Pharm: Ch. 20-22
anorexiants
The major group of CNS stimulants include amphetamines and caffeine, which stimulate the cerebral cortex of the brain. The WHAT act to some degree on the cerebral cortex and on the hypothalamus to suppress apetite.
analeptics
The major group of CNS stimulants include amphetamines and caffeine, which stimulate the cerebral cortex of the brain. The WHAT and caffeine, act on the brainstem and medulla to stimulate respiration
sedation
The mildest form of CNS depression is WHAT (used to treat insomnia), which diminishes physical and mental responses at lower dosages of certain CNS depressants but does not affect consciousness. Sedatives are used mostly during the daytime.
depressants
The broad classification of CNS WHAT includes sedative-hypnotics, general and local anesthetics, analgesics, narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesics, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and antidepressants.
epilepsy
The electroencephalogram (ECG), computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in diagnosing WHAT? The ECG records abnormal electronic discharges of the cerebral cortex.
cluster headache
WHAT are non throbbing. Feel clusters around eye area. People get cluster of headaches for a couple of days, then goes away. Happens to males more often than women
seizures
WHAT are not associated with epilepsy, could result from fever, hypoglycemic reaction, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic imbalance (acidosis or alkalosis), and alcohol or drug use.
migrane headaches
WHAT are unilateral, throbbing headache
anorexiants
WHAT are used to treat obesity?
anticonvulsants
WHAT are usually taken throughout the person's lifetime.
hypnotics
Because of the high incidence of sleep disorders, WHAT (for insomnic) are one of the most frequently prescribed drugs.
short-acting
(barbiturates) WHAT are used to induce sleep for those who have difficulty falling asleep. These drugs may cause the person to awaken early in the morning. Vital signs should be closely monitored in persons who take WHAT barbiturates.
intermediate-acting
(barbiturates) WHAT are useful as sleep sustainers for maintaining long periods of sleep. Vital signs should be closely monitored.
long-acting group
(barbiturates) WHAT group is used to control seizures in epilepsy.
ultrashort-acting
(barbiturates) WHAT is used as a general anesthetic. "cock tail" together all drugs work best.
Analgesia
(stages of anesthesia) Begins with consciousness and ends with loss of consciousness. Speech is difficult; sensation of smell and pain are lost. Dreams and auditory and visual hallucinations may occur. This stage may be called the induction stage.
Surgical
(stages of anesthesia) Surgical procedure is performed during this stage. There are four phases. The surgery is usually performed in phase 2 and upper phase 3. As anesthesia deepens, respiration become more shallow and respiratory rate is increased
medullary paralysis
(stages of anesthesia) Toxic stage of anesthesia. Respirations are lost and circulatory collapse occurs. Ventilatory assistance is necessary.
excitement
(stages of anesthesia) or delirium. Produces a loss of consciousness caused by depression of the cerebral cortex. Confusion, excitement, or delirium occur. Short induction time.
anorexiants
Children younger than 12 years should not be given WHAT, and self-medication with anorexiants should be discouraged.
aura
Classic migranes have a WHAT which means the body is telling you you are about to get a migrain: blind spots, sensitive to light.
hydantoins
Clients on WHAT for long periods might have an elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
respiratory distress
Clients with severe respiratory disorders should avoid hypnotics, which could cause an increase in WHAT?
seconal
A short-acting barbiturates
status epilepticus
Barbiturate is still prescribed to treat partial seizures, grand mal seizures and acute episodes of WHAT seizures (rapid succession of epileptic seizures). Possible teratogenic effects and other side effects related to phentytoin.
anorexiants
Amphetamines were once freely prescribed as WHAT (appetite suppressants) for short-term use (4 to 12 weeks). For weight loss attempts, emphasis should be placed on nutritious diet, exercise, and behavioral modifications. Individuals who take annorexiants should be under the care of health care provider. People were hooked on older annorexants= increase tolerance, increase dependence and abuse.
vitamin K
Anticonvulsant drugs tend to act as inhibitors of WHAT, contributing to hemorrhage in infants shortly after birth. Frequently, pregnant women taking anticonvulsants are given an oral WHAT supplement during last week of 10 days of pregancy
folic acid
Anticonvulsants also increase the loss of WHAT in pregnant women. Thus, pregnant individuals should take daily foltate supplements
ADHD
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or WHAT might be caused by a dysregulation of the transmitters serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. Occurs in children and boys. Characteristics include inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, restlessness (fidgety) hyperactivity (excessive and purposeless activity), inability to complete tasks and impulsivity.
withdrawal symptoms
But abruptly discontinuing a high dose of hypnotic taken over a long period can cause WHAT. In such cases the dose should be tapered to avoid it.
hydantoins
Drug interaction is common with WHAT because they are highly protein0bound
depression
Drugs that are central nervous system depressants cause varying degrees of WHAT within the CNS.
anticonvulsants
Drugs used for epileptic seizures are called WHAT. These drugs stabilize nerve cell membranes and suppress the abnormal electric impulses in the cerebral cortex. These drugs prevent seizures but do not eliminate the cause or provide a cure.
headaches
Drugs used to treat WHAT include analgesics, ergot alkaloids, and selective serotonin.
epilepsy
During pregnancy, seizure episodes increase 25% in women with WHAT? Many anticonvulsant drugs have teratogenic properties that increase the risk for fetal malformations.
spinal fluid
Encouraging the client to remain flat following surgery with spinal anesthesia and to take increased fluids usually decreases the likelihood of leaking WHAT?
gingival hyperplasia
Hydantoins causes WHAT which is overgrowth of the gum tissues or reddened gums that bleed easily.
tolerance
Hypnotic drug therapy should be short-term to prevent drug dependence and drug WHAT.
older adult
Identifying the cause of insomnia in an WHAT should be the first diagnostic consideration and nonpharmacologic methods should be used before sleep medications ar prescribed.
tolerance
Long-term use of amphetamines can produce psychological dependence or WHAT, a condition in which larger and larger doses of a drug are needed to reproduce the initial response. Gradually increasing a drug dose and then abruptly stopping the drug may result in depression and withdrawal symptoms.
rapid eye movement
Normal sleep is composed of two definite phase: WHAT (REM) sleep and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Both REM and NREM occur cyclically during sleep at about 90-miute intervals. The four succeedingly deeper stages of NREM sleep end with an episode of REM sleep, and the cycle begins again. If sleep is interrupted the cycle begins again with stage 1 of NREM sleep.
central nervous system
Numerous drugs can stimulate the WHAT (CNS), which involves the brain and spinal cord that regulates body functions. Medically approved use of these drugs is limited to the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, narcolepsy, obesity, and the reversal of respiratory distress. The major group of CNS stimulants include amphetamines and caffeine.
seizures
People must keep taking medicines for WHAT? CNS depressant. Highly-protein bound drug therefore must watch for drug interactions
insomnia
Sleep disorders such as WHAT (inability to fall asleep). It occurs more frequently in women and increases with age. Sedative-hypnotics are commonly ordered for treatment of sleep disorders. Psychiatric and hospitalized clients more common
seizure
The WHAT associated with epilepsy results from abnormal electric discharges from the cerebral neurons and is characterized by a loss of disturbance of consciousness and usually by a convulsion (involutnary paroxysmal muscular contractions).
hydantoins
The severe side effects of WHAT include neurologic and psychiatric effects (slurred speech, confusion, depression), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), leukopenia (low white blood cell count) and gingival gyperplasia
grand mal, petit mal, and psychomotor
There are various types of seizures (3) such as WHAT?
topical anesthetic
Use of WHAT agents is limited to mucous membranes, broken or unbroken skin surfaces, and burns. Forms: solution, liquid spray, ointment, cream, gel, and powder. WHAT decrease the sensitive nerve endings of the affective area ex.) circumsize male babies
benzodiazepines
WHAT (pharmacodynamis) are used to treat insomnia by inducing and sustaining sleep. They have a rapid onset of action and intermediate to long-acting effects. The normal recommended dose of benzodiazepine may be too much for the older adults, so half the dose is recommended initially to prevent overdosing.
hydantoins
WHAT act by inhibiting sodium influx, stabilizing cell membranes, reducing repetitive neuronal firing, and limiting seizures. However, this drug should not be used during pregnancy because it can have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. Most common use. Grand mal seizures.
balanced
WHAT anesthesia is a combination of drugs. It is frequently used in general anethesia. WHAT anesthesia includes the following: 1. A hypnotic given the night before 2. Premedication with a narcotic analgesic or benzodiazepine given about 1 hr before surgery 3. A short-acting barbiturate 4. Inhaled gas 5. A muscle relaxant
general
WHAT anesthetics depress the CNS, alleviate pain, and cause a loss of consciousness.
anesthetics
WHAT are classified as general and local.
barbiturates
WHAT are classified as long-acting, intermediate-acting, short-acting, and ultrashort-acting.
local anesthetics
WHAT block pain at the site where the drug is administered, allowing consciousness to be maintained. It is useful in dental procedures, suturing skin lacerations, short-term surgery at a localized area, blocking nerve impulses below the insertion of a spinal anesthetic.
amphetamines
WHAT can cause adverse effects in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal (GI), and endocrine systems. The side effects include restlessness, insomnia, tachycardia, hypertension, heart palpitations, dry mouth, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, constipation, and impotence.
Anti-convulsant drug
WHAT does not eliminate the cause of seizures, just prevents them.
stimulants
WHAT for the CNS are medically approved for: ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity, head aches, and reversal of respiratory distress.
side effects
WHAT from analeptics are similar to those from anorexiants: nervousness, restlessness, tremors, twitching, palpitations, and insomnia.
Obesity
WHAT has been treated with prescribed amphetamines or OTC amphetamine-like drugs for decades
intermediate-acting
WHAT hypnotics are useful for sustaining sleep; however, after using WHAT the client may experience a hangover.
short-acting
WHAT hypnotics are useful in achieving sleep, because they allow the client to awaken early in the morning without experiencing lingering side effects.
petite mal
WHAT is a brief level of conscious chances. Kids have this. Affects both hemispheres
Epilepsy
WHAT is a chronic, usually lifelong, disorder.
psychomotor
WHAT is a type of seizure where patients do things such as repetitive behaviors or random change in behavior. Only 1 hemisphere.
narcolepsy
WHAT is characterized by falling asleep during normal waking activities such as driving a car or talking with someone. Sleep paralysis, the condition of muscle paralysis that is normal during sleep, usually accompanies narcolepsy and affects the voluntary muscles.
benzodiazepines
WHAT is ordered as sedative-hypnotics for inducing sleep. (choice to put patients to sleep). Several benzodiazepines marked as Xanax, Ativan, Valium. It can suppress stage 4 of NREM sleep, which may result in vivid dreams or nightmares and can delay REM sleep. WHAT are effective for sleep disorders for several weeks longer than other sedative-hypnotics; to prevent REM rebound, however, they should not be used for longer than 3 to 4 weeks.
palpations
WHAT is subjective. Patient feels it. Side effects same from analeptics and anorexiants. Pregnant women should not drink caffine. Anything greater than 500 mg will affect the heart and CNS
grand mal
WHAT is the most common type of seizure. Tonic-clonic-> loss of contractions of the muscles. Happens in both sides of the brain (same hemispheres)
analeptics
WHAT is used to treat narcolepsy. It is a CNS stimulant, mostly affect the brainstem and spinal cord but also affect the cerebral cortex. The primary use of an analeptic is to stimulate respiration.
balanced anesthesia
WHAT minimizes cardiovascular problems, decreases the amount of general anesthetic needed, reduces possible postanesthetic nausea and vomiting, minimizes the disturbance of organ function, and decreases pain. Because the client does not receive large doses of general anesthetics, fewer adverse reactions occur.
amphetamines
WHAT ordinarily cause euphoria and alertness, but they can also cause sleeplessness, restlessness, tremors, and irritability. Cardiovascular problems such as increased heart rate, palpations, cardiac dysrhythmias, and increased blood pressure can result from continuous use of WHAT.
spinal anesthesia
WHAT requires that a local anesthetic be injected in the subarachnoid space at the third or fourth lumbar space. If the local anesthetic is given too high in the spinal column, the respiratory muscles could be affected, and respiratory distress could result. Ex.) Epidural
amphetamines
WHAT stimulate the release of neurotransmitters- norepinephrine and dopamine- from the brain and sympathetic nervous system (peripheral nerve terminals).
sedatives
WHAT were first prescribed to reduce tension and anxiety
barbiturates
WHAT were initially used for their antianxiety effect. Because of the many side effects of barbiturates and their potential for physical and mental dependency, they are now less frequently prescribed.
short-term
barbiturates should be restricted to WHAT use (2 weeks or less) because of their numerous side effects, including tolerance to the drug.
nonpharmacologic methods
nonpharmacologic methods: Once the nurse discovers why the client cannot sleep, the following ways to promote sleep may be suggested: 1. Arise at a specific hour in the morning 2. Take few or no daytime naps 3. Avoid drinks that contain caffeine 6 hrs before bedtime 4. Avoid heavy meals before bed time 5. Take a warm bath or listen to music before bedtime 6. Decrease exposure to loud noises 7. Avoid drinking copious amounts of fluids before sleep. 8. Drink warm milk before bedtime.
older adults
the main problem experienced by WHAT is frequent nighttime awakening. Women experience more troublesome sleep patterns than men.