PES CHAPTER 4
sarcopenia
a decrease in muscle fiber numbers
recruitment
an impulse transmitted simultaneously over an increasing number of nerve fibers, pulling in a increasingly more muscle fibers for the task
soft tissue dehydration
an integrated training and flexibility program can delay physical changes associated with aging such as muscle atrophy and
wolff's law
bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads placed on it
collagenous
connective tissue is primarily comprised of elastic and ____ fibers
nervi nervorum
connective tissue surrounding the neural tissue is self-innervated by
myofilaments
each sarcomere is made up of _____, which includes overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) contractile proteins
viscoelasticity
fluid-like property of connective tissue that allows slow deformation with an imperfect recovery after the deforming forces are removed
atrophy
loss of muscle fiber size
joint mechanoreceptors
mechanoreceptors located in joints throughout the fibrous capsule and ligaments that respond to joint position, movement, and pressure changes
golgi tendon orgon
mechanoreceptors located within the musculotendinous junction that are sensitive to tension and rate of tension change
pain sensitive
self-innervation and an abundant blood supply allow the connective tissue of of the nerve to be.....
viscoelasticity
slow deformation and imperfect recovery of connective tissue best describe...
davis's law
soft tissue models along the line of stress
autogenic inhibition
static stretching and self-myofascial realease forms of stretching use the principles of ______ ______ to improve soft tissue extensibility
corrective flexibility
stretching techniques designed to correct common postural dysfunction, muscle imbalances, and joint dysfunctions
functional flexibility
stretching techniques designed to improve multiplanar soft tissue extensibility and provide optimum neuromuscular control throughout that full range of motion, while performing functional movements that utilize the body's muscles to control the speed, direction and intensity of the stretch
active flexibility
stretching techniques designed to improve soft tissue extensibility in all planes of motion by employing the neurophysiological principle of reciprocal inhibition
arthokinetic dysfunction
the biomechanical dysfunction in two articular partners that lead to abnormal joint movement (arthokinematics) and proprioception
altered reciprocal inhibition
the concept of muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, decreasing the neural drive of its functional antagonist
endomysium
the innermost fascial layer that encases individual muscle fibers
muscle spindles
the major sensory organs of the muscle that are sensitive to change in length and rate of change
synergistic dominance
the neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over the function of a weak or inhibited prime mover
flexibility
the normal extensibility of all soft tissues that allows full ROM of a joint and optimum neuromuscular efficiency throughout all functional movements
epimysium
the outermost layer of a muscle fiber
rate coding
the rate at which any individual nerve fiber transmits impulses per unit of time
plasticity
the residual or permanent change in connective tissue length due to tissue elongation
perimysium
the sheath that binds groups of muscle fibers into fasciculi
elasticity
the spring-like behavior of connective tissue that enables the tissue to return to its original shape or size when forces are removed
all-or-none principle
when a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract, the entire fiber contracts completely
myotactic stretch reflex
when a muscle is stretched very quickly, the muscle spindle contracts, which in turn stimulates the primary afferent fibers that causes the extrafusal fibers to fire, and tension increases in the muscle