Pharmacology
Therapeutic level for Phenytoin
10-20
Therapeutic Level for Warfarin
2-3
How long does it take for Antidepressants to work?
2-3 weeks
Loop Diuretics end in
-Nide and -Mide
Therapeutic level of Digoxin
0.5-2
What is the therapeutic level of lithium?
0.6-1.2. Take action when its over 1.5
What is Tramadol?
A opiate analgesic used for moderate to severe pain.
What type of drug is Enlapril?
ACE Inhibitor
Antihypertensives
ACE Inhibitors ARBS Calcium Channel Blockers Beta Blockers
What happens when Phenytoin is given with an Antacid?
Antacids will reduce the absorption of Phenytoin
Ciprofloxacin is what type of drug?
Anti-Infective. Fluroquinolones
What is Atropine?
Antiarrhythmic & Anticholinergic
Vancomycin is what type of drug?
Antibiotic
What should you monitor for when taking TCAs?
Anticholingeric effects Can't See Can't Pee Can't Spit Can't Shit
Phenytoin is what type of drug?
Anticonvulsant
Ondansetron is what kind of drug?
Antiemetic
What type of drug is Haloperidol?
Antipsychotic
What type of drug is fluphenazine decanoate?
Antipsychotic. Used to treat schizophrenia
What type of drug is Acetaminophen?
Antipyretic (reduce fever) Non-opioid analgesic
What type of drug is Aspirin?
Antipyretic and non-opioid analgesic
What is Ativan used for?
Anxiety, Sedation, Seizures
What should you avoid when taking MAOIS?
Avoid foods that are high in tyramine (Aged cheeses, Wine, Pickled meats)
Nursing Considerations for Atropine
Avoid in patients with glaucoma
What renal labs to monitor when taking antibiotics
BUN and Creatinine
What should be avoided when doing an electroconvulsive therapy program?
Benzodiazepines
What is Propranolol?
Beta Blocker
Steroids
Betamethasone Dexamethasone Cortisone Fluticasone Methylprednisolone
What is Lithium used for?
Bipolar Disorder. (Mania)
Gastrointestinal Medications
Bisacodyl Lactulose Metoclopramide Ondansetron Omeprazole Pantoprazole
What is the common side effect of t-PA?
Bleeding. Important to check the insertion sites
Respiratory Medications
Albuterol Ipratropium Guaifenesin Montelukast Theophylline
What is Diphenhydramine used for?
Allergy, Anaphylaxis, Sedation
Gentamycin is what type of drug?
Aminoglycoside - Anti-Infective
Antiarrhythmics
Amiodarone Adenosine Procainamide Atropine
TCAs (Antidepressants)
Amitriptyline Nortriptyline Protriptyline
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine Diltiazem Nifedipine Verapamil
Anti-Infectives - Penicillin & Cephalosporins
Amoxicillin Ampicillin Ancef
Antifungals
Amphotericin B Metronidazole Nystatin
What is Ativan?
An antianxiety agent. Benzodiazepiene. Lorazepam
What is Adenosine?
An antiarrhythmic medication
What type of drug is Albuterol?
Bronchodilator, short acting beta 2 agonist, respiratory medication
Loop Diuretics
Bumetanide Furosemide Torsemide
What is Aspirin used for?
Pain, Arthritis, Stroke and Myocardial Infarction Prophylaxis
What are NSAIDS used for?
Pain, Inflammation, Fever
Risk factors for Digoxin toxicity
Patients with hypokalemia The Elderly
Anticonvulsants
Phenytoin (Dilantin) Carbamazepine Divalproex Gabapentin Lamotrigine Levetiracetam (Keppra)
Phenytoin should not be given with what drug at the same time?
Calcium Carbonate (TUMS) (Antacids)
Nursing Consideration of Ciprofloxacin
Can cause QT Prolongation
Nursing Considerations for ACE Inhibitors
Can cause a dry cough
Nursing Considerations for NSAIDS
Can cause prolonged bleeding and peptic ulcers
ACE Inhibitors
Captopril Enalapril Lisinopril
The action of Aspirin
Decrease platelet aggregation leading to a decrease in ischemic diseases
What medication is used to control bleeding a child with hemophilia A?
Factor VIII
True or False: Warfarin is given during pregnancy
False
What is Acetaminophen used for?
Fever and Pain
Side effects of hydrocortisone therapy
Fluid retention and edema
What is the antidote for antianxiety agents (benzodiazepines)?
Flumazenil
What is the antidote for Ativan?
Flumazenil. Remember Ativan (Lorazepam) is a benzodiazepine
SSRIs (antidepressants)
Fluoxetine Sertraline Escitalopram Citalopram
A newborn whose mother has type 1 diabetes has been receiving a continuous infusion of fluids with glucose. Which would the nurse do when there is an order to discontinue the infusion?
Gradually decrease the rate
What are calcium channel blockers used for?
Hypertension, Angina
What are ACE Inhibitors used for?
Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure
What is Enlapril used for?
Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure
What is Losartan used for?
Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus Neuropathy, Congestive Heart Failure
What is a huge side effect of taking MAOIs?
Hypertensive Crisis
Nursing Consideration for Digoxin
If pulse is less than 60, hold the digoxin
NCLEX Tip
If you never heard of a medication, do not choose it on the exam.
NCLEX Tip
If your patient is on a loop diuretic and digoxin, they are more likely to become toxic. Be careful with black licorice
A verbal response of 2 on a Glasgow Coma Scale
Incomprehensible sounds
Nursing considerations for ampicillin
Increase fluid intake
Nursing Consideration for Anticoagulants
Increased risk for bleeding
Oxytocin is given for what?
Inducing Labor Postpartum Hemorrhage
How is alopecia areata treated?
Intralesional injection
Why are NSAIDS not used post operation?
It can prolong bleeding
Antibiotics can harm what
Kidneys. It can be nephotoxic.
Diuretics
Loop Diuretics Potassium Sparing Diuretics Thiazide diuretics
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS)
Losartan
What are statins used for?
Lower the bad cholesterol (LDL)
What are Beta blockers used for?
Lower the heart rate. Myocardial Infarction. Angina/Chest Pain
Nursing Considerations for Acetaminophen
Maximum daily dose is 4 grams
Antianxiety Drugs (Benzodiazepines)
Midazolam Alprazolam Clonazepam Lorazepam Diazepam
A patient is experiencing severe, acute anxiety before a procedure. Which antianxiety agent would you give?
Midazolam. It has rapid onset
Nursing Considerations for Oxytocin
Monitor contractions Monitor fetus
Nursing Considerations for Haloperidol
Monitor for extrapyramidal side effects Tardive dyskinesia Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Can prolong the QT Interval
Nursing Considerations for Magnesium sulfate
Monitor for hypermagnesemia (decreased reflexes) Give IV slowly
Nursing Considerations for Loop Diuretics
Monitor potassium levels
Nursing Considerations for anakinra therapy
Monitor the injection sites Monitor the neutrophil count Can cause respiratory problems
Opiods
Morphine Fentanyl Hydromorphone Methadone Oxycodone
Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
N-acetylcysteine
The antidote for Morphine
Naloxone
Nursing Considerations for Gentamycin
Tinnitus Do not administer with penicillin
Obstetric/Maternity Medications
Tocolytics Oxytocics
MAOIs (antidepressants)
Tranylcypromine Isocarboxazid Phenelzine Selegiline
What are Antipsychotics used for?
Treat schizophrenia
What is sodium hyaluronate?
Treats pain in the knee caused by osteoarthritis
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Triamterene Amiloride Spironolactone
What type of drug is rifampin?
Tuberculosis medication
What type of medication is isoniazid?
Tuberculosis medication
What type of medication is pyrazinamide?
Tuberculosis medicatipn
What is the antidote for warfarin?
Vitamin K
What is a side effect of ceftriaxone?
allergic reactions such as rash, urticaria, pruritus', and angioedema
What is amlodipine?
calcium channel blocker
Nursing Considerations for Vancomycin
Red-man syndrome Monitor for ototoxicity (ears) and nephrotoxicity
Nursing Considerations for Omeprazole
Report black, tarry stools
What does anakira therapy treat?
Rheumatoid arthirits
Nursing Considerations for Aspirin
Risk for bleeding In Pediatric patients it can cause Reye syndrome
What type of medication is Duloxetine?
SNRI (Antidepressant)
What drugs are the first line therapy for depression?
SSRIs
Antidepressants
SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs
What is the main side effect of fluoroquinolones?
Tendon rupture
Tocolytics
Terbutaline Magnesium-Sulfate Indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor) Nifedipine (Calcium channel blocker)
Side effect of quetiapine
cataracts
A verbal response of 5 on a Glasgow Coma Scale
Speech is well oriented
Nursing Considerations for SSRIs
Suicide Precautions
Treatment for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis
Discontinue Heparin and use a different anticoagulant
What is magnesium sulfate used for?
Pre-eclampsia Preterm Labor
What is a side effect of isoniazid?
hepatitis
What is clomiphene?
infertility drug, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used to induce pregnancy by triggering pregnancy
Which anticoagulant can be given during pregnancy
low molecular weight heparin
What is Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride?
muscle relaxer
What is Ondansetron used for?
nausea and vomiting
Side effects of ampicillin
nephrotoxicity, oliguria, hematuria, proteinuria, and glomerulonephritis.
What is a side effect of ethambutol?
ocular toxicity
What is a Diclofenac epolamine patch?
pain relief for strains, sprains and bruises. It is an NSAID
What type of drug is Omeprazole?
proton pump inhibitor
What is Haloperidol used for?
schizophrenia
What do tocolytics do?
slow contractions
What do Oxytocics do?
stimulate contractions
What is Adenosine used for?
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
What does an infant receive a Vitamin K shot?
the infant's intestine is sterile at birth, it lacks the flora to synthesize vitamin K, which activates coagulation factors and prevents hemorrhage in the newborn.
Therapeutic Level for Warfarin for patients who have heart valves
2.5-3.5
What is quetiapine?
2nd gen antipsychotic
How long does the effect of aspirin last?
5-7 days. It should be stopped 5-7 days before a surgery
What is Losartan?
ARB
Non-Opioid Analgesics
Acetaminophen NSAIDS (Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen)
Anti-Virals
Acyclovir
Nursing Considerations for Ondansetron
Administer slowly. Fast push can cause QT Prolongation and Ventricular Tachycardia
Acetylsalicylic Acid is known as what
Aspirin
What is Albuterol used for?
Asthma, COPD
Thiazide Diuretics
Chlorothiazide Chlorthalidone Hydrochlorothiazide Indapamide
Anti-Infectives - Fluroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin
Complications of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis
Clotting
Nursing Considerations for Morphine
Common side effect is Constipation Monitor respiratory rate
What is Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis?
Complication of Heparin therapy. Unexplained low platelet count
A verbal response of 4 on a Glasgow Coma Scale
Confusion
Methylprednisolone is what type of drug?
Corticosteroids
Side effects of ACE Inhibitors
Cough, Angioedema (tongue swelling)
What are MAOIs used for?
Depression
What are SSRIs used for?
Depression
What are TCAs used for?
Depression
Side effects of Cephalosporins
Diarrhea and Nephrotoxicity
Cardiac glycosides
Digoxin
Antihistamines
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Promethazine Cimetidine Famotidine Ranitidine
What is a side effect of rifampin?
Discoloration of body fluids (i.e. orange sweat) Thrombocytopenia
What should you do next if clomiphene therapy fails?
Do human chronic gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone to stimulate ovulation.
Nursing Considerations for Beta Blockers
Do not discontinue abruptly Can mask the signs of hypoglycemia (need to monitor blood sugars)
Side effects of sertaline
Dry mouth and constipation
Medication used to treat generalized anxiety disorder and depression
Duloxetine
Side effects of fluphenazine decanoate?
Dystonia. Torticollis. Oculogyric crisis
What are the side effects of oxytocin?
Edema, Headache, Confusion, Blurred vision, uterine rupture
Anti-Infectives - Macrolides
Erythromycin Azithromycin
What is Atropine used for?
Excessive secretions, Sinus Bradycardia, Heart Block
Sign & Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath, fruity scented breath, and confusion
What are the side effects of aspirin?
Ototoxicity (ears), tinnitus. Gastrointestinal irritation. Blood in the stool
What is Omeprazole used for?
GERD and ulcers
Anti-Infectives - Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin
Oxytocics
Oxytocin Ergometrine (Methergine) Misoprostol
Antipsychotics
Haloperidol Quetiapine Olanzapine
How is methadone different compared to other opiates?
Has a longer duration
What is Digoxin used for?
Heart Failure, A-Fib, A-Flutter, Cardiogenic shock
Anticoagulants
Heparin Clopidogrel (Plavix) Warfarin Enoxaparin (Low Molecular Weight)
The main risk factor for using inhaled glucocortisterioids?
Oral candidiasis
Beta Blockers
Propranolol Atenolol Metoprolol
Antidote for Heparin
Protamine Sulfate
What are anticonvulsants used for?
Seizures
What should you monitor for when taking SSRIs?
Serotonin Syndrome
Quick Relief or Rescue Medications for an acute asthma attack
Short acting beta 2 agonists and anticholinergics (Atropine)
What does Heparin do?
Slows down clotting
Nursing Considerations of Adenosine
There will be a period of asystole after administration Rapid push or it will not work
What are antiarrhythmics used for?
Used for correcting abnormal rhythms in the heart
Anti-Infectives - Antibiotic
Vancomycin
Symptoms of digoxin toxicity
Vision changes, blurred vision, yellow/green vision, Nausea/Vomiting, Anorexia, Bradycardia
Huge side effect of calcium channel blockers
gingival hyperplasia
What is a side effect of pyrazinamide?
hyperuricemia
A verbal response of 3 on a Glasgow Coma Scale
inappropriate words
What type of drug is ethambutol?
tuberculosis medication