications are insufficient, medications can be used.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system. *It is through homeostatic mechanisms that body temperature is kept within normal range, the osmotic pressure of the blood and its hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is kept within strict limits, nutrients are supplied to cells as needed, and waste products are removed before they accumulate and reach toxic levels of concentration.

Pipes and Hookahs

Hookah smoking involves the packing of tobacco in a bowl and the use of charcoal to smoke through a water pipe attached to a hose. Smoking hookah, also called shisha, has historically been associated with the Middle East, and it is especially prevalent among adult men in the region. *Shisha pipes use tobacco sweetened with fruit or molasses sugar, which makes the smoke more aromatic than cigarette smoke. Popular flavorings include apple, plum, coconut, mango, mint, strawberry and cola. Wood, coal, or charcoal is burned in the shisha pipe to heat the tobacco and create the smoke because the fruit syrup or sugar makes the tobacco damp. *Traditionally shisha tobacco contains cigarette tobacco, so like cigarettes it contains nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide and heavy metals, such as arsenic and lead. As a result, shisha smokers are at risk of the same kinds of diseases as cigarette smokers, such as heart disease, cancer, respiratory disease and problems during pregnancy. *Cigar and pipe smokers often argue that their health isn't at risk because they only smoke one or two a day and they don't inhale. There is also the claim that pipes and cigars aren't addictive. Yet research shows that cigar and pipe smoking is every bit as dangerous as cigarette smoking, and possibly even more dangerous.

Hormonal Method

Hormonal methods of birth control prevent eggs from being released from the ovaries, thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, and thin the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation. Hormone pills come in packs. Most packs contain 3 weeks of hormone pills. During the fourth week, when you do not receive hormones, you have a menstrual period. Some packs of pills have hormone pills for the fourth week instead of sugar pills (non-hormone pills). Taking hormones for the entire month eliminates or reduces the number of periods you have.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are more than 100 varieties of HPV, 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect your genitals, mouth, or throat. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection that affects both men and women. It's so common that most sexually active people will get some variety of it at some point, even if they have few sexual partners. *Most people get HPV through direct sexual contact, such as oral sex. Because HPV is a skin-to-skin infection, intercourse isn't required to contract the infection. In rare cases, a mother who has HPV can infect her baby during delivery.

Stress

In a medical or biological context stress is a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Stresses can be external (from the environment, psychological, or social situations) or internal (illness, or from a medical procedure). *Stress is any change in the environment that requires your body to react and adjust in response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses

Sexuality

In its broadest sense "sexuality" describes the whole way a person goes about expressing themselves as a sexual being. It describes how important sexual expression is in a person's life, how one chooses to express that sexuality, and any preference one may have towards the type of sexual partner they choose. The way we choose to behave sexually is as individual and complicated as the ways we choose to dress or earn a living. Human sexuality rarely falls into neat categories or lends itself to simple labelling, but rather is a rich and complex area of human experience.

Abortion

In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit of the products of conception (the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta) from the uterus. It is the loss of a pregnancy and does not refer to why that pregnancy was lost. A spontaneous abortion is the same as a miscarriage. The miscarriage of three or more consecutive pregnancies is termed habitual abortion or recurrent pregnancy loss.

Routes of transmission

In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.[1] The term strictly refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one individual to another by one or more of the following means: *droplet contact - coughing or sneezing on another individual *direct physical contact - touching an infected individual, including sexual contact *indirect physical contact - usually by touching a contaminated surface, including soil (fomite) *airborne transmission - if the microorganism can remain in the air for long periods *fecal-oral transmission - usually from unwashed hands, contaminated food or water sources due to lack of sanitation and hygiene, an important transmission route in pediatrics, veterinary medicine and developing countries. *Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism, either a vector (a mosquito or fly) or an intermediate host ( tapeworm in pigs can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked pork). Indirect transmission could involve zoonoses or, more typically, larger pathogens like macroparasites with more complex life cycles. Transmissions can be autochthonous ( between two individuals in the same place) or may involve travel of the microorganism or the affected hosts.

Emphysema

In people with emphysema, some of the air sacs in the lungs are damaged. This makes it hard for their body to get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema is a type of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). *Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gases and particulate matter.

Psychological Hardiness

In the early days of research on hardiness, it was usually defined as a personality structure comprising the three related general dispositions of commitment, control, and challenge that functions as a resistance resource in encounters with stressful conditions. The commitment disposition was defined as a tendency to involve oneself in activities in life and as having a genuine interest in and curiosity about the surrounding world (activities, things, other people). The control disposition was defined as a tendency to believe and act as if one can influence the events taking place around oneself through one's own efforts. Finally, the challenge disposition was defined as the belief that change, rather than stability, is the normal mode of life and constitutes motivating opportunities for personal growth rather than threats to security.

Congestive Heart Disease/Failure

Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency. When this occurs, the heart is unable to provide adequate blood flow to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys. Abbreviated CHF. CHF may be due to failure of the right or left ventricle, or both. The symptoms can include shortness of breath (dyspnea), asthma due to the heart (cardiac asthma), pooling of blood (stasis) in the general body (systemic) circulation or in the liver's (portal) circulation, swelling (edema), blueness or duskiness (cyanosis), and enlargement (hypertrophy) of the heart. The many causes of CHF include coronary artery disease leading to heart attacks and heart muscle (myocardium) weakness; primary heart muscle weakness from viral infections or toxins, such as prolonged alcohol exposure; heart valve disease causing heart muscle weakness due to too much leaking of blood or causing heart muscle stiffness from a blocked valve; hyperthyroidism; and high blood pressure.

Ergogenic drugs

Include a number of drugs with various effects on physical performance. Drugs such as amphetamine and methylphenidate increase power output at constant levels of perceived exertion and delay the onset of fatigue, among other athletic-performance-enhancing effects; bupropion also increases power output at constant levels of perceived exertion, but only during short term use. Creatine, a nutritional supplement that is commonly used by athletes, increases high-intensity exercise capacity. *Performance-enhancing substances, also known as performance-enhancing drugs (PED), are substances that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans. A well-known example involves doping in sport, where banned physical performance-enhancing drugs are used by athletes and bodybuilders. Athletic performance-enhancing substances are sometimes referred to as ergogenic aids. *Cognitive performance-enhancing drugs, commonly called nootropics, are sometimes used by students to improve academic performance.

Body image

Is the perception that a person has of their physical self and the thoughts and feelings that result from that perception. These feelings can be positive, negative or both and are influenced by individual and environmental factors.

Inhalants

Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce a psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect. Although other abused substances can be inhaled, the term "inhalants" is used to describe a variety of substances whose main common characteristic is that they are rarely, if ever, taken by any route other than inhalation. *Volatile solvents are liquids that vaporize at room temperature. They are found in a multitude of inexpensive, easily available products used for common household and industrial purposes. *Aerosols are sprays that contain propellants and solvents. They include spray paints, deodorant and hair sprays, vegetable oil sprays for cooking, and fabric protector sprays. *Gases include medical anesthetics as well as gases used in household or commercial products. *Nitrites often are considered a special class of inhalants. Unlike most other inhalants, which act directly on the central nervous system (CNS), nitrites act primarily to dilate blood vessels and relax the muscles.

Intensity in fitness:

Intensity is how hard a person exercises during a physical activity period. Intensity can be measured in different ways, depending on the health-related component. For example, monitoring heart rate is one way to gauge intensity during aerobic endurance activities, but gives no indication of intensity during flexibility activities.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis. ** There are many cardiovascular diseases involving the blood vessels. They are known as vascular diseases: *Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease) *Peripheral arterial disease - disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs *Cerebrovascular disease - disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke) *Renal artery stenosis *Aortic aneurysm **There are also many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart: *Cardiomyopathy - diseases of cardiac muscle *Hypertensive heart disease - diseases of the heart secondary to high blood pressure or hypertension *Heart failure - a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood to the tissues to meet their metabolic requirements *Pulmonary heart disease - a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system involvement *Cardiac dysrhythmias - abnormalities of heart rhythm *Inflammatory heart disease *Endocarditis - inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves. *Inflammatory cardiomegaly *Myocarditis - inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart. *Valvular heart disease *Congenital heart disease - heart structure malformations existing at birth *Rheumatic heart disease - heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused by *Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection.

Spermicide

Is a contraceptive substance that destroys sperm, inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be used alone. ... Usually, spermicides are combined with contraceptive barrier methods such as diaphragms, condoms, cervical caps, and sponges.

Depressants

Is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain. Depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers" as they lower the level of arousal when taken. Stimulants or "uppers" increase mental and/or physical function, hence the opposite drug class of depressants is stimulants, not antidepressants. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances. Alcohol is a very prominent depressant. Alcohol can be and is more likely to be a large problem between teenagers and young adults. When depressants are used, effects often include ataxia, anxiolysis, pain relief, sedation or somnolence, and cognitive/memory impairment, as well as in some instances euphoria, dissociation, muscle relaxation, lowered blood pressure or heart rate, respiratory depression, and anticonvulsant effects, and even complete anesthesia or death at high doses.

Cardio-respiratory Endurance:

Is a measurement of how well your heart, lungs and muscles work together to keep your body active over an extended period of time. Exercisers can improve cardiorespiratory endurance by participating in a program of regular aerobic exercise.

Hostility

Is a multidimensional construct that is thought to have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. The cognitive component is defined as negative beliefs about and attitudes toward others, including cynicism and mistrust. The affective component typically labeled as anger refers to an unpleasant emotion ranging from irritation to rage and can be assessed with regard to frequency, intensity, and target. The behavioral component is thought to result from the attitudinal and affective component and is an action intending to harm others, either verbally or physically.

Anaerobic activity (not requiring, or capable of occurring, in the absence of air or free oxygen):

Is a physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate to form. It is used by athletes in non-endurance sports to promote strength, speed and power and by body builders to build muscle mass. * During anaerobic or non-oxygen conditions, muscle cells must rely on other reactions that do not require oxygen to fuel muscle contraction.

Target Heart Rate Zone:

Is a range that defines the upper and lower limits of training intensities. It is calculated using an age-related predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax) and a special equation called heart rate reserve. The values are expressed as a percentage of maximum heart rate. Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) is calculated by subtracting age from 220. The equation "220-age" yields an estimate only, since there is variability in maximum heart rates. Low Intensity: 60% to 70%. Moderate Intensity: 70% to 80%. High Intensity: 80% to 90%. Maximum Effort: 90% to 100%

Co-Dependence

Is a type of dysfunctional helping relationship where one person supports or enables another person's drug addiction, alcoholism, gambling addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, irresponsibility, or under-achievement.

Hunger

Is defined as the uneasy or painful sensation caused by a recurrent or involuntary lack of food and is a potential, although not necessary consequence of food insecurity.

VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake)

Is the measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense, or maximal exercise.

Static flexibility

Is the range of motion in a joint or group of joints or the ability to move joints effectively through a complete range of motion. Flexibility training includes stretching exercises to lengthen the muscles and may include activities like yoga. *The term static flexibility refers to an individual's absolute range of motion that can be achieved without movement. In other words, how far we can reach, bend or turn and then hold that position.

Chronic stress

Is the response to emotional pressure suffered for a prolonged period of time in which an individual perceives he or she has little or no control. It involves an endocrine system response in which corticosteroids are released.

Celibacy

Is the state of voluntarily being unmarried, sexually abstinent, or both, usually for religious reasons. The words abstinence and celibacy are often used interchangeably, but are not necessarily the same thing. Sexual abstinence, also known as continence, is abstaining from some or all aspects of sexual activity, often for some limited period of time, while celibacy may be defined as a voluntary religious vow not to marry or engage in sexual activity.

Vegetarianism

Is the voluntary abstinence from eating meat. Vegetarians refrain from eating meat for various reasons, including religious, health, and ethical ones. Lacto-ovo vegetarians supplement their diet with dairy (lactose) products and eggs (ovo).

Leukemias

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells. Leukemia can happen when there is a problem with the production of blood cells. It usually affects the leukocytes, or white blood cells. *Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

High-density lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are combinations of lipids (fats) and proteins. They are the form in which lipids are transported in the blood. The high density lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the tissues of the body to the liver so it can be gotten rid of in the bile. *HDL cholesterol is therefore considered the "good" cholesterol. The higher the HDL cholesterol level, the lower the risk of coronary artery disease.

Low-density lipoproteins

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, commonly referred to as 'bad' cholesterol. Elevated LDL levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. Lipoproteins, which are combinations of fats (lipids) and proteins, are the form in which lipids are transported in the blood. Low-density lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the liver to the tissues of the body.

Benefits of Quitting Tobacco

Lowered risk for lung cancer and many other types of cancer. Reduced risk for heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (narrowing of the blood vessels outside your heart). Reduced heart disease risk within 1 to 2 years of quitting. Reduced respiratory symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. While these symptoms may not disappear, they do not continue to progress at the same rate among people who quit compared with those who continue to smoke. Reduced risk of developing some lung diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as COPD, one of the leading causes of death in the United States). Reduced risk for infertility in women of childbearing age. Women who stop smoking during pregnancy also reduce their risk of having a low birth weight baby.

Most popular and widely used drug in America

Marijuana (cannabis) is the most commonly used illicit substance. This drug impairs short-term memory and learning, the ability to focus, and coordination.

Distress

Mental distress (or psychological distress) is a term used, both by some mental health practitioners and users of mental health services, to describe a range of symptoms and experiences of a person's internal life that are commonly held to be troubling, confusing or out of the ordinary. * Stress becomes negative ("distress") when a person faces continuous challenges without relief or relaxation between challenges. As a result, the person becomes overworked and stress-related tension builds.

Phytochemicals

Naturally occurring compounds, known as phytochemicals (phyto means plant in Greek) are thought to be largely responsible for the protective health benefits of these plant-based foods and beverages, beyond those conferred by their vitamin and mineral contents.

Nicotine

Nicotine: An alkaloid (a nitrogen-containing chemical) made by the tobacco plant or produced synthetically. Nicotine has powerful pharmacologic effects (including increased heart rate, heart stroke volume, and oxygen consumption by the heart muscle), as well as powerful psychodynamic effects (such as euphoria, increased alertness, and a sense of relaxation). Nicotine is also powerfully addictive.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. It is classified as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is released from neurons. Because the release of norepinephrine affects other organs of the body, it is also referred to as a stress hormone. *The sympathetic nervous system triggers a response that is commonly referred to as our 'fight or flight response.' When we are faced with a situation that is potentially dangerous, we need to make a decision to either stay and face whatever we find intimidating or scary or to turn and run away as fast as we can! Both of these options require our body to work faster and better. This is where norepinephrine comes in.

Factors leading to overweight and obesity in America

Obesity is a complex health issue to address. Obesity results from a combination of causes and contributing factors, including individual factors such as behavior and genetics. Behaviors can include dietary patterns, physical activity, inactivity, medication use, and other exposures. Additional contributing factors in our society include the food and physical activity environment, education and skills, and food marketing and promotion. *Obesity is a serious concern because it is associated with poorer mental health outcomes, reduced quality of life, and the leading causes of death in the U.S. and worldwide, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.

Diabetes Type II

One of the two major types of diabetes, the type in which the beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin but the body is unable to use it effectively because the cells of the body are resistant to the action of insulin. Although this type of diabetes may not carry the same risk of death from ketoacidosis, it otherwise involves many of the same risks of complications as does type 1 diabetes (in which there is a lack of insulin). The aim of treatment is to normalize the blood glucose in an attempt to prevent or minimize complications. People with type 2 diabetes may experience marked hyperglycemia, but many do not require insulin injections and can be treated with diet, exercise, and oral hypoglycemic agents (drugs taken by mouth to lower the blood sugar). Type 2 diabetes requires good dietary control including the restriction of calories, lowered consumption of simple carbohydrates and fat with increased consumption of complex carbohydrates and fiber. Regular aerobic exercise is also an important method for treating both type 2 diabetes since it decreases insulin resistance and helps burn excessive glucose. Regular exercise also may help lower blood lipids and reduce some effects of stress, both important factors in treating diabetes and preventing complications. Type 2 diabetes is also known as insulin-resistant diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and adult-onset diabetes. *beta cells make insulin.

Enablers

One that enables another to achieve an end; especially : one who enables another to persist in self-destructive behavior (such as substance abuse) by providing excuses or by making it possible to avoid the consequences of such behavior.

Overfat

Overfat means having too much body fat. Obesity is a term used to describe people who are very overfat"

Overload Principle:

Overload may sound like a bad thing, like maybe you're overdoing it. But, what it means is that the intensity of the exercise must be high enough above normal for physiological adaptation to occur. In other words, if you want to see results when lifting weights, you have to lift more than your muscles can handle. The only way your body changes is if the muscles are taxed to the point where it must grow stronger to lift that weight. That overload will cause the muscle fibers to grow stronger and, sometimes, bigger in order to handle the extra load.

Overweight

Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults.

Health effects associated with overweight and obesity

People who have obesity, compared to those with a normal or healthy weight, are at increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions, including the following. All-causes of death (mortality) High blood pressure (Hypertension) High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides (Dyslipidemia) Type 2 diabetes Coronary heart disease Stroke Gallbladder disease Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint) Sleep apnea and breathing problems Some cancers (endometrial, breast, colon, kidney, gallbladder, and liver) Low quality of life Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning.

Stress Response

Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. Stress is the body's method of reacting to a challenge. ... The autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are two major systems that respond to stress.

Physical Exercise

Planned and structured. *Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.

You can relieve pain and swelling and promote healing and flexibility with RICE:Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.

Rest: rest and protect the injured or sore area. Ice: cold will reduce pain and swelling. Apply an ice or cold pack right away to prevent or minimize swelling.Compression: compression, or wrapping the injured or sore area with an elastic bandage (such as an Ace wrap), will help decrease swelling. Elevation: elevate the injured or sore area on pillows while applying ice and anytime you are sitting or lying down. Try to keep the area at or above the level of your heart to help minimize swelling.

Major Sites of Cancer

Prostate, Lung, Colon, Breast, and Skin *A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. *There are several main types of cancer: -Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. -Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. - Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. -Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. -Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.

RDAs

Recommended Dietary Allowance. Recommended Dietary Allowance: The RDA, the estimated amount of a nutrient (or calories) per day considered necessary for the maintenance of good health by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council/ National Academy of Sciences.

Diastolic pressure

Referring to the time when the heart is in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expansion). -The diastolic pressure is specifically the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilatation of the ventricles of the heart when the ventricles fill with blood. -In a blood pressure reading, the diastolic pressure is typically the second number recorded. For example, with a blood pressure of 120/80 ("120 over 80"), the diastolic pressure is 80. By "80" is meant 80 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury).

Muscular Strength:

Refers to the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximal effort. Muscle strength is measured during muscular contraction. The size of your muscle fibers and the ability of nerves to activate muscle fibers are related to muscle strength.

Self Disclosure

Self-disclosure is a process of communication by which one person reveals information about himself or herself to another. The information can be descriptive or evaluative, and can include thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, and dreams, as well as one's likes, dislikes, and favorites. Social penetration theory posits that there are two dimensions to self-disclosure: breadth and depth. Both are crucial in developing a fully intimate relationship. The range of topics discussed by two individuals is the breadth of disclosure. The degree to which the information revealed is private or personal is the depth of that disclosure. It is easier for breadth to be expanded first in a relationship because of its more accessible features; it consists of outer layers of personality and everyday lives, such as occupations and preferences. Depth is more difficult to reach, and includes painful memories and more unusual traits that we might hesitate to share with others. We reveal ourselves most thoroughly and discuss the widest range of topics with our spouses and loved ones. Self-disclosure is an important building block for intimacy and cannot be achieved without it. Reciprocal and appropriate self-disclosure is expected. Self-disclosure can be assessed by an analysis of cost and rewards which can be further explained by social exchange theory. Most self-disclosure occurs early in relational development, but more intimate self-disclosure occurs later.

Work

Serious social problems arise from alcoholism; these dilemmas are caused by the pathological changes in the brain and the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences, including child abuse, domestic violence, rape, burglary and assault. Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems. Drinking at inappropriate times and behavior caused by reduced judgment can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortious behavior, and may lead to a criminal sentence. An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly affect those surrounding him and lead to isolation from family and friends. This isolation can lead to marital conflict and divorce, or contribute to domestic violence. Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic's children. For this reason, children of alcoholic parents can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. In addition, they can develop considerable amount of shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism. As a result of this failure, they develop wretched self-images, which can lead to depression.

Set point

Set point theory hypothesizes that the body has an internal control mechanism, that is, a set point, located in the lateral hypothalamus of the brain, that regulates metabolism to maintain a certain level of body fat.

Sexual

Sex addiction can involve pornography, sexting, compulsively engaging in sex acts with multiple partners, excessive masturbation, exhibitionism/voyeurism and sometimes pedophilia. Sexual addiction (also called hypersexual disorder) is not included in DSM-5, which was published in 2013. a diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CDBD) is being considered, with the following suggested definition, remarkably similar to the clinical definition of substance abuse. *Compulsive sexual behavior disorder is characterized by persistent and repetitive sexual impulses or urges that are experienced as irresistible or uncontrollable, leading to repetitive sexual behaviors, along with additional indicators such as sexual activities becoming a central focus of the person's life to the point of neglecting health and personal care or other activities, unsuccessful efforts to control or reduce sexual behaviors, or continuing to engage in repetitive sexual behavior despite adverse consequences (e.g. relationship disruption, occupational consequences or negative impact on health). The individual experiences increased tension or affective arousal immediately before the sexual activity, and relief or dissipation of tension afterward. The pattern of sexual impulses and behavior causes marked distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

Sexual Identity

Sexual identity is how one thinks of oneself in terms of to whom one is romantically or sexually attracted. Sexual identity may also refer to sexual orientation identity, which is when people identify or dis-identify with a sexual orientation or choose not to identify with a sexual orientation. Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and sexual orientation referring to romantic or sexual attractions toward persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, to both sexes or more than one gender, or to no one.

Sexual Orientation

Sexual orientation is about who you're attracted to and want to have relationships with. Sexual orientations include gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual, and asexual. *Sexual orientation is about who you're attracted to and who you feel drawn to romantically, emotionally, and sexually. It's different than gender identity. Gender identity isn't about who you're attracted to, but about who you ARE — male, female, genderqueer, etc.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infection: An infection that can be transferred from one person to another through sexual contact. In this context, sexual contact is more than just sexual intercourse (vaginal and anal) and also includes kissing, and the use of sexual "toys," such as vibrators. Examples of some of the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are: AIDS/HIV, Chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, and syphilis.

Smokeless (tobacco.)

Smokeless tobacco is tobacco or a tobacco product that is used by means other than smoking. These uses include chewing, sniffing, placing the product between the teeth and gum, or application to the skin. Smokeless tobacco products are produced in various forms, such as chewing tobacco, snuff, snus, and dissolvable tobacco products. All smokeless tobacco products contain nicotine. It is highly addictive. Quitting smokeless tobacco use is as challenging as smoking cessation.

Health Hazards of Tobacco

Smoking most commonly leads to diseases affecting the heart and lungs and will most commonly affect areas such as hands or feet with first signs of smoking related health issues showing up as numbness, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer, particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer. *The primary risks of tobacco usage include many forms of cancer, particularly lung cancer, kidney cancer,cancer of the larynx and head and neck,bladder cancer, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the pancreas and stomach cancer. *Pulmonary: since establishing causation through experimental trials was not possible due to ethical restrictions, a lengthy study was conducted in order to establish the strong association necessary to allow for legislative action against tobacco consumption. In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke (e.g., carbon monoxide and cyanide) are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in the alveoli, leading to emphysema and COPD. * Cardiovascular disease: Inhalation of tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and blood vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to rise, increasing by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts negative effects by reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen. *Renal: in addition to increasing the risk of kidney cancer, smoking can also contribute to additional renal damage. Smokers are at a significantly increased risk for chronic kidney disease than non-smokers. *Oral: perhaps the most serious oral condition that can arise is that of oral cancer. However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. *Infection: Smoking is also linked to susceptibility to infectious diseases, particularly in the lungs. Smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day increases the risk of by two to four times,[80][81] and being a current smoker has been linked to a fourfold increase in the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease.

Risk factors for Cancer

Something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer are age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic changes.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Sternberg emphasized his research in the fields of intelligence, creativity, wisdom, leadership, thinking styles, ethical reasoning, love, and hate. In the context of interpersonal relationships, "the three components of love, according to the triangular theory, are an intimacy component, a passion component, and a decision/commitment component. *Passion: Passion can be associated with either physical arousal or emotional stimulation. *Intimacy: Intimacy is described as the feelings of closeness and attachment to one another. This tends to strengthen the tight bond that is shared between those two individuals. Additionally, having a sense of intimacy helps create the feeling of being at ease with one another, in the sense that the two parties are mutual in their feelings. *Commitment: Unlike the other two blocks, commitment involves a conscious decision to stick with one another. The decision to remain committed is mainly determined by the level of satisfaction that a partner derives from the relationship.

Stimulants

Stimulants (also referred to as psychostimulants) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. Due to their rendering a characteristic "up" feeling, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription (either legally or illicitly) as performance-enhancing or recreational drugs. The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, and amphetamine. It is estimated that the percentage of the population that has abused amphetamine-type stimulants (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, etc.) and cocaine combined is between .8% and 2.1%. *are drugs that speed up the activity of the central nervous system. Stimulants are useful in treating many medical conditions, including ADHD, narcolepsy, asthma, obesity, and depression. There are several types of stimulants, including caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamines. Exs: Cocaine, Crack cocaine, Methamphetamine (meth, crystal meth), Speed, MDMA, Caffeine Nicotin, Guarana, Ginseng, Taurine, Amphetamines: Dexedrine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin) Ephedrine

Types of Addiction

Substance use disorders in the DSM-IV-TR provide a list of addictions relating to the following substances: Alcohol Tobacco Opioids (like heroin) Prescription drugs (sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics like sleeping pills and tranquilizers) Cocaine Cannabis (marijuana) Amphetamines (like methamphetamine, known as meth) Hallucinogens Inhalants Phencyclidine (known as PCP or Angeldust) Other unspecified substances. *List of Impulse Control Disorders The DSM-IV-TR lists disorders where impulses cannot be resisted, which could be considered a type of addiction. The following is a list of the recognized impulse control disorders: Intermittent explosive disorder (compulsive aggressive and assaultive acts) Kleptomania (compulsive stealing) Pyromania (compulsive setting of fires) Gambling *List of Addictions - Behavioral It has been suggested one of the types of addictions is behavioral addiction. The following is a list of behaviors that have been noted to be addictive: Food (eating) Sex Pornography (attaining, viewing) Using computers / the internet Playing video games Working Exercising Spiritual obsession (as opposed to religious devotion) Pain (seeking) Cutting Shopping

Syphilis

Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore — typically on your genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person via skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores. After the initial infection, the syphilis bacteria can lie dormant in your body for decades before becoming active again. Early syphilis can be cured, sometimes with a single injection of penicillin. Without treatment, syphilis can severely damage your heart, brain or other organs, and can be life-threatening, or be passed from mother to an unborn child.

Tar

Tar is the brown, sticky substance left at the end of a cigarette filter after it is smoked. It includes additional ingredients to give cigarettes a better flavor. The by-products of smoking these other ingredients are inhaling toxic chemicals. Tar is made up of more than 4000 chemicals; some of the more toxic chemicals include cyanide, benzene, ammonia, and methanol (wood alcohol). Tar causes the cilia in the lungs to stop functioning. Cilia are small protrusions (like the tentacles on sea urchins) that trap and remove foreign substances from the lungs. Tar is also carcinogenic because it alters the cell's genetic material. When the cells reproduce, new abnormal cells are created that lead to cancer. *Tar leaves a brownish-yellow film on contact. This is responsible for the brown residue that stains a smoker's teeth and fingers. * For every gram of tobacco smoked, there is more cancer-causing tar in cigars than in cigarettes.

Principle of Rest and Recovery:

The Recovery Principle dictates that athletes need adequate time to recuperate from training and competition. Many believe that a person's ability to recover from workouts is just as important as the workout itself. It is during rest periods that the persons' bodies adapt to the stress placed upon them during intense workout sessions and competitions. Rest also provides time for a mental preparation and reflection. The Recovery Principle applies both to immediate rest needed between bouts of exercise, as well as to longer time intervals of several hours to about two days.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system:

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system, which accelerates the heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles.

Systolic pressure

The blood pressure when the heart is contracting. It is specifically the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. The time at which ventricular contraction occurs is called systole. -In a blood pressure reading, the systolic pressure is typically the first number recorded. For example, with a blood pressure of 120/80 ("120 over 80"), the systolic pressure is 120. By "120" is meant 120 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury). -A systolic murmur is a heart murmur heard during systole, the time the heart contracts, between the normal first and second heart sounds. -"Systolic" comes from the Greek systole meaning "a drawing together or a contraction." The term has been in use since the 16th century to denote the contraction of the heart muscle.

Storage fat

The body uses fat as a fuel source, and fat is the major storage form of energy in the body. Fat also has many other important functions in the body, and a moderate amount is needed in the diet for good health. Fats in food come in several forms, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated. *Body composition: a physical fitness term for the percentage of fat, bone and muscle in the body, of which fat is of greatest interest. Healthy adults males have 6% to 24% fat; healthy adult females have between 14% and 31% fat.

Appetite

The desire for food, stimulated by the sight, smell, or thought of food and accompanied by the flow of saliva in the mouth and gastric juice in the stomach. The stomach wall also receives an extra blood supply in preparation for its digestive activity. Appetite is psychological, dependent on memory and associations, as compared with hunger, which is physiologically aroused by the body's need for food. Lack or loss of appetite, known as anorexia, may be due to subjectively unpleasant food, surroundings, or company, or a symptom of either a physical disorder or an emotional disturbance. Excessive appetite may be an indication of either a metabolic disorder or an emotional disturbance.

Treatments

The first treatment given for a disease. It is often part of a standard set of treatments, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. When used by itself, primary treatment is the one accepted as the best treatment. If it doesn't cure the disease or it causes severe side effects, other treatment may be added or used instead. Also called first-line therapy, induction therapy, and primary therapy.

Range of motion (ROM)

The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range of flexion and extension. For example, a knee might lack 10 degrees of full extension due to an injury.

Glycemic index

The glycemic index or glycaemic index (GI) is a number associated with the carbohydrates in a particular type of food that indicates the effect of these carbohydrates on a person's blood glucose (also called blood sugar) level.

Arrhythmia

The heartbeats may be too slow, too rapid, too irregular, or too early. Rapid arrhythmias (greater than 100 beats per minute) are called tachycardias. Slow arrhythmias (slower than 60 beats per minute) are called bradycardias. Irregular heart rhythms are called fibrillations (as in atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation). When a single heartbeat occurs earlier than normal, it is called a premature contraction. The term arrhythmia comes from the Greek a-, loss + rhythmos, rhythm = loss of rhythm.

Reading food labels

The information in the main or top section, can vary with each food product; it contains product-specific information (serving size, calories, and nutrient information). The bottom part contains a footnote with Daily Values (DVs) for 2,000 and 2,500 calorie diets. This footnote provides recommended dietary information for important nutrients, including fats, sodium and fiber. The footnote is found only on larger packages and does not change from product to product. In the following Nutrition Facts label we have colored certain sections to help you focus on those areas that will be explained in detail. You will not see these colors on the food labels on products you purchase.

Lean body mass

The mass of the body minus the fat (storage lipid). There are a number of methods for determining the lean body mass. *Some of these methods require specialized equipment. Exs: - underwater weighing (hydrostatic weighing), -BOD POD (a computerized chamber) - DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). *Other methods for determining the lean body mass are simple such as skin calipers and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). **Lean body mass consists of your bones, ligaments, tendons, internal organs and muscles. Because of necessary fat within the bone marrow and internal organs, lean mass does include a small amount of essential fat. Body composition analysis adjust for these tiny amounts of essential fat, so you can get an accurate measure of your fat-free mass.

Cholesterol

The most common type of steroid in the body. Cholesterol has a reputation for being associated with an increased risk for heart and blood vessel disease. However, cholesterol is essential to the formation of bile acids, vitamin D, progesterone, estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol), androgens (androsterone, testosterone), mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone, corticosterone), and glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol). Cholesterol is also necessary to the normal permeability and function of the membranes that surround cells. A diet high in saturated fats tends to increase blood cholesterol levels, whereas a diet high in unsaturated fats tends to lower blood cholesterol levels. Although some cholesterol is obtained from the diet, most cholesterol is made in the liver and other tissues. The treatment of elevated cholesterol involves not only diet but also weight loss, regular exercise, and medications. After the age of 20, cholesterol testing is recommended every 5 years.

Digestion Process

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon as you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use. * Ingestion is taking food into the mouth for example. Digestion is when the ingested food is now broken down into smaller building blocks. This may be achieved by mechanical means (chewing, churning) and chemical means (digestive enzymes of stomach and intestines). Absorption is when the digested building blocks are now absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system through the intestines and then transported to various cells, tissues, organs in the body. Elimination is when waste products produced during digestion and absorption or left over after use by cells, or undigested remaints is now expelled from the body either via the urinary system as urine, digestive system as faeces, respiratory system as gases or integumentary system as perspiration. I am going to add one more concept, secretion, where glands secrete certain useful chemicals like enzymes or hormones that may aid in many life processes, including digestion.

Fiber

The parts of fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested. Fiber is of vital importance to digestion; it helps the body move food through the digestive tract, reduces serum cholesterol, and contributes to disease protection. Also known as bulk and roughage.

Metastasis

The process by which cancer spreads from the place at which it first arose as a primary tumor to distant locations in the body. 2. The cancer resulting from the spread of the primary tumor. Metastasis depends on the cancer cells acquiring two separate abilities -- increased motility and invasiveness. Cells that metastasize are basically of the same kind as those in the original tumor. If a cancer arises in the lung and metastasizes to the liver, the cancer cells in the liver are lung cancer cells. However, the cells have acquired increased motility and the ability to invade another organ. The ancient Greeks used the word metastasis to mean "removal from one place to another." The plural of "metastasis" is "metastases." The term "metastatic" may be used along with the names of specific cancers to refer to the fact that the cancer has spread beyond its site of origin and has, therefore, become a metastatic cancer. For example, "metastatic melanoma" refers to melanoma that has spread beyond the skin to distant organs.

Fertilization

The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum. The product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote.

Biopsy

The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope to check for cancer cells or other abnormalities.

Fight or Flight Response

The response of the sympathetic nervous system to a stressful event, preparing the body to fight or flee, associated with the adrenal secretion of epinephrine and characterized by increased heart rate, increased blood flow to the brain and muscles, raised sugar levels, sweaty palms and soles, dilated pupils, and erect hairs.

4 stages of the sexual response cycle

The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating activities, including intercourse and masturbation. Knowing how your body responds during each phase of the cycle can enhance your relationship and help you pinpoint the cause of any sexual problems. *The sexual response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Both men and women experience these phases, although the timing usually is different. For example, it is unlikely that both partners will reach orgasm at the same time. In addition, the intensity of the response and the time spent in each phase varies from person to person. Understanding these differences may help partners better understand one another's bodies and responses, and enhance the sexual experience.

Stroke

The sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen, caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture of an artery to the brain. Sudden loss of speech, weakness, or paralysis of one side of the body can be symptoms. A suspected stroke may be confirmed by scanning the brain with special X-ray tests, such as CAT scans. The death rate and level of disability resulting from strokes can be dramatically reduced by immediate and appropriate medical care. Prevention involves minimizing risk factors, such as controlling high blood pressure and diabetes. Abbreviated CVA. Also known as cerebrovascular accident.

Acute stress

The symptoms of an acute stress disorder usually begin during or shortly following the trauma. Such extreme traumatic events include rape or other severe physical assault, near-death experiences in accidents, witnessing a murder, and combat.

Behavioral and Fertility Awareness Methods

The term fertility awareness is used to describe an individual's understanding of male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology as it relates to fertility. For a woman it includes being able to identify the fertile time during her menstrual cycle. For a man it includes understanding his own reproductive potential. For a couple it includes developing a shared understanding about their fertility potential at different stages of their lives and their ability to communicate about fertility issues with each other and with health professionals. Knowledge about fertility awareness is fundamental to making informed decisions about reproductive and sexual health. *With no method of birth control during sexual intercourse, a woman of childbearing age with normal fertility has an 85% chance of conceiving within 1 year. *Behavioral forms of birth control do not employ hormones (e.g. oral contraceptives or mechanical devices such as condoms). They are in use throughout the world, especially in underdeveloped nations. *They often have high failure rates, indicating that they do not work effectively, and the chances of an unwanted pregnancy are increased. *Continuous Abstinence: abstinence refers to complete avoidance of sexual intercourse. There are no hormonal side effects, and it is endorsed by many religious groups. *Coitus Interruptus: coitus interruptus involves withdrawal of the entire penis from the vagina before ejaculation (i.e. when sperm is released from the penis). Fertilization is prevented because sperm does not contact a woman's egg. This method remains a significant means of fertility control in less. *Total sexual abstinence is the most effective method of birth control, but incomplete commitment can result in high rates of unintended pregnancies. Periodic abstinence and fertility awareness methods rely on menstrual calendars, Cycle Beads, BBT, the Billings method, or the symptothermal method to detect at-risk fertile days. Coitus interruptus has failure rates similar to the female barrier methods. LAM is very effective for up to 6 months postpartum. Other practices, which admittedly may not even be characterized as sex, also provide sexual pleasure without incurring the risk of pregnancy but do not protect against STIs.

Leading causes of death in U.S.

The top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S.: Heart disease Cancer (malignant neoplasms) Chronic lower respiratory disease Accidents (unintentional injuries) Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) Alzheimer's disease Diabetes Influenza and pneumonia Kidney disease (nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis) Suicide

Risk factors of CVD

There are many risk factors for heart diseases: age, gender, tobacco use, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, genetic predisposition and family history of cardiovascular disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension), raised blood sugar (diabetes mellitus), raised blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), psychosocial factors, poverty and low educational status, and air pollution.While the individual contribution of each risk factor varies between different communities or ethnic groups the overall contribution of these risk factors is very consistent. Some of these risk factors, such as age, gender or family history/genetic predisposition, are immutable; however, many important cardiovascular risk factors are modifiable by lifestyle change, social change, drug treatment (for example prevention of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes). People with obesity are at increased risk of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.

Omega-6

These fats found in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids can play significant role in health and disease. GLA is produced in the body from linoleic acid, which I've noted is an omega-6 essential fatty acid. GLA is further metabolized to DGLA, which makes it an anti-inflammatory nutrient.*Omega-6 fatty acids are essential fatty acids. They are necessary for human health, but the body cannot make them. You have to get them through food. Along with omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids play a crucial role in brain function, and normal growth and development. As a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), omega-6s help stimulate skin and hair growth, maintain bone health, regulate metabolism, and maintain the reproductive system.

General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S)

Think about a time you were stressed. What did it feel like? How did you know you were stressed? You probably remember your heart rate increasing. If you were stressed long enough, you may have felt tired and even gotten sick. Hans Selye described three predictable stages the body uses to respond to stressors, called general adaptation syndrome (GAS). The first stage is the alarm stage, which provides a burst of energy. In the second stage, known as the resistance stage, the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor. The last stage is known as the exhaustion stage because energy is depleted.

Transfats

This is a type of fat that occurs naturally in some foods in small amounts. But most trans fats are made from oils through a food processing method called partial hydrogenation. These partially hydrogenated trans fats can increase unhealthy LDL cholesterol and lower healthy high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This can increase your risk of cardiovascular disease.

Skinfold

This method involves measuring the skinfold thickness of the layer of fat just under the skin in several parts of the body with calipers. The results are then calculated and the percentage of body fat is determined.* the layer of skin and subcutaneous fat raised by pinching the skin and letting the underlying muscle fall back to the bone; used to estimate the percentage of body fat.

Medical Marijuana

Though marijuana, or cannabis, is commonly known as a recreational drug, it has been used as a medicine for thousands of years. Its recreational use is still illegal in all but a handful of U.S. states. Many states have legalized it for medical use, though the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hasn't approved it as a medicine.

Time:

Time is the length of the physical activity. As with the other aspects of the FITT principle, time varies depending on the health-related fitness component targeted. For example, flexibility or stretching may take 10-30 seconds for each stretch, while the minimum time for performing aerobic activity is 20 minutes of continuous activity.

Water soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins are carried to the body's tissues but are not stored in the body. They are found in plant and animal foods or dietary supplements and must be taken in daily. Vitamin C and members of the vitamin B complex are water-soluble.

Weight management techniques

Weight management techniques encompass long-term lifestyle strategies that promote healthy eating and daily physical activity. Effective weight management strategies consider not only weight loss toward but also the maintenance of a healthy body weight over time. Moreover, weight management involves an understanding of meaningful ways to track weight over time and set ideal body weights for different individuals. Weight management does not include fad diets that promote quick, temporary weight loss. It focuses on the long-term results that are achieved through slow weight loss, followed by retention of an ideal body weight for age, sex and height. Rising obesity rates are a major concern in North America. About 60% of Canadians are overweight or obese. Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.[4] Managing one's weight is one factor in preventing such chronic diseases.

Obese

Well above one's normal weight. A person has traditionally been considered to be obese if they are more than 20% over their ideal weight. That ideal weight must take into account the person's height, age, sex, and build.

Chlamydia

What is chlamydia? Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men and women. Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or throat. Men can get chlamydia in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat. How do you get chlamydia? You can get chlamydia during oral, vaginal, or anal sex with someone who has the infection. A woman can also pass chlamydia to her baby during childbirth. If you've had chlamydia and were treated in the past, you can get re-infected if you have unprotected sex with someone who has it. Who is at risk of getting chlamydia? Chlamydia is more common in young people, especially young women. You are more likely to get it if you don't consistently use a condom, or if you have multiple partners. What are the symptoms of chlamydia? Chlamydia doesn't usually cause any symptoms. So you may not realize that you have it. People with chlamydia who have no symptoms can still pass the disease to others. If you do have symptoms, they may not appear until several weeks after you have sex with an infected partner. *Chlamydia infection, often simply known as chlamydia, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Most people who are infected have no symptoms.When symptoms do develop this can take a few weeks following infection to occur. Symptoms in women may include vaginal discharge or burning with urination. Symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, or pain and swelling of one or both testicles. The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women causing pelvic inflammatory disease which may result in future infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Repeated infections of the eyes that go without treatment can result in trachoma, a common cause of blindness in the developing world.

Tolerance

When drugs such as heroin are used repeatedly over time, tolerance may develop. Tolerance occurs when the person no longer responds to the drug in the way that person initially responded. Stated another way, it takes a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same level of response achieved initially.

Chronic Bronchitis

When the lining of the lungs' airways are red and swollen, that is one sign of chronic bronchitis. Eventually, the swelling causes the airways to narrow, and they may be partly clogged with mucus that cannot be cleared. Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD. *Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It's characterized by daily cough and mucus (sputum) production.

Yo-yo dieting

Yo-yo dieting or yo-yo effect, also known as weight cycling, is a term coined by Kelly D. Brownell at Yale University, in reference to the cyclical loss and gain of weight, resembling the up-down motion of a yo-yo.

Caloric/energy balance

Your energy balance is the balance of calories consumed through eating and drinking compared to calories burned through physical activity. ... An important part of maintaining energy balance is the amount of ENERGY OUT (physical activity) that you do.

Causes of Stress

Your health: especially if you have a chronic illness such as heart disease, diabetes, or arthritis Emotional problems: such as anger you can't express, depression, grief, guilt, or low self-esteem Your relationships : such as having problems with your relationships or feeling a lack of friendships or support in your life Major life changes: such as dealing with the death of a parent or spouse, losing your job, getting married, or moving to a new city Stress in your family: such as having a child, teen, or other family member who is under stress, or being a caregiver to a family member who is elderly or who has health problems Conflicts with your beliefs and value: For example, you may value family life, but you may not be able to spend as much time with your family as you want.

Angioplasty

Your heart's arteries can become blocked or narrowed from a buildup of cholesterol, cells or other substances (plaque). This can reduce blood flow to your heart and cause chest discomfort. Sometimes a blood clot can suddenly form or get worse and completelyblock blood flow, leading to a heart attack. Angioplasty opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to your heart muscle. It is not major surgery. It is done by threading a catheter (thin tube) through a small puncture in a leg or arm artery to the heart. The blocked artery is opened by inflating a tiny balloon in it.

Muscular Endurance:

is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.