PHA 404 Human Physiology Ch 7 Sensory Systems MC only

51) What category do hair cells in the organ of Corti belong to? A) Mechanoreceptors B) Chemoreceptors C) Nociceptors D) Photoreceptors E) Proprioceptors

A) Mechanoreceptors

27) Which of these occurs when light strikes photoreceptors? A) The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape. B) There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells. C) The photoreceptor cell membrane becomes depolarized. D) The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases. E) The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fire action potentials.

A) The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape

11) If, during awake brain surgery, a doctor accidentally depolarized a neuron within the somatosensory cortex, which of these is most likely? A) The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area. B) The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body. C) The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body. D) The patient would perceive nothing.

A) The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area

9) When you eat a spicy pepper, such as a jalepeño, why do you perceive heat in your mouth? A) A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors. B) The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth. C) Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors. D) Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain. E) All of the answer choices are correct.

A) A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors

17) You are dissecting a cadaver. You are tracing an individual neuron as it ascends the spinal cord to the brain. You know that this neuron carries somatic sensory information from an afferent presynaptic neuron. Where will you find its axon terminal? A) All somatic sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex is first processed in the thalamus. B) Somatic sensory information from the left side of the body projects to the left side of the somatosensory cortex. C) All somatic sensory information travels together in a single tract in the spinal cord. D) Ascending pathways in the anterolateral column of the spinal cord carry information about fine touch discrimination. E) Ascending pathways in the dorsal column of the spinal cord carry information about pain from the back muscles.

A) All somatic sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex is first processed in the thalamus

50) What category of receptors do Pacinian corpuscles belong to? A) Mechanoreceptors B) Chemoreceptors C) Nociceptors D) Photoreceptors

A) Mechanoreceptors

18) If an individual was lacking a key amino acid and so couldn't make and release substance P, what would happen? A) They would experience a lack of sensation in some pain pathways. B) There would be a surge in activity in neurons that synthesize opiate neurotransmitters. C) Synaptic activity in afferent neurons associated with pain receptors can be inhibited by axon-axon synapses with neurons from descending pathways. D) There would be an increase in activity in neurons that detect painful stimuli in internal organs. E) There would be increasing sensation of pain generated by the brain, with or without any damage to structures in the periphery.

A) They would experience a lack of sensation in some pain pathways

31) Vitamin A deficiencies could lead to A) a decrease in rhodopsin and therefore a decrease in night vision. B) a decrease in opsins and therefore a decrease in night vision. C) a decrease in rhodopsin and therefore a decrease in color vision. D) a decrease in opsins and therefore a decrease in color vision. E) None of the above would be affected by a vitamin A deficiency.

A) a decrease in rhodopsin and therefore a decrease in night vision

54) Hair cells in semicircular canals are A) mechanoreceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) nociceptors. D) photoreceptors. E) audioreceptors.

A) mechanoreceptors

41) As the pitch of a sound gets higher, displacements of the basilar membrane A) occur closer to the oval window. B) occur closer to the helicotrema. C) occur uniformly throughout the membrane. D) become greater in amplitude. E) become smaller in amplitude.

A) occur closer to the oval window

98) Of which categories of receptor types are nociceptors? A) Mechanoreceptors B) Proprioceptors C) Chemoreceptors D) Photoreceptors E) None of these

A, C

35) Which of the following statements related to the "ON pathway" of the visual system is correct? A) Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them. B) Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells. C) Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells. D) Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory. E) Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

B) Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells

53) In what category of sensory receptors are the receptor cells in taste buds? A) Mechanoreceptors B) Chemoreceptors C) Nociceptors D) Photoreceptors E) Proprioceptors

B) Chemoreceptors

47) Which is TRUE about information from the vestibular system? A) It is conveyed in the form of action potentials in the optic nerve. B) It is conveyed to nerves that control eye movements. C) It does not reach the level of conscious perception. D) It is primarily conveyed to the cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain. E) It is interpreted as sound in the temporal lobes of the brain.

B) It is conveyed to nerves that control eye movements.

42) Which of the following is NOT a function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles? A) Protection of the inner ear against continuous loud sounds B) Protection of the delicate inner ear from sudden intermittent loud sounds C) Reflexive contraction when vocalizing to reduce the loudness of your own voice D) Optimization of the state of the inner ear for hearing over certain frequency ranges

B) Protection of the delicate inner ear from sudden intermittent loud sounds

32) Which of these is most responsible for "light adaptation"—the process by which we only gradually become able to see objects in a brightly lit place after being in the dark? A) Cone receptors are very hyperpolarized in the dark, and they must be exposed to bright light for awhile before they will depolarize. B) Rhodopsin is quickly inactivated in the presence of bright light so rods become unresponsive, and the higher-acuity cones then become the main detectors of vision. C) Because rods are more sensitive to light than cones, they gradually become extremely activated in bright light. D) Cones and rods are stimulated equally, leading to difficulties in interpreting the sensory inputs to the brain. E) Rhodopsin is not activated by colored light, and the lack of stimulation causes rods to gradually depolarize when we are exposed to bright light.

B) Rhodopsin is quickly inactivated in the presence of bright light so rods become unresponsive, and the higher-acuity cones then become the main detectors of vision

46) Due to anatomical pathways that involve the limbic system, which type of sensation can lead to the most immediate emotional reactions? A) Taste B) Smell C) Touch D) Hearing E) Equilibrium

B) Smell

14) Which best describes lateral inhibition in the somatic sensory system? A) The frequency of action potentials along pathways from the site of a stimulus is increased by lateral inhibition. B) The precision of locating a stimulus is increased by inhibiting signaling along nearby, parallel pathways. C) The precision of locating a stimulus is enhanced by increasing the frequency of action potentials in nearby, parallel pathways. D) Stimuli of one particular modality in a region of the body block transmission of action potentials coding for other modalities generated in the same region of the body. E) Lateral inhibition reduces the contrast between the frequency of action potentials generated at the center of a stimulus and the frequency of action potentials in surrounding pathways.

B) The precision of locating a stimulus is increased by inhibiting signaling along nearby, parallel pathways

8) Which is an accurate description of the cortical association areas? A) They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex. B) They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information. C) They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways. D) They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus. E) Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

B) They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

39) The receptors for hearing are found on the A) tympanic membrane. B) basilar membrane. C) stapes. D) oval window. E) scala vestibuli.

B) basilar membrane

20) Accommodation for near vision requires A) flattening of the lens. B) contraction of the ciliary muscles. C) activation of the sympathetic nervous system. D) increased rounding of the cornea. E) dilation of the pupil.

B) contraction of the ciliary muscles

40) Distinguishing the pitch of sounds is possible because A) different frequencies of sounds make the eardrum vibrate with different amplitudes. B) different frequencies of sounds stimulate different regions of the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct. C) different frequencies of sounds cause different kinds of action potentials in neurons in the auditory nerve. D) different frequencies of sounds cause different frequencies of action potentials in neurons in the auditory nerve. E) there are many different types of receptors for sound, each of which responds to a single frequency.

B) different frequencies of sounds stimulate different regions of the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct

7) Polymodal neurons are A) afferent neurons. B) interneurons that receive synaptic input from different kinds of sensory units. C) part of specific ascending sensory pathways. D) interneurons that receive synaptic input from only one type of sensory unit. E) efferent neurons.

B) interneurons that receive synaptic input from different kinds of sensory units.

49) The phenomenon known as referred pain: A) is a perception of a false painful stimulus with no initiating stimulus, it is created in the mind. B) is the projected perception of pain as a sensation being experienced at a site other than that of the actual injured or diseased tissue. C) involves a descending pathway that blocks the release of substance P in the spinal cord. D) is synonymous with the persistence of perceptions of painful stimuli long after the activity responsible for triggering them has ceased.

B) is the projected perception of pain as a sensation being experienced at a site other than that of the actual injured or diseased tissue

97) Syndrome R involves a genetic mutation that affects all chemoreceptors in the body. Which sensations are affected in Syndrome R? A) Hearing B) Taste C) Pain D) Smell E) Touch

B, C, D

28) The membrane potential of rod and cone cells is around A) -70 mV in the dark, and the cells depolarize in the light. B) -70 mV in the dark, and the cells hyperpolarize in the light. C) -35 mV in the dark, and the cells hyperpolarize in the light. D) -35 mV in the dark, and the cells depolarize in the light.

C) -35 mV in the dark, and the cells hyperpolarize in the light.

29) Compared to humans, cats have excellent night vision. Which of the following might contribute to their ability to see in the dark? A) Compared to the human eye, cats have more kinds of cone photoreceptors. B) The lateral geniculate nucleus of a cat contains opponent color cells. C) Cats have more kinds of rod photoreceptors than humans. D) Cats have more kinds of chromophores. E) In cats, cone photoreceptors are concentrated in the fovea.

C) Cats have more kinds of rod photoreceptors than humans.

26) Which of the following statements about rods and cones in the retina is TRUE? A) Cones enable us to see in dim light, rods provide color vision. B) Rods and cones all have the same kind of opsin. C) Cones are found in highest density in the fovea, rods are more prevalent near the edges of the retina. D) Rods require brighter light to activate them than do cones. E) Rods provide higher visual acuity than do cones.

C) Cones are found in highest density in the fovea, rods are more prevalent near the edges of the retina

21) If the lens flattened with age, what type of vision would become easier over time for this individual? A) Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult B) Near vision (e.g., reading a book) C) Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign) D) Both near and distance vision are compromised E) No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

C) Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

19) Which of the following symptoms would a patient with a lesion (injury) that destroyed the right side of the spinal cord in the region of the upper back be most likely to experience? A) Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot B) Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the left foot C) Loss of pressure sense in the right foot and pain in the left foot D) Loss of pressure sense in the left foot and pain in the right foot

C) Loss of pressure sense in the right foot and pain in the left foot

23) Which of the following statements regarding vision is FALSE? A) The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens. B) Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision. C) Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina. D) Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens. E) The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object's actual position in space.

C) Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina

16) Which of the following would NOT be categorized as a "somatic" sensation? A) Pressure B) Cold and warmth C) Sound D) Proprioception E) Kinesthesia

C) Sound

10) Which of these is one reason you can distinguish between a needle prick on the foot and an ice cube on the wrist? A) The ice cube stimulates a different class of receptors than the needle prick, even though both signals go to exactly the same location in the brain. B) The action potentials from the needle prick are inherently different from the impulse generated by the ice cube. C) The region of the brain to which one receptor pathway leads is different from the region to which the other pathway leads. D) The needle prick generates a stronger action potential in any one neuron than an ice cube does. E) The needle prick generates a higher frequency of action potentials than the ice cube does.

C) The region of the brain to which one receptor pathway leads is different from the region to which the other pathway leads.

1) Which of the following statements regarding sensory systems is correct? A) All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation. B) Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction. C) The term "sensory unit" refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors. D) The term "adequate stimulus" means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected. E) Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

C) The term "sensory unit" refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

2) Which is TRUE about receptor potentials? A) They are action potentials. B) They always trigger action potentials. C) They vary in magnitude with stimulus strength. D) They propagate without decrement. E) They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

C) They vary in magnitude with stimulus strength.

38) The actual receptors for hearing are called A) baroreceptors. B) nociceptors. C) hair cells. D) Pacinian corpuscles. E) somatic receptors.

C) hair cells

44) You are in a car that stops suddenly. Your head jerks forward, then returns to its original position. Your brain is able to interpret this motion because of the action of ________ cells in the ________. A) retinal, cochlea B) hair, saccule C) hair, semicircular canals D) ganglion, olfactory mucosa E) basiliar, tectorial membrane

C) hair, semicircular canals

6) Certain smells can trigger shifts in emotional state (for example, the smell of a familiar place or a loved one's clothing) because specific olfactory pathways synapse in the ________. A) frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex B) somatosensory cortex C) limbic system D) temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex E) occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C) limbic system

22) A person whose lens focuses light from distant objects in front of (rather than on) the retina has a condition called A) presbyopia. B) hyperopia. C) myopia. D) cataract. E) glaucoma.

C) myopia

3) Your friend is poking your skin with two pins a few millimeters apart at the same time. Visually, you can see there are two pins, but you can only feel a single pen poke. This is probably because: A) both pens are activating the same receptor. B) both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron. C) the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron. D) both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

C) the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

5) Which best describes the process of "adaptation" in sensory receptors? A) Information from sensory receptors reaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it B) Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity C) Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body D) A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus E) A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

D) A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

48) Which of the following correctly pairs a chemical with its associated taste modality? A) Poisonous alkaloids, sour B) Acids, bitter C) Sugars, salty D) Glutamate, umami E) Lipids, sweet

D) Glutamate, umami

45) Which of the following are classified as "mechanoreceptors"? A) Cone cells in the eye B) Taste buds on the tongue C) Hair cells in the olfactory mucosa D) Hair cells in the cochlea

D) Hair cells in the cochlea

52) Cone cells belong to what category of sensory receptors? A) Mechanoreceptors B) Chemoreceptors C) Nociceptors D) Photoreceptors E) Proprioceptors

D) Photoreceptors

15) X, Y, and Z are adjacent sensory receptors in the skin. During administration of the flu shot, a needle is inserted in the middle of Y's receptive field. All three receptors are activated. Which of the following is likely to be true? A) The receptor potential in neurons X and Z will be more depolarized than in neuron Y. B) It won't be possible to discriminate which neuron's receptive field was stimulated at its center. C) The frequency of action potentials in the afferent pathway from neuron Y will be increased by excitatory interneurons projecting from the afferent pathways from neurons X and Z. D) The frequency of action potentials in neuron Y will be greater than that in neurons X and Z. E) The receptor potentials in all three neurons will achieve the same, average value.

D) The frequency of action potentials in neuron Y will be greater than that in neurons X and Z.

12) Which of the following statements regarding the determination of stimulus intensity is true? A) Stronger intensity stimuli cause rapid adaptation, while weaker stimuli cause slower adaptation. B) The amplitude of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity. C) The duration of receptor potentials decreases with increasing stimulus intensity. D) The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity. E) The only means of detecting intensity changes is through recruitment of greater numbers of sensory units.

D) The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity

36) Which of the following statements regarding hearing is TRUE? A) The pitch of sounds is conveyed by the amplitude of the vibration of the oval window. B) Low-pitched tones selectively cause vibration of the basilar membrane at a point closer to the oval window than high-pitched tones do. C) Sound is amplified as it is conducted from the oval window to the tympanic membrane. D) The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of action potentials generated in the cochlear nerve.

D) The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of action potentials generated in the cochlear nerve.

25) Which of the following statements with regard to vision is FALSE? A) Photoreceptors are neurons. B) There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones. C) There are normally four different photopigments in the retina. D) There are four different chromophore molecules in the retina. E) There are four different opsins in the retina.

D) There are four different chromophore molecules in the retina

30) In ________ cells, invaginations of the external plasma membrane and proteins found there allow us to detect different colors of light. A) bipolar B) rod C) ganglion D) cone E) pigment epithelial

D) cone

34) If the pH of the vitreous humor decreased, the first cells that would be effected are A) cone cells. B) rod cells. C) lateral geniculate cells. D) ganglion cells. E) bipolar cells.

D) ganglion cells

33) In the visual pathway providing sensory action potentials to the brain, the first cells that are capable of initiating action potentials are A) cone cells. B) rod cells. C) lateral geniculate cells. D) ganglion cells. E) bipolar cells.

D) ganglion cells.

37) The incus, malleus, and stapes of the middle ear A) serve to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal. B) are part of the vestibular apparatus. C) are in direct contact with both the tympanic membrane and the round window. D) serve to amplify the pressure of sound vibrations from the air in the outer ear to the fluid in the inner ear. E) are found inside the cochlear duct.

D) serve to amplify the pressure of sound vibrations from the air in the outer ear to the fluid in the inner ear

13) Which of the following statements regarding the precision of locating a somatic stimulus is FALSE? A) The precision is greater in areas of the body that have small, overlapping receptive fields than in areas with large, nonoverlapping receptive fields. B) The precision is greater in the lips and fingers than on the back. C) The precision is greater for the skin than for the internal organs. D) Lateral inhibition of parallel afferent pathways increases the precision of locating a stimulus. E) Convergence of afferent neurons onto common ascending pathways increases acuity.

E) Convergence of afferent neurons onto common ascending pathways increases acuity.

43) Which of the following statements regarding the vestibular system is TRUE? A) Hair cells in the cochlea are involved in the detection of movement and position of the head. B) The utricle and saccule are mainly responsible for detecting angular rotation of the head. C) The vestibular apparatus is principally involved in our ability to detect and interpret sound. D) Deflection of the basilar membrane by fluid moving within the semicircular canals allows us to detect rotational movement of the head. E) Receptors in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity.

E) Receptors in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity

4) What is the best definition of the "receptive field" of an afferent neuron? A) The number of interneurons with which the central process of the afferent neuron makes synaptic contact via divergence B) The type of stimulus energy to which the afferent neuron is most sensitive C) All of the interneuron cell bodies and dendrites onto which the afferent neuron synapses D) The area of the cerebral cortex in which information from that afferent neuron is initially received E) The area of the body that, when stimulated, leads to activity in that particular afferent neuron

E) The area of the body that, when stimulated, leads to activity in that particular afferent neuron

24) A person struggling with a stressful exam question might experience difficulty focusing her eyes on the paper because A) she suddenly develops presbyopia. B) activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles. C) activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles. D) activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles. E) activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E) activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles