pharm jeopardy review

example of potassium-sparing diuretic:

Spironolactone

these levels are used to evaluate the progress of thyroid hormone replacement pharmacotherapy

TSH

corticosteroid therapy should be given __________________.

for the shortest amount of time necessary and gradually tapered

diuretic that may cause hearing loss

furosemide (loop diuretic)

the adrenal cortex secretes these three classes of steroid hormones:

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone results:

graves' disease

these are the four target organs that are affected by untreated HTN:

heart, brain, kidneys, eyes

this is the term used to describe the process of blood cell production; begins with stem cells

hematopoiesis

this test measures glucose bound to hemoglobin; it does not require fasting, and provides an average measure of glucose control over last 8-12 weeks prior to test

hemoglobin A1C

chemical mediators that are released by damaged tissue that alert the surrounding area of injury:

histamine, leukotrienes, bradykinin, complement, prostaglandins

the various organs in the endocrine system secrete these

hormones

fasting blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dL on at least two separate occasions

hyperglycemia

serum potassium lab value of 6 mEq/L

hyperkalemia

these drugs are used to promote sleep

hypnotics

hyposecretion of testosterone results in this disorder in males

hypogonadism

serum sodium level of 133 mEq/L

hyponatremia

drugs given for long term control of asthma/COPD

inhaled corticosteroids

these receptors are affected by opioids and produce pain relief and euphoria

mu and kappa receptors

this is the term used to describe early symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults

myxedema

the most important control mechanism by which the secretion and release of hormones are carefully regulated

negative feedback mechanism

these drugs dilate arteries and veins, reducing myocardial oxygen demand

nitrates

- foods containing tyramine. - HTN - dizziness. - cardiovascular effects. - liver toxicity

nursing concerns for patients taking MAOIs

- behavioral changes - eye changes such as cataracts - suppression of immune response - metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia - muscle wasting osteoporosis - peptic ulcers.

nursing concerns for the patients on steroid medications

- rinse mouth after inhalers. - increase fluid intake. - vaccines as indicated

nursing teaching points for use of inhaled respiratory medications

bactericidal antibiotic that is the drug of choice against streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci organisms. - few serious adverse effects are noted but superinfections and anaphylaxis are possible. Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are most common adverse effects.

penicillin

these drugs inhibit the enzyme HMG-COA reductase, a critical enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol:

statins

contraindication for the GI stimulant reglan (metoclopramide)

GI obstruction/perforation

pharmacokinetic processes:

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults results in this disorder

acromegaly

any undesired response to a medication

adverse effect

this is the main mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal glands

aldosterone

common side effect of all narcotics usually managed by increased fluids, fiber and stool softeners

constipation

- impaired renal function - upper GI bleed - anticoagulation meds. - allergy to ASA. - ETOH abuse. - pregnancy

contraindications for NSAIDs

these IV fluids contain electrolytes and are distributed primarily to the interstitial spaces

crystalloids

a patient with diabetes insipidus is taking vasopressin. Which outcome indicates this medication has the desired effect?

decrease in urine output

hyposecretion of ADH results in this disorder

diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion of insulin results in this disorder:

diabetes mellitus

these receptors are targeted using drugs to treat schizophrenia:

dopamine 2 receptors

ACE inhibitors, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, beta blockers, vasodilators, phosphodiesterase inhibitors

drugs used to treat HF

abnormalities of electrical conduction or rhythm in the heart

dysrhythmias

bactericidal antibiotics that are used for UTIs, respiratory, skin, bone, joint and GI infections; pneumonia, sinusitis, and infectious diarrhea. - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, phototoxicity, headache, and dizziness may occur. - serious adverse effects are uncommon but tendon rupture/tendonitis may occur.

fluoroquinolones

B-complex vitamin that is essential for normal DNA/RNA synthesis

folic acid (folate)

suffix of most ace inhibitors

-pril

these drugs treat high BP by interacting with the RAAS

ACEs and ARBs

primary adrenocortical insufficiency is known as this:

Addison's disease

Nursing concerns for the elderly patient taking TCAs:

CNS and anticholinergic effects

the most efficacious drugs for ADHD

CNS stimulants

enzyme that reduces gastric acid secretion, promotes renal blood flow, and promotes platelet aggregation

COX-1

enzyme that is present at the site of injury and promotes inflammation, sensitizes pain receptors, and mediates fever in the brain.

COX-2

hypersecretion of corticosteroids results in this disorder

Cushing's syndrome

bacteria found in GI tract thought to contribute to duodenal/gastric ulcers

H. pylori

these drugs work by blocking H2-receptors in the stomach to decrease acid production; used to treat PUD

H2-receptor antagonists (ranitidine)

primary drugs for the treatment of simple inflammation:

NSAIDs

antidote for opioid analgesics

Naloxone (Narcan)

these bactericidal antibiotics have a broad spectrum of activity. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity may occur.

aminoglycosides

disorder in which the blood has a reduced capacity to carry oxygen because of hemorrhage, excessive erythrocyte destruction, or insufficient erythrocyte synthesis

anemia

acute chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen reaching a portion of the myocardium. It usually accompanies physical exertion or emotional excitement

angina

drugs used for indigestion that may have a constipating effect

antacids

these drugs act by blocking the effects of ACh; they are used to dry secretions, treat asthma, and prevent motion sickness

anticholinergics

these drugs can reduce symptoms of panic and anxiety

antidepressants

these drugs are given as soon as an MI is suspected. Aspirin and clopidogrel are examples

antiplatelet drugs

medications that can be used for the treatment of manic and bipolar disorders:

antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, mood stabilizers

these drugs are used to suppress neuronal activity enough to prevent abnormal or repetitive firing:

antiseizure drugs

what should the nurse check before giving the cardiac glycoside digoxin?

apical pulse rate (one full minute)

teaching points for patient use of nitro patches:

apply to clean areas, clip (never shave) hair, rotate sites, remove at night

First step in the nursing process

assessment

chronic pulmonary disease that has both inflammatory and bronchospasm components; symptoms occur with exposure to triggers or upon exertion (exercise-induced)

asthma

contraindication for non-selective beta blockers

asthma/COPD

this type of dysrhythmia is usually not treated with medication

asymptomatic

these drugs are used to treat both positive and negative of schizophrenia and produce less dramatic side effects:

atypical antipsychotics

these drugs are rarely used to treat insomnia because of their adverse effects and high potential for dependency:

barbiturates

thyroid hormone increases this

basal metabolic rate

these are the preferred drugs for management of some anxiety disorders and insomnia:

benzodiazepines

classification of cardiac drugs that block stimulation of SNS

beta adrenergic blockers

this group of bronchodilators stimulate B2 receptors in the lung:

beta-2 agonists

these antibiotics are effective against a wide variety of organisms:

broad-spectrum antibiotics

two classifications of drugs used to treat asthma:

bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory meds

these three factors are responsible for creating BP:

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume

lipids are used as an energy source and ketones are produced as waste products leading to possible diabetic ketoacidosis

insulin is not available to transport glucose into the cells

protein secreted by stomach cells; you need this for vitamin B12 to be absorbed from the intestine

intrinsic factor

regulate fluid volume, electrolytes, and acid-base balance

kidneys

bacteriostatic antibiotics that are used to treat syphilis or gonorrhea, Legionnaires' disease, whooping cough, and when the person cannot receive penicillin.

macrolides

this device uses a propellant to deliver a measured dose of a drug by inhaling

metered dose inhaler

the most profound consequence of vitamin B12 deficiency:

pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia

what a drug does to the body

pharmacodynamics

this electrolyte is essential for proper nerve and muscle function as well as maintaining acid-base balance:

potassium

peripheral edema and engorgement of organs such as the liver

right sided heart failure

morphine, fentanyl, methylphenidate, cocaine, methadone

schedule II medications

this drug is used to treat acidosis:

sodium bicarbonate

bacteriostatic antibiotics primarily used for UTI and acute episodes of chronic bronchitis. - adverse effects include skin rash, nausea, vomiting, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. You need to drink enough water when taking these.

sulfonamides

these headaches occur when muscles of the head and neck tighten; often treated with OTC analgesics

tension headaches

an antibiotic that may cause permanent staining of a child's teeth if taken by a pregnant woman

tetracycline

platelet deficiency

thrombocytopenia

drugs given in cases of acute MI because they dissolve clots obstructing the coronary arteries. They need to be given within 24 hours of symptoms

thrombolytics

very high levels of circulating thyroid hormone may cause this crisis

thyroid storm

drugs that stop a migraine in process

triptans

pain experienced in deep organs

visceral pain

too much ADH when given as desmopressin may result in this serious adverse effect

water intoxication